1
|
Shared evolutionary trajectories of three independent neo-sex chromosomes in Drosophila. Genome Res 2021; 31:2069-2079. [PMID: 34675069 PMCID: PMC8559708 DOI: 10.1101/gr.275503.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dosage compensation (DC) on the X Chromosome counteracts the deleterious effects of gene loss on the Y Chromosome. However, DC is not efficient if the X Chromosome also degenerates. This indeed occurs in Drosophila miranda, in which both the neo-Y and the neo-X are under accelerated pseudogenization. To examine the generality of this pattern, we investigated the evolution of two additional neo-sex chromosomes that emerged independently in D. albomicans and D. americana and reanalyzed neo-sex chromosome evolution in D. miranda. Comparative genomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed that the pseudogenization rate on the neo-X is also accelerated in D. albomicans and D. americana although to a lesser extent than in D. miranda. In males, neo-X-linked genes whose neo-Y-linked homologs are pseudogenized tended to be up-regulated more than those whose neo-Y-linked homologs remain functional. Moreover, genes under strong functional constraint and genes highly expressed in the testis tended to remain functional on the neo-X and neo-Y, respectively. Focusing on the D. miranda and D. albomicans neo-sex chromosomes that emerged independently from the same autosome, we further found that the same genes tend to become pseudogenized in parallel on the neo-Y. These genes include Idgf6 and JhI-26, which may be unnecessary or even harmful in males. Our results indicate that neo-sex chromosomes in Drosophila share a common evolutionary trajectory after their emergence, which may prevent sex chromosomes from being an evolutionary dead end.
Collapse
|
2
|
Erokhin M, Gorbenko F, Lomaev D, Mazina MY, Mikhailova A, Garaev AK, Parshikov A, Vorobyeva NE, Georgiev P, Schedl P, Chetverina D. Boundaries potentiate polycomb response element-mediated silencing. BMC Biol 2021; 19:113. [PMID: 34078365 PMCID: PMC8170967 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01047-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epigenetic memory plays a critical role in the establishment and maintenance of cell identities in multicellular organisms. Polycomb and trithorax group (PcG and TrxG) proteins are responsible for epigenetic memory, and in flies, they are recruited to specialized DNA regulatory elements termed polycomb response elements (PREs). Previous transgene studies have shown that PREs can silence reporter genes outside of their normal context, often by pairing sensitive (PSS) mechanism; however, their silencing activity is non-autonomous and depends upon the surrounding chromatin context. It is not known why PRE activity depends on the local environment or what outside factors can induce silencing. Results Using an attP system in Drosophila, we find that the so-called neutral chromatin environments vary substantially in their ability to support the silencing activity of the well-characterized bxdPRE. In refractory chromosomal contexts, factors required for PcG-silencing are unable to gain access to the PRE. Silencing activity can be rescued by linking the bxdPRE to a boundary element (insulator). When placed next to the PRE, the boundaries induce an alteration in chromatin structure enabling factors critical for PcG silencing to gain access to the bxdPRE. When placed at a distance from the bxdPRE, boundaries induce PSS by bringing the bxdPREs on each homolog in close proximity. Conclusion This proof-of-concept study demonstrates that the repressing activity of PREs can be induced or enhanced by nearby boundary elements. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-021-01047-8.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maksim Erokhin
- Group of Chromatin Biology, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov St., Moscow, 119334, Russia.
