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Deregnaucourt I, Bardin J, Villier L, Julliard R, Béthoux O. Disparification and extinction trade-offs shaped the evolution of Permian to Jurassic Odonata. iScience 2023; 26:107420. [PMID: 37583549 PMCID: PMC10424082 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Owing to their prevalence in nowadays terrestrial ecosystems, insects are a relevant group to assess the impact of mass extinctions on emerged land. However, limitations of the insect fossil record make it difficult to assess the impact of such events based on taxonomic diversity alone. Therefore, we documented trends in morphological diversity, i.e., disparity, using wings of Permian to Jurassic Odonata as model. Our results show a decreasing trend in disparity while species richness increased. Both the Permian-Triassic and Triassic-Jurassic transitions are revealed as important events, associated with strong morphospace restructuring due to selective extinction. In each case, a recovery was assured by the diversification of new forms compensating the loss of others. Early representatives of Odonata continuously evolved new shapes, a pattern contrasting with the classical assertion of a morphospace fulfilled early and followed by selective extinctions and specialization within it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Deregnaucourt
- Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie - Paris (CR2P), Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, 57 rue Cuvier, CP38, F-75005 Paris, France
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO), Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, 43 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jérémie Bardin
- Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie - Paris (CR2P), Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, 57 rue Cuvier, CP38, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Loïc Villier
- Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie - Paris (CR2P), Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, 57 rue Cuvier, CP38, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Romain Julliard
- Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO), Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, 43 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Béthoux
- Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie - Paris (CR2P), Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, 57 rue Cuvier, CP38, F-75005 Paris, France
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Weber AI, Babaei M, Mamo A, Brunton BW, Daniel TL, Bergbreiter S. Nonuniform structural properties of wings confer sensing advantages. J R Soc Interface 2023; 20:20220765. [PMID: 36946090 PMCID: PMC10031407 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory feedback is essential to both animals and robotic systems for achieving coordinated, precise movements. Mechanosensory feedback, which provides information about body deformation, depends not only on the properties of sensors but also on the structure in which they are embedded. In insects, wing structure plays a particularly important role in flapping flight: in addition to generating aerodynamic forces, wings provide mechanosensory feedback necessary for guiding flight while undergoing dramatic deformations during each wingbeat. However, the role that wing structure plays in determining mechanosensory information is relatively unexplored. Insect wings exhibit characteristic stiffness gradients and are subject to both aerodynamic and structural damping. Here we examine how both of these properties impact sensory performance, using finite element analysis combined with sensor placement optimization approaches. We show that wings with nonuniform stiffness exhibit several advantages over uniform stiffness wings, resulting in higher accuracy of rotation detection and lower sensitivity to the placement of sensors on the wing. Moreover, we show that higher damping generally improves the accuracy with which body rotations can be detected. These results contribute to our understanding of the evolution of the nonuniform stiffness patterns in insect wings, as well as suggest design principles for robotic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison I Weber
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mahnoush Babaei
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Amanuel Mamo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bingni W Brunton
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas L Daniel
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sarah Bergbreiter
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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3
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Vujić VD, Ilić BS, Lučić LR, Jovanović ZS, Milovanović JZ, Dudić BD, Stojanović DZ. Presence of morphological integration and modularity of the forcipular apparatus in Lithobius melanops (Chilopoda: Lithobiomorpha: Lithobiidae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2022; 71:101203. [PMID: 36088838 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2022.101203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The presence of morphological integration and modularity of the forcipular apparatus, despite its evolutionary significance, has not been analyzed in centipedes. This morphological structure has a crucial role in feeding and defense, thanks to its poisonous part (forcipules), which is important for catching the prey. The aims of our study were: i) to test the hypothesis of modularity of the forcipular apparatus in centipede Lithobius melanops; and ii) to investigate the influence of allometry on overall morphological integration in the aforementioned species using a geometric morphometric approach. The presence of fluctuating asymmetry was obtained by Procrustes ANOVA. Allometry was significant only for the symmetric component of the forcipular apparatus. The modularity hypothesis was not accepted, because the covariance coefficients for symmetric and asymmetric components were lower than 89.5% and 72.1% (respectively) of other RV coefficients obtained by a random contiguous partition of the forcipular apparatus. Results of the present study indicate that allometry does increase the level of morphological integration in the forcipular apparatus. According to our results, the forcipular coxosternite and forcipules could not be considered as separate modules; namely, they probably share similar developmental pathways and function in different forms of behavior and survival in L. melanops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vukica D Vujić
