1
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Jägers P, Frischmuth T, Herlitze S. Correlation between bioluminescent blinks and swimming behavior in the splitfin flashlight fish Anomalops katoptron. BMC Ecol Evol 2024; 24:97. [PMID: 38987674 PMCID: PMC11234731 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-024-02283-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The light organs of the splitfin flashlight fish Anomalops katoptron are necessary for schooling behavior, to determine nearest neighbor distance, and to feed on zooplankton under dim light conditions. Each behavior is coupled to context-dependent blink frequencies and can be regulated via mechanical occlusion of light organs. During shoaling in the laboratory individuals show moderate blink frequencies around 100 blinks per minute. In this study, we correlated bioluminescent blinks with the spatio-temporal dynamics of swimming profiles in three dimensions, using a stereoscopic, infrared camera system. RESULTS Groups of flashlight fish showed intermediate levels of polarization and distances to the group centroid. Individuals showed higher swimming speeds and curved swimming profiles during light organ occlusion. The largest changes in swimming direction occurred when darkening the light organs. Before A. katoptron exposed light organs again, they adapted a nearly straight movement direction. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that a change in movement direction coupled to light organ occlusion in A. katoptron is an important behavioral trait in shoaling of flashlight fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jägers
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr- University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Timo Frischmuth
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr- University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stefan Herlitze
- Department of General Zoology and Neurobiology, Institute of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr- University Bochum, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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2
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Lizárraga JUF, O'Keeffe KP, de Aguiar MAM. Order, chaos, and dimensionality transition in a system of swarmalators. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:044209. [PMID: 38755840 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.044209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Similarly to sperm, where individuals self-organize in space while also striving for coherence in their tail swinging, several natural and engineered systems exhibit the emergence of swarming and synchronization. The arising and interplay of these phenomena have been captured by collectives of hypothetical particles named swarmalators, each possessing a position and a phase whose dynamics are affected reciprocally and also by the space-phase states of their neighbors. In this work, we introduce a solvable model of swarmalators able to move in two-dimensional spaces. We show that several static and active collective states can emerge and derive necessary conditions for each to show up as the model parameters are varied. These conditions elucidate, in some cases, the displaying of multistability among states. Notably, in the active regime, the system exhibits hyperchaos, maintaining spatial correlation under certain conditions and breaking it under others on what we interpret as a dimensionality transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao U F Lizárraga
- Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Unicamp 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kevin P O'Keeffe
- Senseable City Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Marcus A M de Aguiar
- Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Unicamp 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Martin O, Nguyen C, Sarfati R, Chowdhury M, Iuzzolino ML, Nguyen DMT, Layer RM, Peleg O. Embracing firefly flash pattern variability with data-driven species classification. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3432. [PMID: 38341450 PMCID: PMC10858911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53671-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Many nocturnally active fireflies use precisely timed bioluminescent patterns to identify mates, making them especially vulnerable to light pollution. As urbanization continues to brighten the night sky, firefly populations are under constant stress, and close to half of the species are now threatened. Ensuring the survival of firefly biodiversity depends on a large-scale conservation effort to monitor and protect thousands of populations. While species can be identified by their flash patterns, current methods require expert measurement and manual classification and are infeasible given the number and geographic distribution of fireflies. Here we present the application of a recurrent neural network (RNN) for accurate automated firefly flash pattern classification. Using recordings from commodity cameras, we can extract flash trajectories of individuals within a swarm and classify their species with an accuracy of approximately seventy percent. In addition to its potential in population monitoring, automated classification provides the means to study firefly behavior at the population level. We employ the classifier to measure and characterize the variability within and between swarms, unlocking a new dimension of their behavior. Our method is open source, and deployment in community science applications could revolutionize our ability to monitor and understand firefly populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Martin
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Chantal Nguyen
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Raphael Sarfati
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Murad Chowdhury
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Michael L Iuzzolino
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Dieu My T Nguyen
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Ryan M Layer
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Orit Peleg
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA.