| | - Fedor Gorbenko
- Group of Chromatin Biology, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov St., Moscow, 119334, Russia.,Present address: Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Lomaev
- Group of Epigenetics, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov St., Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Marina Yu Mazina
- Group of Transcriptional Complexes Dynamics, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Mikhailova
- Group of Chromatin Biology, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov St., Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Azat K Garaev
- Laboratory of Structural and Functional Organization of Chromosomes, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov St., Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Aleksander Parshikov
- Department of the Control of Genetic Processes, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov St., Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Nadezhda E Vorobyeva
- Group of Transcriptional Complexes Dynamics, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel Georgiev
- Department of the Control of Genetic Processes, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov St., Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - Paul Schedl
- Department of Molecular Biology Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
| | - Darya Chetverina
- Group of Epigenetics, Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 34/5 Vavilov St., Moscow, 119334, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chetverina DA, Lomaev DV, Erokhin MM. Polycomb and Trithorax Group Proteins: The Long Road from Mutations in Drosophila to Use in Medicine. Acta Naturae 2020; 12:66-85. [PMID: 33456979 PMCID: PMC7800605 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.11090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycomb group (PcG) and Trithorax group (TrxG) proteins are evolutionarily conserved factors responsible for the repression and activation of the transcription of multiple genes in Drosophila and mammals. Disruption of the PcG/TrxG expression is associated with many pathological conditions, including cancer, which makes them suitable targets for diagnosis and therapy in medicine. In this review, we focus on the major PcG and TrxG complexes, the mechanisms of PcG/TrxG action, and their recruitment to chromatin. We discuss the alterations associated with the dysfunction of a number of factors of these groups in oncology and the current strategies used to develop drugs based on small-molecule inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Chetverina
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334 Russia
| | - D. V. Lomaev
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334 Russia
| | - M. M. Erokhin
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334 Russia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rieder LE, Jordan WT, Larschan EN. Targeting of the Dosage-Compensated Male X-Chromosome during Early Drosophila Development. Cell Rep 2020; 29:4268-4275.e2. [PMID: 31875538 PMCID: PMC6952266 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.11.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dosage compensation, which corrects for the imbalance in X-linked gene expression between XX females and XY males, represents a model for how genes are targeted for coordinated regulation. However, the mechanism by which dosage compensation complexes identify the X chromosome during early development remains unknown because of the difficulty of sexing embryos before zygotic transcription using X- or Y-linked reporter transgenes. We used meiotic drive to sex Drosophila embryos before zygotic transcription and ChIP-seq to measure the dynamics of dosage compensation factor targeting. The Drosophila male-specific lethal dosage compensation complex (MSLc) requires the ubiquitous zinc-finger protein chromatin-linked adaptor for MSL proteins (CLAMP) to identify the X chromosome. We observe a multi-stage process in which MSLc first identifies CLAMP binding sites throughout the genome, followed by concentration at the strongest X-linked MSLc sites. We provide insight into the dynamics of binding site recognition by a large transcription complex during early development. Rieder et al. establish a meiotic drive system to study Drosophila X chromosome dosage compensation before the maternal-zygotic transition. This study uncovers another step in the process during which the dosage compensation complex identifies binding sites genome-wide before becoming enriched on the X chromosome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - William Thomas Jordan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Erica Nicole Larschan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology, and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Disruption of INOS, a Gene Encoding myo-Inositol Phosphate Synthase, Causes Male Sterility in Drosophila melanogaster. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:2913-2922. [PMID: 29991509 PMCID: PMC6118315 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Inositol is a precursor for the phospholipid membrane component phosphatidylinositol (PI), involved in signal transduction pathways, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and osmoregulation. Alterations of inositol metabolism have been implicated in human reproductive issues, the therapeutic effects of drugs used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disorder, spinal cord defects, and diseases including diabetes and Alzheimer’s. The sole known inositol synthetic enzyme is myo-inositol synthase (MIPS), and the homolog in Drosophilia melanogaster is encoded by the Inos gene. Three identical deletion strains (inosΔDF/CyO) were constructed, confirmed by PCR and sequencing, and homozygotes (inosΔDF/inosΔDF) were shown to lack the transcript encoding the MIPS enzyme. Without inositol, homozygous inosΔDF deletion fertilized eggs develop only to the first-instar larval stage. When transferred as pupae to food without inositol, however, inosΔDF homozygotes die significantly sooner than wild-type flies. Even with dietary inositol the homozygous inosΔDF males are sterile. An inos allele, with a P-element inserted into the first intron, fails to complement this male sterile phenotype. An additional copy of the Inos gene inserted into another chromosome rescues all the phenotypes. These genetic and phenotypic analyses establish D. melanogaster as an excellent model organism in which to examine the role of inositol synthesis in development and reproduction.
