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Duraivel S, Laurent D, Rajon DA, Scheutz GM, Shetty AM, Sumerlin BS, Banks SA, Bova FJ, Angelini TE. A silicone-based support material eliminates interfacial instabilities in 3D silicone printing. Science 2023; 379:1248-1252. [PMID: 36952407 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade4441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Among the diverse areas of 3D printing, high-quality silicone printing is one of the least available and most restrictive. However, silicone-based components are integral to numerous advanced technologies and everyday consumer products. We developed a silicone 3D printing technique that produces precise, accurate, strong, and functional structures made from several commercially available silicone formulations. To achieve this level of performance, we developed a support material made from a silicone oil emulsion. This material exhibits negligible interfacial tension against silicone-based inks, eliminating the disruptive forces that often drive printed silicone features to deform and break apart. The versatility of this approach enables the use of established silicone formulations in fabricating complex structures and features as small as 8 micrometers in diameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senthilkumar Duraivel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
| | - Dimitri Laurent
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Didier A Rajon
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Georg M Scheutz
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | | | - Brent S Sumerlin
- George and Josephine Butler Polymer Research Laboratory, Center for Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Scott A Banks
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Frank J Bova
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | - Thomas E Angelini
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32603, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Nandan S, Schiavi-Tritz J, Hellmuth R, Dunlop C, Vaughan TJ, Dolan EB. Design and Verification of a Novel Perfusion Bioreactor to Evaluate the Performance of a Self-Expanding Stent for Peripheral Artery Applications. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:886458. [PMID: 35800467 PMCID: PMC9253816 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2022.886458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Endovascular stenting presents a promising approach to treat peripheral artery stenosis. However, a significant proportion of patients require secondary interventions due to complications such as in-stent restenosis and late stent thrombosis. Clinical failure of stents is not only attributed to patient factors but also on endothelial cell (EC) injury response, stent deployment techniques, and stent design. Three-dimensional in vitro bioreactor systems provide a valuable testbed for endovascular device assessment in a controlled environment replicating hemodynamic flow conditions found in vivo. To date, very few studies have verified the design of bioreactors based on applied flow conditions and their impact on wall shear stress, which plays a key role in the development of vascular pathologies. In this study, we develop a computationally informed bioreactor capable of capturing responses of human umbilical vein endothelial cells seeded on silicone tubes subjected to hemodynamic flow conditions and deployment of a self-expanding nitinol stents. Verification of bioreactor design through computational fluid dynamics analysis confirmed the application of pulsatile flow with minimum oscillations. EC responses based on morphology, nitric oxide (NO) release, metabolic activity, and cell count on day 1 and day 4 verified the presence of hemodynamic flow conditions. For the first time, it is also demonstrated that the designed bioreactor is capable of capturing EC responses to stent deployment beyond a 24-hour period with this testbed. A temporal investigation of EC responses to stent implantation from day 1 to day 4 showed significantly lower metabolic activity, EC proliferation, no significant changes to NO levels and EC's aligning locally to edges of stent struts, and random orientation in between the struts. These EC responses were indicative of stent-induced disturbances to local hemodynamics and sustained EC injury response contributing to neointimal growth and development of in-stent restenosis. This study presents a novel computationally informed 3D in vitro testbed to evaluate stent performance in presence of hemodynamic flow conditions found in native peripheral arteries and could help to bridge the gap between the current capabilities of 2D in vitro cell culture models and expensive pre-clinical in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Nandan
- Biomedical Engineering and Biomechanics Research Centre (BioMEC), School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Vascular Flow Technology, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Schiavi-Tritz
- Biomedical Engineering and Biomechanics Research Centre (BioMEC), School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Craig Dunlop
- Vascular Flow Technology, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ted J. Vaughan
- Biomedical Engineering and Biomechanics Research Centre (BioMEC), School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- *Correspondence: Ted J. Vaughan
| | - Eimear B. Dolan
- Biomedical Engineering and Biomechanics Research Centre (BioMEC), School of Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Eimear B. Dolan