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Department of Applied Math, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.
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4
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Lower SE, Pask GM, Arriola K, Halloran S, Holmes H, Halley DC, Zheng Y, Collins DB, Millar JG. Identification of a Female-Produced Sex Attractant Pheromone of the Winter Firefly, Photinus corruscus Linnaeus (Coleoptera: Lampyridae). J Chem Ecol 2023; 49:164-178. [PMID: 36920582 PMCID: PMC10102081 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-023-01417-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
Firefly flashes are well-known visual signals used by these insects to find, identify, and choose mates. However, many firefly species have lost the ability to produce light as adults. These "unlighted" species generally lack developed adult light organs, are diurnal rather than nocturnal, and are believed to use volatile pheromones acting over a distance to locate mates. While cuticular hydrocarbons, which may function in mate recognition at close range, have been examined for a handful of the over 2000 extant firefly species, no volatile pheromone has ever been identified. In this study, using coupled gas chromatography - electroantennographic detection, we detected a single female-emitted compound that elicited antennal responses from wild-caught male winter fireflies, Photinus corruscus. The compound was identified as (1S)-exo-3-hydroxycamphor (hydroxycamphor). In field trials at two sites across the species' eastern North American range, large numbers of male P. corruscus were attracted to synthesized hydroxycamphor, verifying its function as a volatile sex attractant pheromone. Males spent more time in contact with lures treated with synthesized hydroxycamphor than those treated with solvent only in laboratory two-choice assays. Further, using single sensillum recordings, we characterized a pheromone-sensitive odorant receptor neuron in a specific olfactory sensillum on male P. corruscus antennae and demonstrated its sensitivity to hydroxycamphor. Thus, this study has identified the first volatile pheromone and its corresponding sensory neuron for any firefly species, and provides a tool for monitoring P. corruscus populations for conservation and further inquiry into the chemical and cellular bases for sexual communication among fireflies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Lower
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, One Dent Drive, Lewisburg, PA, 17837, USA.
| | - Gregory M Pask
- Department of Biology, Middlebury College, 14 Old Chapel Road, Middlebury, VT, 05753, USA
- Programs of Neuroscience and Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Middlebury College, 14 Old Chapel Road, Middlebury, VT, 05753, USA
| | - Kyle Arriola
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Sean Halloran
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Hannah Holmes
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, One Dent Drive, Lewisburg, PA, 17837, USA
| | - Daphné C Halley
- Department of Biology, Middlebury College, 14 Old Chapel Road, Middlebury, VT, 05753, USA
| | - Yiyu Zheng
- Department of Biology, Bucknell University, One Dent Drive, Lewisburg, PA, 17837, USA
| | - Douglas B Collins
- Department of Chemistry, Bucknell University, One Dent Drive, Lewisburg, PA, 17837, USA
| | - Jocelyn G Millar
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
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5
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Adhikari S, Restrepo JG, Skardal PS. Synchronization of phase oscillators on complex hypergraphs. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2023; 33:033116. [PMID: 37003819 DOI: 10.1063/5.0116747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
We study the effect of structured higher-order interactions on the collective behavior of coupled phase oscillators. By combining a hypergraph generative model with dimensionality reduction techniques, we obtain a reduced system of differential equations for the system's order parameters. We illustrate our framework with the example of a hypergraph with hyperedges of sizes 2 (links) and 3 (triangles). For this case, we obtain a set of two coupled nonlinear algebraic equations for the order parameters. For strong values of coupling via triangles, the system exhibits bistability and explosive synchronization transitions. We find conditions that lead to bistability in terms of hypergraph properties and validate our predictions with numerical simulations. Our results provide a general framework to study the synchronization of phase oscillators in hypergraphs, and they can be extended to hypergraphs with hyperedges of arbitrary sizes, dynamic-structural correlations, and other features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Adhikari
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Juan G Restrepo
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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6
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Deep MAnTra: deep learning-based multi-animal tracking for Japanese macaques. ARTIFICIAL LIFE AND ROBOTICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10015-022-00837-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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7