Collapse
|
6
|
Samata M, Akhtar A. Dosage Compensation of the X Chromosome: A Complex Epigenetic Assignment Involving Chromatin Regulators and Long Noncoding RNAs. Annu Rev Biochem 2018; 87:323-350. [PMID: 29668306 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-062917-011816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
X chromosome regulation represents a prime example of an epigenetic phenomenon where coordinated regulation of a whole chromosome is required. In flies, this is achieved by transcriptional upregulation of X chromosomal genes in males to equalize the gene dosage differences in females. Chromatin-bound proteins and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) constituting a ribonucleoprotein complex known as the male-specific lethal (MSL) complex or the dosage compensation complex mediate this process. MSL complex members decorate the male X chromosome, and their absence leads to male lethality. The male X chromosome is also enriched with histone H4 lysine 16 acetylation (H4K16ac), indicating that the chromatin compaction status of the X chromosome also plays an important role in transcriptional activation. How the X chromosome is specifically targeted and how dosage compensation is mechanistically achieved are central questions for the field. Here, we review recent advances, which reveal a complex interplay among lncRNAs, the chromatin landscape, transcription, and chromosome conformation that fine-tune X chromosome gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Samata
- Department of Chromatin Regulation, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; .,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Asifa Akhtar
- Department of Chromatin Regulation, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, 79108 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chetverina DA, Mikhailova AV, Georgiev PG, Erokhin MM. PRE/TRE elements act as transcription activators in Drosophila S2 Cells. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2017; 472:68-70. [PMID: 28421446 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672917010161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila PRE/TRE elements are DNA targets for Polycomb and Trithorax group proteins, which control repression and activation of gene transcription, respectively. In this study, we show that, in transiently transfected Drosophila S2 cells, bxdPRE activates transcription driven from different promoters. Using CG32795 gene promoter, we demonstrate that other PRE/TRE elements-Fab7, en, eve, and CycB-also act as transcription activators in this model system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Chetverina
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - A V Mikhailova
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - P G Georgiev
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia
| | - M M Erokhin
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 119334, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lomaev D, Mikhailova A, Erokhin M, Shaposhnikov AV, Moresco JJ, Blokhina T, Wolle D, Aoki T, Ryabykh V, Yates JR, Shidlovskii YV, Georgiev P, Schedl P, Chetverina D. The GAGA factor regulatory network: Identification of GAGA factor associated proteins. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173602. [PMID: 28296955 PMCID: PMC5351981 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila GAGA factor (GAF) has an extraordinarily diverse set of functions that include the activation and silencing of gene expression, nucleosome organization and remodeling, higher order chromosome architecture and mitosis. One hypothesis that could account for these diverse activities is that GAF is able to interact with partners that have specific and dedicated functions. To test this possibility we used affinity purification coupled with high throughput mass spectrometry to identify GAF associated partners. Consistent with this hypothesis the GAF interacting network includes a large collection of factors and complexes that have been implicated in many different aspects of gene activity, chromosome structure and function. Moreover, we show that GAF interactions with a small subset of partners is direct; however for many others the interactions could be indirect, and depend upon intermediates that serve to diversify the functional capabilities of the GAF protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Lomaev
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Mikhailova
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maksim Erokhin
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - James J. Moresco
- Department of Chemical Physiology, SR302B, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Tatiana Blokhina
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Daniel Wolle
- Department of Molecular Biology Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States of America
| | - Tsutomu Aoki
- Department of Molecular Biology Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Ryabykh
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Nutrition, Borovsk, Russia
| | - John R. Yates