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Zhou K, Dey M, Ayan B, Zhang Z, Ozbolat V, Kim MH, Khristov V, Ozbolat IT. Fabrication of PDMS microfluidic devices using nanoclay-reinforced Pluronic F-127 as a sacrificial ink. Biomed Mater 2021; 16:045005. [PMID: 33571984 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/abe55e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology is increasingly being employed in biochemical as well as clinical applications and more importantly in fabrication of microfluidic devices. However, the microfluidic community mainly relies on photolithography for fabrication of a defined mask, which is both tedious and expensive requiring clean room settings as well as limited to the generation of two-dimensional (2D) features. In this work, we 3D printed nanoclay-reinforced Pluronic ink as a sacrificial material, which exhibited shear thinning behavior and superior printability allowing the fabrication of unsupported or overhanging templates of channels with uniform diameter and circular cross-sections. To highlight the potential and effectiveness of the presented approach, we fabricated a human blood vessel-on-a-chip model with curved as well as straight channels. These channels were then lined with Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial cells (HUVECs) and subjected to a dynamic culture for 10 days to explore the effect of shear stress on HUVEC morphology based on the location of HUVECs in the devices. Overall, we presented a highly affordable, useful, and practical approach in fabrication of closed microfluidic channels in PDMS based devices, which holds great potential for numerous applications, such as but not limited to tissue/organ-on-chip, microfluidics, point-of-care devices and drug screening platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Zhou
- Nanchang University, School of Mechanic & Electronic Engineering, Nanchang, 330031, CHINA
| | - Madhuri Dey
- Penn State, W313 MSC, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, UNITED STATES
| | - Bugra Ayan
- Penn State, W313 MSC, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, UNITED STATES
| | - Zhifeng Zhang
- Penn State, W313 MSC, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, UNITED STATES
| | - Veli Ozbolat
- Cukurova Universitesi, Ceyhan Engineering Faculty, Adana, 01950, TURKEY
| | - Myoung Hwan Kim
- Penn State, W313, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, UNITED STATES
| | - Vladimir Khristov
- Penn State, Neurosurgery, Herhsey, Pennsylvania, 17033, UNITED STATES
| | - Ibrahim T Ozbolat
- Penn State, W313 MSC, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, UNITED STATES
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Levitt MR, Mandrycky C, Abel A, Kelly CM, Levy S, Chivukula VK, Zheng Y, Aliseda A, Kim LJ. Genetic correlates of wall shear stress in a patient-specific 3D-printed cerebral aneurysm model. J Neurointerv Surg 2019; 11:999-1003. [PMID: 30979845 DOI: 10.1136/neurintsurg-2018-014669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the correlation between wall shear stress and endothelial cell expression in a patient-specific, three-dimensional (3D)-printed model of a cerebral aneurysm. MATERIALS AND METHODS A 3D-printed model of a cerebral aneurysm was created from a patient's angiogram. After populating the model with human endothelial cells, it was exposed to media under flow for 24 hours. Endothelial cell morphology was characterized in five regions of the 3D-printed model using confocal microscopy. Endothelial cells were then harvested from distinct regions of the 3D-printed model for mRNA collection and gene analysis via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR.) Cell morphology and mRNA measurement were correlated with computational fluid dynamics simulations. RESULTS The model was successfully populated with endothelial cells, which survived under flow for 24 hours. Endothelial morphology showed alignment with flow in the proximal and distal parent vessel and aneurysm neck, but disorganization in the aneurysm dome. Genetic analysis of endothelial mRNA expression in the aneurysm dome and distal parent vessel was compared with the proximal parent vessels. ADAMTS-1 and NOS3 were downregulated in the aneurysm dome, while GJA4 was upregulated in the distal parent vessel. Disorganized morphology and decreased ADAMTS-1 and NOS3 expression correlated with areas of substantially lower wall shear stress and wall shear stress gradient in computational fluid dynamics simulations. CONCLUSIONS Creating 3D-printed models of patient-specific cerebral aneurysms populated with human endothelial cells is feasible. Analysis of these cells after exposure to flow demonstrates differences in both cell morphology and genetic expression, which correlate with areas of differential hemodynamic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Levitt
- Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Stroke and Applied Neuroscience Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Ashley Abel
- Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cory M Kelly
- Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Stroke and Applied Neuroscience Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Samuel Levy
- Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Stroke and Applied Neuroscience Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Ying Zheng
- Stroke and Applied Neuroscience Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alberto Aliseda
- Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Stroke and Applied Neuroscience Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Louis J Kim
- Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Stroke and Applied Neuroscience Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Preparation of a biomimetic ECM surface on cardiovascular biomaterials via a novel layer-by-layer decellularization for better biocompatibility. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 96:509-521. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.11.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Cooper S, Emmott A, McDonald KK, Campeau MA, Leask RL. Increased MMP activity in curved geometries disrupts the endothelial cell glycocalyx creating a proinflammatory environment. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202526. [PMID: 30138400 PMCID: PMC6107195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Wall shear stress gradients (WSSGs) induce an inflammatory phenotype in endothelial cells (ECs) which is hypothesized to be mediated by mechanotransduction through the EC glycocalyx (GCX). We used a three-dimensional in vitro cell culture model with a 180o curved geometry to investigate if WSSGs created by curvature can cause EC inflammation and disruption of the GCX. The hydrodynamics of the model elicited a morphological response in ECs as well as a pattern of leukocyte adhesion towards the inner wall of curvature that was attenuated with enzymatic removal of GCX components. GCX degradation was also observed in regions of curvature which corresponded to increased activity of MMPs. Together, these results support the hypothesis that the EC GCX is involved in mechanotransduction of WSSGs and that components of the GCX are regulated by MMP activity in regions of curvature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Cooper
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexander Emmott
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Karli K. McDonald
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Richard L. Leask
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Visualizing polymeric bioresorbable scaffolds with three-dimensional image reconstruction using contrast-enhanced micro-computed tomography. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2016; 33:731-737. [PMID: 28039591 PMCID: PMC5383680 DOI: 10.1007/s10554-016-1049-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
There are no previous studies showing how to visualize polymeric bioresorbable scaffolds (BRSs) by micro-computed tomography (mCT). There are no previous studies showing how to visualize polymeric bioresorbable scaffolds (BRSs) by micro-computed tomography (mCT). This study aimed to explore the feasibility of detecting polymeric BRS with 3-dimensional reconstruction of BRS images by contrast-enhanced mCT and to determine the optimal imaging settings. BRSs, made of poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA), were implanted in coronary bifurcation models. Five treatments were conducted to examine an optimal condition for imaging BRSs: Baseline treatment, samples were filled with normal saline and scanned with mCT immediately; Treatment-1, -2, -3 and -4, samples were filled with contrast medium and scanned with mCT immediately and 1, 2 and 3 h thereafter, corresponding to soaking time of contrast medium of 0, 1, 2 and 3 h. Compared to Baseline, mCT scanning completely discriminate the scaffold struts from the vascular lumen immediately after filling the samples with contrast agent but not from the vascular wall until the contrast agent soaking time was more than 2 h (Treatment-3 and -4). By setting 10-15 HU as a cut-point of CT values, the scaffold strut detectable rate at Baseline and Teatment-1, -2, -3 and -4 were 1.23 ± 0.31%, 1.65 ± 0.26%, 58.14 ± 12.84%, 97.97 ± 1.43% and 98.90 ± 0.38%, respectively (Treatment-3 vs. Treatment-2, p < 0.01); meanwhile, the success rate of 3D BRS reconstruction with high quality images at Baseline and Teatment-1, -2, -3 and -4 were 1.23%, 1.65%, 58.14%, 97.97% and 98.90%, respectively (Treatment-3 vs. Treatment-2, p < 0.01). In conclusions, reconstruction of 3D BRS images is technically feasible by contrast-enhanced mCT and soaking time of contrast agent for more than 2 h is necessary for complete separation of scaffold struts from the surrounding structures in the phantom samples.
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Wolf F, Vogt F, Schmitz-Rode T, Jockenhoevel S, Mela P. Bioengineered vascular constructs as living models for in vitro cardiovascular research. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1446-1455. [PMID: 27126777 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases represent the most common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In this review, we explore the potential of bioengineered vascular constructs as living models for in vitro cardiovascular research to advance the current knowledge of pathophysiological processes and support the development of clinical therapies. Bioengineered vascular constructs capable of recapitulating the cellular and mechanical environment of native vessels represent a valuable platform to study cellular interactions and signaling cascades, test drugs and medical devices under (patho)physiological conditions, with the additional potential benefit of reducing the number of animals required for preclinical testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Wolf
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Textile Implants, Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix Vogt
- Department of Cardiology, Pulmonology, Intensive Care and Vascular Medicine, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmitz-Rode
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Textile Implants, Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Department of Cardiovascular Engineering, Institute of Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute Aachen, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Stefan Jockenhoevel
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Textile Implants, Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Institut für Textiltechnik, RWTH Aachen University, Otto-Blumenthal-Str. 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Aachen-Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials, Maastricht University at Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands.