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Zoology, Studentski Trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Bojan S Ilić
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Zoology, Studentski Trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Luka R Lučić
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Zoology, Studentski Trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Zvezdana S Jovanović
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Zoology, Studentski Trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Jelena Z Milovanović
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Zoology, Studentski Trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Boris D Dudić
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Zoology, Studentski Trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Dalibor Z Stojanović
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Zoology, Studentski Trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
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4
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MacLeod N, Price B, Stevens Z. What you sample is what you get: ecomorphological variation in Trithemis (Odonata, Libellulidae) dragonfly wings reconsidered. BMC Ecol Evol 2022; 22:43. [PMID: 35410171 PMCID: PMC8996507 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-022-01978-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The phylogenetic ecology of the Afro-Asian dragonfly genus Trithemis has been investigated previously by Damm et al. (in Mol Phylogenet Evol 54:870–882, 2010) and wing ecomorphology by Outomuro et al. (in J Evol Biol 26:1866–1874, 2013). However, the latter investigation employed a somewhat coarse sampling of forewing and hindwing outlines and reported results that were at odds in some ways with expectations given the mapping of landscape and water-body preference over the Trithemis cladogram produced by Damm et al. (in Mol Phylogenet Evol 54:870–882, 2010). To further explore the link between species-specific wing shape variation and habitat we studied a new sample of 27 Trithemis species employing a more robust statistical test for phylogenetic covariation, more comprehensive representations of Trithemis wing morphology and a wider range of morphometric data-analysis procedures. Results Contrary to the Outomuro et al. (in J Evol Biol 26:1866–1874, 2013) report, our results indicate that no statistically significant pattern of phylogenetic covariation exists in our Trithemis forewing and hindwing data and that both male and female wing datasets exhibit substantial shape differences between species that inhabit open and forested landscapes and species that hunt over temporary/standing or running water bodies. Among the morphometric analyses performed, landmark data and geometric morphometric data-analysis methods yielded the worst performance in identifying ecomorphometric shape distinctions between Trithemis habitat guilds. Direct analysis of wing images using an embedded convolution (deep learning) neural network delivered the best performance. Bootstrap and jackknife tests of group separations and discriminant-function stability confirm that our results are not artifacts of overtrained discriminant systems or the “curse of dimensionality” despite the modest size of our sample. Conclusion Our results suggest that Trithemis wing morphology reflects the environment’s “push” to a much greater extent than phylogeny’s “pull”. In addition, they indicate that close attention should be paid to the manner in which morphologies are sampled for morphometric analysis and, if no prior information is available to guide sampling strategy, the sample that most comprehensively represents the morphologies of interest should be obtained. In many cases this will be digital images (2D) or scans (3D) of the entire morphology or morphological feature rather than sparse sets of landmark/semilandmark point locations. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12862-022-01978-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman MacLeod
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Benjamin Price
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Zackary Stevens
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
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Edie SM, Khouja SC, Collins KS, Crouch NMA, Jablonski D. Evolutionary modularity, integration and disparity in an accretionary skeleton: analysis of venerid Bivalvia. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20211199. [PMID: 35042422 PMCID: PMC8767195 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Modular evolution, the relatively independent evolution of body parts, may promote high morphological disparity in a clade. Conversely, integrated evolution via stronger covariation of parts may limit disparity. However, integration can also promote high disparity by channelling morphological evolution along lines of least resistance-a process that may be particularly important in the accumulation of disparity in the many invertebrate systems having accretionary growth. We use a time-calibrated phylogenetic hypothesis and high-density, three-dimensional semilandmarking to analyse the relationship between modularity, integration and disparity in the most diverse extant bivalve family: the Veneridae. In general, venerids have a simple, two-module parcellation of their body that is divided into features of the calcium carbonate shell and features of the internal soft anatomy. This division falls more along developmental than functional lines when placed in the context of bivalve anatomy and biomechanics. The venerid body is tightly integrated in absolute terms, but disparity appears to increase with modularity strength among subclades and ecologies. Thus, shifts towards more mosaic evolution beget higher morphological variance in this speciose family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart M. Edie
- Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20013, USA
| | - Safia C. Khouja
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Katie S. Collins
- Department of Earth Sciences, Invertebrates and Plants Palaeobiology Division, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Nicholas M. A. Crouch
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - David Jablonski
- Department of the Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, 5734 South Ellis Ave, Chicago, IL 60637, USA,Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Vujić V, Ilić B, Lučić L, Tomić V, Jovanović Z, Pavković-Lučić S, Makarov S. Morphological integration of the head capsule in the millipede Megaphyllum unilineatum (C. L. Koch, 1838) (Diplopoda: Julida): can different modules be recognized? ZOOLOGY 2021; 149:125970. [PMID: 34628210 DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2021.125970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Covariation of multiple morphological traits and modularity have been widely studied in the field of evolutionary developmental biology. Subunits of a morphological structure can evolve separately from each other in a modular fashion. The aims of our study therefore were: i) to test the hypothesis of modularity in the dorsal part of the head capsule and the gnathochilarium separately during late postembryogenesis in the julidan millipede Megaphyllum unilineatum (C. L. Koch, 1838) using geometric morphometrics; and ii) to investigate the influence of allometry on overall morphological integration in the dorsal part of the head capsule and the gnathochilarium in the mentioned species. Individuals from different ontogenetic stadia (stadium VI - stadium XI) were included in the analyses. Significant influence of fluctuating asymmetry on the dorsal part of the head capsule shape was detected by Procrustes ANOVA. Regressions were significant for the symmetric component of both analysed morphological traits, while non-significant regression was detected for the asymmetric component of the head capsule's dorsal part. Hypotheses of modularity for the dorsal part of the head capsule and the gnathochilarium are rejected because our results indicate that a small proportion of alternate partitions has higher covariation between subsets of structure than between the hypothesized modules. Contrary to our expectations, results of the present study show that allometry does not increase the level of morphological integration in the dorsal part of the head capsule and the gnathochilarium in M. unilineatum. Based on the obtained results, we conclude that the dorsal part of the head capsule and the gnathochilarium are not composed of independent modules and that in the case of the capsule's dorsal part, developmental processes affect morphological integration in different ways at different levels of shape variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vukica Vujić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Studentski Trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Bojan Ilić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Studentski Trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Luka Lučić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Studentski Trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Vladimir Tomić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Studentski Trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Zvezdana Jovanović
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Studentski Trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Sofija Pavković-Lučić
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Studentski Trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Slobodan Makarov
- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology, Studentski Trg 16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
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Weber AI, Daniel TL, Brunton BW. Wing structure and neural encoding jointly determine sensing strategies in insect flight. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1009195. [PMID: 34379622 PMCID: PMC8382179 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals rely on sensory feedback to generate accurate, reliable movements. In many flying insects, strain-sensitive neurons on the wings provide rapid feedback that is critical for stable flight control. While the impacts of wing structure on aerodynamic performance have been widely studied, the impacts of wing structure on sensing are largely unexplored. In this paper, we show how the structural properties of the wing and encoding by mechanosensory neurons interact to jointly determine optimal sensing strategies and performance. Specifically, we examine how neural sensors can be placed effectively on a flapping wing to detect body rotation about different axes, using a computational wing model with varying flexural stiffness. A small set of mechanosensors, conveying strain information at key locations with a single action potential per wingbeat, enable accurate detection of body rotation. Optimal sensor locations are concentrated at either the wing base or the wing tip, and they transition sharply as a function of both wing stiffness and neural threshold. Moreover, the sensing strategy and performance is robust to both external disturbances and sensor loss. Typically, only five sensors are needed to achieve near-peak accuracy, with a single sensor often providing accuracy well above chance. Our results show that small-amplitude, dynamic signals can be extracted efficiently with spatially and temporally sparse sensors in the context of flight. The demonstrated interaction of wing structure and neural encoding properties points to the importance of understanding each in the context of their joint evolution. In addition to generating forces for flight, insect wings also serve an important role as sensory structures, providing rapid feedback about wing bending that is used to stabilize flight. While much is known about how wing structure affects aerodynamic performance, the effects of wing structure on sensing remain unexplored. Using a computational model of a flapping wing, we examine how sensing strategies depend on wing stiffness and sensor properties. We show that body rotations can be accurately detected with a small number of sensors on the wing across a wide range of conditions. Optimal sensor locations are clustered at either the wing base or wing tip, depending on a combination of wing stiffness and sensor properties. Moreover, sensing performance is robust to multiple kinds of perturbations. Our work provides a basis for understanding how wing structure impacts incoming sensory information during flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison I. Weber