- Department of Chemical Physiology, SR302B, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | | | - Pavel Georgiev
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail: (DC); (PS); (PG)
| | - Paul Schedl
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Molecular Biology Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States of America
- * E-mail: (DC); (PS); (PG)
| | - Darya Chetverina
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- * E-mail: (DC); (PS); (PG)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Chetverina DA, Elizar’ev PV, Lomaev DV, Georgiev PG, Erokhin MM. Control of the gene activity by polycomb and trithorax group proteins in Drosophila. RUSS J GENET+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795417020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
10
|
Jung YL, Kang H, Park PJ, Kuroda MI. Correspondence of Drosophila polycomb group proteins with broad H3K27me3 silent domains. Fly (Austin) 2016; 9:178-82. [PMID: 26940990 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2016.1151988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Youngsook L Jung
- a Department of Biomedical Informatics ; Harvard Medical School ; Boston , MA 02115
| | - Hyuckjoon Kang
- b Division of Genetics; Brigham and Women's Hospital ; Boston , MA 02115.,c Department of Genetics ; Harvard Medical School ; Boston , MA 02115
| | - Peter J Park
- a Department of Biomedical Informatics ; Harvard Medical School ; Boston , MA 02115
| | - Mitzi I Kuroda
- b Division of Genetics; Brigham and Women's Hospital ; Boston , MA 02115.,c Department of Genetics ; Harvard Medical School ; Boston , MA 02115
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Villa R, Schauer T, Smialowski P, Straub T, Becker PB. PionX sites mark the X chromosome for dosage compensation. Nature 2016; 537:244-248. [PMID: 27580037 DOI: 10.1038/nature19338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The rules defining which small fraction of related DNA sequences can be selectively bound by a transcription factor are poorly understood. One of the most challenging tasks in DNA recognition is posed by dosage compensation systems that require the distinction between sex chromosomes and autosomes. In Drosophila melanogaster, the male-specific lethal dosage compensation complex (MSL-DCC) doubles the level of transcription from the single male X chromosome, but the nature of this selectivity is not known. Previous efforts to identify X-chromosome-specific target sequences were unsuccessful as the identified MSL recognition elements lacked discriminative power. Therefore, additional determinants such as co-factors, chromatin features, RNA and chromosome conformation have been proposed to refine targeting further. Here, using an in vitro genome-wide DNA binding assay, we show that recognition of the X chromosome is an intrinsic feature of the MSL-DCC. MSL2, the male-specific organizer of the complex, uses two distinct DNA interaction surfaces-the CXC and proline/basic-residue-rich domains-to identify complex DNA elements on the X chromosome. Specificity is provided by the CXC domain, which binds a novel motif defined by DNA sequence and shape. This motif characterizes a subclass of MSL2-binding sites, which we name PionX (pioneering sites on the X) as they appeared early during the recent evolution of an X chromosome in D. miranda and are the first chromosomal sites to be bound during de novo MSL-DCC assembly. Our data provide the first, to our knowledge, documented molecular mechanism through which the dosage compensation machinery distinguishes the X chromosome from an autosome. They highlight fundamental principles in the recognition of complex DNA elements by protein that will have a strong impact on many aspects of chromosome biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Villa
- Division of Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tamas Schauer
- Division of Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Pawel Smialowski
- Bioinformatics Unit, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tobias Straub
- Bioinformatics Unit, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Peter B Becker
- Division of Molecular Biology, Biomedical Center and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kuzu G, Kaye EG, Chery J, Siggers T, Yang L, Dobson JR, Boor S, Bliss J, Liu W, Jogl G, Rohs R, Singh ND, Bulyk ML, Tolstorukov MY, Larschan E. Expansion of GA Dinucleotide Repeats Increases the Density of CLAMP Binding Sites on the X-Chromosome to Promote Drosophila Dosage Compensation. PLoS Genet 2016; 12:e1006120. [PMID: 27414415 PMCID: PMC4945028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1006120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dosage compensation is an essential process that equalizes transcript levels of X-linked genes between sexes by forming a domain of coordinated gene expression. Throughout the evolution of Diptera, many different X-chromosomes acquired the ability to be dosage compensated. Once each newly evolved X-chromosome is targeted for dosage compensation in XY males, its active genes are upregulated two-fold to equalize gene expression with XX females. In Drosophila melanogaster, the CLAMP zinc finger protein links the dosage compensation complex to the X-chromosome. However, the mechanism for X-chromosome identification has remained unknown. Here, we combine biochemical, genomic and evolutionary approaches to reveal that expansion of GA-dinucleotide repeats likely accumulated on the X-chromosome over evolutionary time to increase the density of CLAMP binding sites, thereby driving the evolution of dosage compensation. Overall, we present new insight into how subtle changes in genomic architecture, such as expansions of a simple sequence repeat, promote the evolution of coordinated gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guray Kuzu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Emily G. Kaye