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Sarfati R, Peleg O. Chimera states among synchronous fireflies. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eadd6690. [PMID: 36383660 PMCID: PMC9668303 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add6690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Systems of oscillators often converge to a state of synchrony when sufficiently interconnected. Twenty years ago, the mathematical analysis of models of coupled oscillators revealed the possibility for complex phases that exhibit a coexistence of synchronous and asynchronous clusters, known as "chimera states." Beyond their recurrence in theoretical models, chimeras have been observed under specifically designed experimental conditions, yet their emergence in nature has remained elusive. Here, we report evidence for the occurrence of chimeras in a celebrated realization of natural synchrony: fireflies. In video recordings of Photuris frontalis fireflies, we observe, within a single swarm, the spontaneous emergence of different groups flashing with the same periodicity but with a constant delay between them. From the three-dimensional reconstruction of the swarm, we demonstrate that these states are stable over time and spatially intertwined. We discuss the implications of these findings on the synergy between mathematical models and collective behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Sarfati
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Orit Peleg
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Applied Math, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
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8
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McCrea M, Ermentrout B, Rubin JE. A model for the collective synchronization of flashing in Photinus carolinus. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220439. [PMID: 36285439 PMCID: PMC9597172 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent empirical investigations have characterized the synchronized flashing behaviours of male Photinus carolinus fireflies in their natural habitat in Great Smoky Mountain National Park as well as in controlled environments. We develop a model for the flash dynamics of an individual firefly based on a canonical elliptic burster, a slow-fast dynamical system that produces a repeating pattern of multiple flashes followed by a quiescent period. We show that a small amount of noise renders that oscillation very irregular, but when multiple model fireflies interact through their flashes, the behaviour becomes much more periodic. We show that the aggregate behaviour is qualitatively similar to the experimental findings. We next distribute the fireflies in a two-dimensional spatial domain and vary the interaction range. In addition to synchronization, various spatio-temporal patterns involving propagation of activity emerge spontaneously. Finally, we allow a certain number of fireflies to move and demonstrate how their speed affects the rate and degree of synchronization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline McCrea
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bard Ermentrout
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan E. Rubin
- Department of Mathematics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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9
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Wang B, Aljadeff J. Multiplicative Shot-Noise: A New Route to Stability of Plastic Networks. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:068101. [PMID: 36018633 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.068101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fluctuations of synaptic weights, among many other physical, biological, and ecological quantities, are driven by coincident events of two "parent" processes. We propose a multiplicative shot-noise model that can capture the behaviors of a broad range of such natural phenomena, and analytically derive an approximation that accurately predicts its statistics. We apply our results to study the effects of a multiplicative synaptic plasticity rule that was recently extracted from measurements in physiological conditions. Using mean-field theory analysis and network simulations, we investigate how this rule shapes the connectivity and dynamics of recurrent spiking neural networks. The multiplicative plasticity rule is shown to support efficient learning of input stimuli, and it gives a stable, unimodal synaptic-weight distribution with a large fraction of strong synapses. The strong synapses remain stable over long times but do not "run away." Our results suggest that the multiplicative shot-noise offers a new route to understand the tradeoff between flexibility and stability in neural circuits and other dynamic networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Johnatan Aljadeff
- Department of Neurobiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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10
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Sarfati R, Gaudette L, Cicero JM, Peleg O. Statistical analysis reveals the onset of synchrony in sparse swarms of Photinus knulli fireflies. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20220007. [PMID: 35317654 PMCID: PMC8941412 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2022.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Flash synchrony within firefly swarms is an elegant but elusive manifestation of collective animal behaviour. It has been observed, and sometimes demonstrated, in a few populations across the world, but exactly which species are capable of large-scale synchronization remains unclear, especially for low-density swarms. The underlying question which we address here is: how does one qualify a collective flashing display as synchronous, given that the only information available is the time and location of flashes? We propose different statistical approaches and apply them to high-resolution stereoscopic video recordings of the collective flashing of Photinus knulli fireflies, hence establishing the occurrence of synchrony in this species. These results substantiate detailed visual observations published in the early 1980s and made at the same experimental site: Peña Blanca Canyon, Coronado National Forest, AZ, USA. We also remark that P. knulli’s collective flashing patterns mirror those observed in Photinus carolinus fireflies in the Eastern USA, consisting of synchronous flashes in periodic bursts with rapid accretion and quick decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Sarfati