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas L. Daniel
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bingni W. Brunton
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Deregnaucourt I, Bardin J, Anderson JM, Béthoux O. The wing venation of a new fossil species, reconstructed using geometric morphometrics, adds to the rare fossil record of Triassic Gondwanian Odonata. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2021; 63:101056. [PMID: 33984598 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2021.101056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Probably the most common rock-imprint fossil-insect remain is an incomplete isolated wing. This pitfall has been traditionally addressed by manually reconstructing missing parts, which is not ideal to comprehend long-term evolutionary trends in the group, in particular for morphological diversity (i.e., disparity) approaches. Herein we describe a new Triassic relative of dragon- and damselflies (Odonata), Moltenophlebia lindae gen. et sp. nov., from the Molteno Formation (Karoo Basin, South Africa), on the basis of three incomplete, isolated wings. In order to provide a reconstruction of the complete wing venation of the species, we formalized and applied a repeatable method aiming at inferring the missing parts of a given specimen. It is based on homologous veins automatically identified thanks to a standardized color-coding. The dedicated script can be applied broadly to the fossil record of insect wings. The species is identified as a member of the Zygophlebiida, within the Triadophlebiomorpha. This discovery, therefore, represents the first ascertained occurrence of the latter group in Gondwana, an area where the fossil record of Odonata is depauperate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Deregnaucourt
- Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie - Paris (CR2P), Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, 57 rue Cuvier, CP38, F-75005, Paris, France; Centre d'Ecologie et des Sciences de la Conservation (CESCO), Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, 43 rue Buffon, 75005, Paris, France.
| | - Jérémie Bardin
- Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie - Paris (CR2P), Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, 57 rue Cuvier, CP38, F-75005, Paris, France.
| | - John M Anderson
- Environmental Studies Institute, Witwatersrand University, 1 Jan Smuts Ave., Braamfontein, Johannesburg, 2000, South Africa.
| | - Olivier Béthoux
- Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie - Paris (CR2P), Sorbonne Université, MNHN, CNRS, 57 rue Cuvier, CP38, F-75005, Paris, France.
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Budečević S, Savković U, Đorđević M, Vlajnić L, Stojković B. Sexual Dimorphism and Morphological Modularity in Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say, 1831) ( Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae): A Geometric Morphometric Approach. INSECTS 2021; 12:insects12040350. [PMID: 33919947 PMCID: PMC8070904 DOI: 10.3390/insects12040350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The seed beetle Acanthoscelides obtectus used in this study is a worldwide pest species that inhabits storage facilities and fields of beans. Knowing that sexual dimorphism is very common among insects, we investigated the level of morphological differences between the sexes. Such an approach allowed us to look into the modular organization of this organism. As expected, the females were larger than the males. The observed two modular organization (thorax and abdomen) was sex specific, indicating that reproductive function has the central role in forming the patterns of modularity. It seems that natural selection is driving force for females, while males are influenced more by sexual selection. Abstract Sexual dimorphism and specific patterns of development contribute in a great manner to the direction and degree of the sexual differences in body size and shape in many insects. Using a landmark-based geometric morpohometrics approach, we investigated sex-specific morphological size and shape variation in the seed beetle, Acanthoscelides obtectus. We also tested the functional hypothesis of the two morphological modules—thorax and abdomen in both sexes. Female-biased sexual dimorphism in size was shown, while differences in shape were reflected in the wider thorax and abdomen and shorter abdomen in females in comparison to males. The functional hypothesis of a two-module body was confirmed only in females before correction for size, and in both sexes after the allometry correction. Our results indicate that reproductive function has the central role in forming the patterns of modularity. We hypothesize that high morphological integration of the abdomen in females results from intense stabilizing selection, while the more relaxed integration in males is driven by the higher intensity of sexual selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanja Budečević
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (U.S.); (M.Đ.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Uroš Savković
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (U.S.); (M.Đ.)
| | - Mirko Đorđević
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”—National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (U.S.); (M.Đ.)
| | - Lea Vlajnić
- Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.V.); (B.S.)
| | - Biljana Stojković
- Institute of Zoology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (L.V.); (B.S.)