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Jessica Chery
- Department of Cell Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Trevor Siggers
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lin Yang
- Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Jason R. Dobson
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sonia Boor
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Jacob Bliss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gerwald Jogl
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Remo Rohs
- Molecular and Computational Biology Program, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Nadia D. Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Martha L. Bulyk
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Y. Tolstorukov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MYT); (EL)
| | - Erica Larschan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MYT); (EL)
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pinter SF. A Tale of Two Cities: How Xist and its partners localize to and silence the bicompartmental X. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 56:19-34. [PMID: 27072488 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Sex chromosomal dosage compensation in mammals takes the form of X chromosome inactivation (XCI), driven by the non-coding RNA Xist. In contrast to dosage compensation systems of flies and worms, mammalian XCI has to restrict its function to the Xist-producing X chromosome, while leaving autosomes and active X untouched. The mechanisms behind the long-range yet cis-specific localization and silencing activities of Xist have long been enigmatic, but genomics, proteomics, super-resolution microscopy, and innovative genetic approaches have produced significant new insights in recent years. In this review, I summarize and integrate these findings with a particular focus on the redundant yet mutually reinforcing pathways that enable long-term transcriptional repression throughout the soma. This includes an exploration of concurrent epigenetic changes acting in parallel within two distinct compartments of the inactive X. I also examine how Polycomb repressive complexes 1 and 2 and macroH2A may bridge XCI establishment and maintenance. XCI is a remarkable phenomenon that operates across multiple scales, combining changes in nuclear architecture, chromosome topology, chromatin compaction, and nucleosome/nucleotide-level epigenetic cues. Learning how these pathways act in concert likely holds the answer to the riddle posed by Cattanach's and other autosomal translocations: What makes the X especially receptive to XCI?
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F Pinter
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030-6403, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Elizar’ev PV, Lomaev DV, Chetverina DA, Georgiev PG, Erokhin MM. Role of Transcriptional Read-Through in PRE Activity in Drosophila melanogaster. Acta Naturae 2016; 8:79-86. [PMID: 27446595 PMCID: PMC4954543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintenance of the individual patterns of gene expression in different cell types is required for the differentiation and development of multicellular organisms. Expression of many genes is controlled by Polycomb (PcG) and Trithorax (TrxG) group proteins that act through association with chromatin. PcG/TrxG are assembled on the DNA sequences termed PREs (Polycomb Response Elements), the activity of which can be modulated and switched from repression to activation. In this study, we analyzed the influence of transcriptional read-through on PRE activity switch mediated by the yeast activator GAL4. We show that a transcription terminator inserted between the promoter and PRE doesn't prevent switching of PRE activity from repression to activation. We demonstrate that, independently of PRE orientation, high levels of transcription fail to dislodge PcG/TrxG proteins from PRE in the absence of a terminator. Thus, transcription is not the main factor required for PRE activity switch.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P. V. Elizar’ev
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 34/5, 119334, Moscow, Russia
| | - D. V. Lomaev
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 34/5, 119334, Moscow, Russia
| | - D. A. Chetverina
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 34/5, 119334, Moscow, Russia