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Laura Gaudette
- McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity, Florida Museum of Natural History, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Orit Peleg
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Department of Applied Math, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA.,Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
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11
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Doering GN, Drawert B, Lee C, Pruitt JN, Petzold LR, Dalnoki-Veress K. Noise resistant synchronization and collective rhythm switching in a model of animal group locomotion. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211908. [PMID: 35291326 PMCID: PMC8905150 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biology is suffused with rhythmic behaviour, and interacting biological oscillators often synchronize their rhythms with one another. Colonies of some ant species are able to synchronize their activity to fall into coherent bursts, but models of this phenomenon have neglected the potential effects of intrinsic noise and interspecific differences in individual-level behaviour. We investigated the individual and collective activity patterns of two Leptothorax ant species. We show that in one species (Leptothorax sp. W), ants converge onto rhythmic cycles of synchronized collective activity with a period of about 20 min. A second species (Leptothorax crassipilis) exhibits more complex collective dynamics, where dominant collective cycle periods range from 16 min to 2.8 h. Recordings that last 35 h reveal that, in both species, the same colony can exhibit multiple oscillation frequencies. We observe that workers of both species can be stimulated by nest-mates to become active after a refractory resting period, but the durations of refractory periods differ between the species and can be highly variable. We model the emergence of synchronized rhythms using an agent-based model informed by our empirical data. This simple model successfully generates synchronized group oscillations despite the addition of noise to ants' refractory periods. We also find that adding noise reduces the likelihood that the model will spontaneously switch between distinct collective cycle frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant Navid Doering
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1
| | - Brian Drawert
- National Environmental Modeling and Analysis Center, University of North Carolina at Asheville, Asheville, NC 28804, USA
| | - Carmen Lee
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1
| | - Jonathan N. Pruitt
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1
| | - Linda R. Petzold
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Kari Dalnoki-Veress
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1
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12
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Qian W, Papadopoulos L, Lu Z, Kroma-Wiley KA, Pasqualetti F, Bassett DS. Path-dependent dynamics induced by rewiring networks of inertial oscillators. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:024304. [PMID: 35291167 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.024304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In networks of coupled oscillators, it is of interest to understand how interaction topology affects synchronization. Many studies have gained key insights into this question by studying the classic Kuramoto oscillator model on static networks. However, new questions arise when the network structure is time varying or when the oscillator system is multistable, the latter of which can occur when an inertial term is added to the Kuramoto model. While the consequences of evolving topology and multistability on collective behavior have been examined separately, real-world systems such as gene regulatory networks and the brain may exhibit these properties simultaneously. It is thus relevant to ask how time-varying network connectivity impacts synchronization in systems that can exhibit multistability. To address this question, we study how the dynamics of coupled Kuramoto oscillators with inertia are affected when the topology of the underlying network changes in time. We show that hysteretic synchronization behavior in networks of coupled inertial oscillators can be driven by changes in connection topology alone. Moreover, we find that certain fixed-density rewiring schemes induce significant changes to the level of global synchrony that remain even after the network returns to its initial configuration, and we show that these changes are robust to a wide range of network perturbations. Our findings highlight that the specific progression of network topology over time, in addition to its initial or final static structure, can play a considerable role in modulating the collective behavior of systems evolving on complex networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Qian
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Lia Papadopoulos
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Zhixin Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Keith A Kroma-Wiley
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Fabio Pasqualetti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
| | - Dani S Bassett
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering & Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico 87501, USA
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13