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Varón-González C, Whelan S, Klingenberg CP. Estimating Phylogenies from Shape and Similar Multidimensional Data: Why It Is Not Reliable. Syst Biol 2021; 69:863-883. [PMID: 31985800 DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been controversy whether multidimensional data such as geometric morphometric data or information on gene expression can be used for estimating phylogenies. This study uses simulations of evolution in multidimensional phenotype spaces to address this question and to identify specific factors that are important for answering it. Most of the simulations use phylogenies with four taxa, so that there are just three possible unrooted trees and the effect of different combinations of branch lengths can be studied systematically. In a comparison of methods, squared-change parsimony performed similarly well as maximum likelihood, and both methods outperformed Wagner and Euclidean parsimony, neighbor-joining and UPGMA. Under an evolutionary model of isotropic Brownian motion, phylogeny can be estimated reliably if dimensionality is high, even with relatively unfavorable combinations of branch lengths. By contrast, if there is phenotypic integration such that most variation is concentrated in one or a few dimensions, the reliability of phylogenetic estimates is severely reduced. Evolutionary models with stabilizing selection also produce highly unreliable estimates, which are little better than picking a phylogenetic tree at random. To examine how these results apply to phylogenies with more than four taxa, we conducted further simulations with up to eight taxa, which indicated that the effects of dimensionality and phenotypic integration extend to more than four taxa, and that convergence among internal nodes may produce additional complications specifically for greater numbers of taxa. Overall, the simulations suggest that multidimensional data, under evolutionary models that are plausible for biological data, do not produce reliable estimates of phylogeny. [Brownian motion; gene expression data; geometric morphometrics; morphological integration; squared-change parsimony; phylogeny; shape; stabilizing selection.].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ceferino Varón-González
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Simon Whelan
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.,Department of Evolutionary Biology, EBC, Uppsala University, Norbyägen 18D, 75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christian Peter Klingenberg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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11
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Experimental method for 3D reconstruction of Odonata wings (methodology and dataset). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232193. [PMID: 32348334 PMCID: PMC7190169 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect wings are highly evolved structures with aerodynamic and structural properties that are not fully understood or systematically modeled. Most species in the insect order Odonata have permanently deployed high aspect ratio wings. Odonata have been documented to exhibit extraordinary flight performance and a wide range of interesting flight behaviors that rely on agility and efficiency. The characteristic three-dimensional corrugated structures of these wings have been observed and modeled for a small number of species, with studies showing that corrugations can provide significant aerodynamic and structural advantages. Comprehensive museum collections are the most practical source of Odonata wing, despite the risk of adverse effects caused by dehydration and preservation of specimens. Museum specimens are not to be handled or damaged and are best left undisturbed in their display enclosures. We have undertaken a systematic process of scanning, modeling, and post-processing the wings of over 80 Odonata species using a novel and accurate method and apparatus we developed for this purpose. The method allows the samples to stay inside their glass cases if necessary and is non-destructive. The measurements taken have been validated against micro-computed tomography scanning and against similar-sized objects with measured dimensions. The resulting publicly available dataset will allow aeronautical analysis of Odonata aerodynamics and structures, the study of the evolution of functional structures, and research into insect ecology. The technique is useable for other orders of insects and other fragile samples.
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Genevcius BC, Simon MN, Moraes T, Schwertner CF. Copulatory function and development shape modular architecture of genitalia differently in males and females. Evolution 2020; 74:1048-1062. [PMID: 32311076 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Genitalia are multitasking structures whose development is mediated by numerous regulatory pathways. This multifactorial nature provides an avenue for multiple sources of selection. As a result, genitalia tend to evolve as modular systems comprising semi-independent subsets of structures, yet the processes that give rise to those patterns are still poorly understood. Here, we ask what are the relative roles of development and function in shaping modular patterns of genitalia within populations and across species of stink-bugs. We found that male genitalia are less integrated, more modular, and primarily shaped by functional demands. In contrast, females show higher integration, lower modularity, and a predominant role of developmental processes. Further, interactions among parts of each sex are more determinant to modularity than those between the sexes, and patterns of modularity are equivalent between and within species. Our results strongly indicate that genitalia have been subjected to sex-specific selection, although male and female genitalia are homologous and functionally associated. Moreover, modular patterns are seemingly constant in the evolutionary history of stink-bugs, suggesting a scenario of multivariate stabilizing selection within each sex. Our study demonstrates that interactions among genital parts of the same sex may be more fundamental to genital evolution than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno C Genevcius
- Museum of Zoology, Graduate Program in Systematics, Animal Taxonomy and Biodiversity, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Current address: Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monique N Simon
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tamara Moraes
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), Graduate Program in Entomology, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Cristiano F Schwertner
- Museum of Zoology, Graduate Program in Systematics, Animal Taxonomy and Biodiversity, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), Graduate Program in Entomology, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Diadema, Brazil
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