| | - Petra Mela
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Textile Implants, Applied Medical Engineering, Helmholtz Institute, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 20, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Davis CA, Zambrano S, Anumolu P, Allen ACB, Sonoqui L, Moreno MR. Device-Based In Vitro Techniques for Mechanical Stimulation of Vascular Cells: A Review. J Biomech Eng 2015; 137:040801. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4029016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The most common cause of death in the developed world is cardiovascular disease. For decades, this has provided a powerful motivation to study the effects of mechanical forces on vascular cells in a controlled setting, since these cells have been implicated in the development of disease. Early efforts in the 1970 s included the first use of a parallel-plate flow system to apply shear stress to endothelial cells (ECs) and the development of uniaxial substrate stretching techniques (Krueger et al., 1971, “An in Vitro Study of Flow Response by Cells,” J. Biomech., 4(1), pp. 31–36 and Meikle et al., 1979, “Rabbit Cranial Sutures in Vitro: A New Experimental Model for Studying the Response of Fibrous Joints to Mechanical Stress,” Calcif. Tissue Int., 28(2), pp. 13–144). Since then, a multitude of in vitro devices have been designed and developed for mechanical stimulation of vascular cells and tissues in an effort to better understand their response to in vivo physiologic mechanical conditions. This article reviews the functional attributes of mechanical bioreactors developed in the 21st century, including their major advantages and disadvantages. Each of these systems has been categorized in terms of their primary loading modality: fluid shear stress (FSS), substrate distention, combined distention and fluid shear, or other applied forces. The goal of this article is to provide researchers with a survey of useful methodologies that can be adapted to studies in this area, and to clarify future possibilities for improved research methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb A. Davis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3120 e-mail:
| | - Steve Zambrano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3120 e-mail:
| | - Pratima Anumolu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3120 e-mail:
| | - Alicia C. B. Allen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712-1801 e-mail:
| | - Leonardo Sonoqui
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3120 e-mail:
| | - Michael R. Moreno
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3123 e-mail:
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Huang JJ, Shi YQ, Li RL, Hu A, Zhou HS, Cheng Q, Xu Z, Yang ZM, Hao CN, Duan JL. Angiogenesis effect of therapeutic ultrasound on ischemic hind limb in mice. Am J Transl Res 2014; 6:703-713. [PMID: 25628781 PMCID: PMC4297338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Although significant progress in bypass surgery and catheter intervention against peripheral artery disease, the number of severe critical limb ischemia (CLI) patients is increasing. Thus, it is crucial to develop new, non-invasive therapeutic strategies. The purpose of this study was to determine the mechanism of therapeutic ultrasound (TUS) on ischemic angiogenesis using mouse model of hindlimb ischemia and the cellular/molecular mechanisms underlying TUS-related neovascularization. The hindlimb ischemic mice were exposed to extracorporeal TUS for 3, 6, 9 minute per day (1 MHz, 0.3 W/cm(2)) until day 14 after left femoral artery ligation. Increased blood perfusion and capillary density were determined following 9 min of TUS compared with ischemic group. Moreover, TUS treatment increased the protein levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hypoxic inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and p-Akt in vivo. TUS promoted capillary-like tube formation, migration and motility of human umbilical venous endothelial cells (HUVECs). Furthermore, the protein expressions of VEGF, eNOS and p-Akt were increased after TUS treatment. In conclusion, TUS therapy promotes postnatal neovascularization through multiple angiogenic pathways in mice model of ischemic hindlimb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Juan Huang
- Department of Gerontology, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineKongjiang Road 1665, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yi-Qin Shi
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineDongfang Road 1630, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Rui-Lin Li
- Department of Gerontology, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineKongjiang Road 1665, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - An Hu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Gong li HospitalMiaopu Road 219, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Hong-Sheng Zhou
- Shanghai Acoustics Laboratory, Chinese Academy of ScienceXiaonuqiao Road 456, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qian Cheng
- Institute of Acoustics, Tongji UniversitySiping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zheng Xu
- Institute of Acoustics, Tongji UniversitySiping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical UniversityWuyi Road 382, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Chang-Ning Hao
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Ren Ji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineDongfang Road 1630, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Jun-Li Duan
- Department of Gerontology, Xin Hua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of MedicineKongjiang Road 1665, Shanghai 200092, China
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