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Ouellette N. A physics perspective on collective animal behavior. Phys Biol 2022; 19. [PMID: 35038691 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/ac4bef] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The beautiful dynamic patterns and coordinated motion displayed by groups of social animals are a beautiful example of self-organization in natural farfrom-equilibrium systems. Recent advances in active-matter physics have enticed physicists to begin to consider how their results can be extended from microscale physical or biological systems to groups of real, macroscopic animals. At the same time, advances in measurement technology have led to the increasing availability of high-quality empirical data for the behavior of animal groups both in the laboratory and in the wild. In this review, I survey this available data and the ways that it has been analyzed. I then describe how physicists have approached synthesizing, modeling, and interpreting this information, both at the level of individual animals and at the group scale. In particular, I focus on the kinds of analogies that physicists have made between animal groups and more traditional areas of physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Ouellette
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California, 94305-6104, UNITED STATES
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14
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Species-Specific Flash Patterns Track the Nocturnal Behavior of Sympatric Taiwanese Fireflies. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11010058. [PMID: 35053057 PMCID: PMC8773436 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
It is highly challenging to evaluate the species' content and behavior changes in wild fireflies, especially for a sympatric population. Here, the flash interval (FI) and flash duration (FD) of flying males from three sympatric species (Abscondita cerata, Luciola kagiana, and Luciola curtithorax) were investigated for their potentials in assessing species composition and nocturnal behaviors during the A. cerata mating season. Both FI and FD were quantified from the continuous flashes of adult fireflies (lasting 5-30 s) via spatiotemporal analyses of video recorded along the Genliao hiking trail in Taipei, Taiwan. Compared to FD patterns and flash colors, FI patterns exhibited the highest species specificity, making them a suitable reference for differentiating firefly species. Through the case study of a massive occurrence of A. cerata (21 April 2018), the species contents (~85% of the flying population) and active periods of a sympatric population comprising A. cerata and L. kagiana were successfully evaluated by FI pattern matching, as well as field specimen collections. Our study suggests that FI patterns may be a reliable species-specific luminous marker for monitoring the behavioral changes in a sympatric firefly population in the field, and has implication values for firefly conservation.
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15
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Ito T, Konishi K, Sano T, Wakayama H, Ogawa M. Synchronization of relaxation oscillators with adaptive thresholds and application to automated guided vehicles. Phys Rev E 2022; 105:014201. [PMID: 35193180 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.105.014201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The present paper proposes an adaptive control law for inducing in-phase and antiphase synchronization in a pair of relaxation oscillators. We analytically show that the phase dynamics of the oscillators coupled by the control law is equivalent to that of Kuramoto phase oscillators and then extend the results for a pair of oscillators to three or more oscillators. We also provide a systematic procedure for designing the controller parameters for oscillator networks with all-to-all and ring topologies. Our numerical simulations demonstrate that these analytical results can be used to solve a dispatching problem encountered by automated guided vehicles (AGVs) in factories. AGV congestion can be avoided and the peak value of the amount of materials or parts in buffers can be suppressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takehiro Ito
- Data Science Research Laboratories, NEC Corporation, 1753 Shimonumabe, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 211-8666, Japan
| | - Keiji Konishi
- Department of Electrical and Information Systems, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Toru Sano
- Department of Electrical and Information Systems, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Hisaya Wakayama
- Data Science Research Laboratories, NEC Corporation, 1753 Shimonumabe, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 211-8666, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Ogawa
- Data Science Research Laboratories, NEC Corporation, 1753 Shimonumabe, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 211-8666, Japan
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16
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Greenfield MD, Aihara I, Amichay G, Anichini M, Nityananda V. Rhythm interaction in animal groups: selective attention in communication networks. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200338. [PMID: 34420386 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals communicating interactively with conspecifics often time their broadcasts to avoid overlapping interference, to emit leading, as opposed to following, signals or to synchronize their signalling rhythms. Each of these adjustments becomes more difficult as the number of interactants increases beyond a pair. Among acoustic species, insects and anurans generally deal with the problem of group signalling by means of 'selective attention' in which they focus on several close or conspicuous neighbours and ignore the rest. In these animals, where signalling and receiving are often dictated by sex, the process of selective attention in signallers may have a parallel counterpart in receivers, which also focus on close neighbours. In birds and mammals, local groups tend to be extended families or clans, and group signalling may entail complex timing mechanisms that allow for attention to all individuals. In general, the mechanisms that allow animals to communicate in groups appear to be fully interwoven with the basic process of rhythmic signalling. This article is part of the theme issue 'Synchrony and rhythm interaction: from the brain to behavioural ecology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Greenfield
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA.,Equipe Neuro-Ethologie Sensorielle, ENES/Neuro-PSI, CNRS UMR 9197, University of Lyon/Saint-Etienne, 42023 Saint Etienne, France
| | - Ikkyu Aihara
- Faculty of Engineering, Information and Systems, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8573, Japan
| | - Guy Amichay
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78467 Konstanz, Germany.,Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Marianna Anichini
- Hanse-Wissenschaftskolleg Institute for Advanced Study, 'Brain' Research Area, 27753 Delmenhorst, Germany.,Animal Physiology and Behavior Group, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, 26129 Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Vivek Nityananda
- Biosciences Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Henry Wellcome Building, Framlington Place, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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17
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Sarfati R, Hayes JC, Peleg O. Self-organization in natural swarms of Photinus carolinus synchronous fireflies. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/28/eabg9259. [PMID: 34233879 PMCID: PMC8262802 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg9259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Fireflies flashing in unison is a mesmerizing manifestation of animal collective behavior and an archetype of biological synchrony. To elucidate synchronization mechanisms and inform theoretical models, we recorded the collective display of thousands of Photinus carolinus fireflies in natural swarms, and provide the first spatiotemporal description of the onset of synchronization. At low firefly density, flashes appear uncorrelated. At high density, the swarm produces synchronous flashes within periodic bursts. Using three-dimensional reconstruction, we demonstrate that flash bursts nucleate and propagate across the swarm in a relay-like process. Our results suggest that fireflies interact locally through a dynamic network of visual connections defined by visual occlusion from terrain and vegetation. This model illuminates the importance of the environment in shaping self-organization and collective behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Sarfati
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - Julie C Hayes
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Orit Peleg
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
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18
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Hussein AAA, Bloem E, Fodor I, Baz ES, Tadros MM, Soliman MFM, El-Shenawy NS, Koene JM. Slowly seeing the light: an integrative review on ecological light pollution as a potential threat for mollusks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:5036-5048. [PMID: 33341922 PMCID: PMC7838132 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11824-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal changes in the natural light condition play a pivotal role in the regulation of many biological processes in organisms. Disruption of this natural condition via the growing loss of darkness as a result of anthropogenic light pollution has been linked to species-wide shifts in behavioral and physiological traits. This review starts with a brief overview of the definition of light pollution and the most recent insights into the perception of light. We then go on to review the evidence for some adverse effects of ecological light pollution on different groups of animals and will focus on mollusks. Taken together, the available evidence suggests a critical role for light pollution as a recent, growing threat to the regulation of various biological processes in these animals, with the potential to disrupt ecosystem stability. The latter indicates that ecological light pollution is an environmental threat that needs to be taken seriously and requires further research attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A A Hussein
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
- Theodor Bilharz Research Institute (TBRI), Giza, Egypt.
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Erik Bloem
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - István Fodor
- NAP Adaptive Neuroethology, Department of Experimental Zoology, Balaton Limnological Institute, Centre for Ecological Research, 8237, Tihany, Hungary
| | - El-Sayed Baz
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | | | - Maha F M Soliman
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Nahla S El-Shenawy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Joris M Koene
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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19
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Moiseff A, Copeland J. Behavioral Consequences of Sensory System Constraints in the Firefly Photinus carolinus. ECOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2020.1846455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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