| | - P. G. Georgiev
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 34/5, 119334, Moscow, Russia
| | - M. M. Erokhin
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov str. 34/5, 119334, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Transcriptional read-through is not sufficient to induce an epigenetic switch in the silencing activity of Polycomb response elements. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:14930-5. [PMID: 26504232 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1515276112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In Drosophila, Polycomb (PcG) and Trithorax (TrxG) group proteins are assembled on Polycomb response elements (PREs) to maintain tissue and stage-specific patterns of gene expression. Critical to coordinating gene expression with the process of differentiation, the activity of PREs can be switched "on" and "off." When on, the PRE imposes a silenced state on the genes in the same domain that is stably inherited through multiple rounds of cell division. When the PRE is switched off, the domain is in a state permissive for gene expression that can be stably inherited. Previous studies have suggested that a burst of transcription through a PRE sequence displaces PcG proteins and provides a universal mechanism for inducing a heritable switch in PRE activity from on to off; however, the evidence favoring this model is indirect. Here, we have directly tested the transcriptional read-through mechanism. Contrary to previous suggestions, we show that transcription through the PRE is not sufficient for inducing an epigenetic switch in PRE activity. In fact, even high levels of continuous transcription through a PRE fails to dislodge the PcG proteins, nor does it remove repressive histone marks. Our results indicate that other mechanisms involving adjacent DNA regulatory elements must be implicated in heritable switch of PRE activity.
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
MOF was first identified in Drosophila melanogaster as an important component of the dosage compensation complex. As a member of MYST family of histone acetyltransferase, MOF specifically deposits the acetyl groups to histone H4 lysine 16. Throughout evolution, MOF and its mammalian ortholog have retained highly conserved substrate specificity and similar enzymatic activities. MOF plays important roles in dosage compensation, ESC self-renewal, DNA damage and repair, cell survival, and gene expression regulation. Dysregulation of MOF has been implicated in tumor formation and progression of many types of human cancers. This review will discuss the structure and activity of mammalian hMOF as well as its function in H4K16 acetylation, DNA damage response, stem cell pluripotency, and carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao Yi Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY, USA
| | - Max Costa
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY, USA
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, Tuxedo, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zheng S, Villa R, Wang J, Feng Y, Wang J, Becker PB, Ye K. Structural basis of X chromosome DNA recognition by the MSL2 CXC domain during Drosophila dosage compensation. Genes Dev 2015; 28:2652-62. [PMID: 25452275 PMCID: PMC4248295 DOI: 10.1101/gad.250936.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The male-specific lethal dosage compensation complex (MSL-DCC) selectively assembles on the X chromosome in Drosophila and activates gene transcription by twofold through histone acetylation. An MSL recognition element (MRE) sequence motif nucleates the initial MSL association. Here, Zheng et al. identified the CXC domain of MSL2 specifically recognizing the MRE motif and determined its crystal structure bound to specific and nonspecific DNAs. Specific DNA-binding mutants of MSL2 are impaired in MRE binding and X chromosome localization in vivo. The male-specific lethal dosage compensation complex (MSL-DCC) selectively assembles on the X chromosome in Drosophila males and activates gene transcription by twofold through histone acetylation. An MSL recognition element (MRE) sequence motif nucleates the initial MSL association, but how it is recognized remains unknown. Here, we identified the CXC domain of MSL2 specifically recognizing the MRE motif and determined its crystal structure bound to specific and nonspecific DNAs. The CXC domain primarily contacts one strand of DNA duplex and employs a single arginine to directly read out dinucleotide sequences from the minor groove. The arginine is flexible when bound to nonspecific sequences. The core region of the MRE motif harbors two binding sites on opposite strands that can cooperatively recruit a CXC dimer. Specific DNA-binding mutants of MSL2 are impaired in MRE binding and X chromosome localization in vivo. Our results reveal multiple dynamic DNA-binding modes of the CXC domain that target the MSL-DCC to X chromosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sanduo Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Raffaella Villa
- Molecular Biology Unit, Adolf Butenandt Institute, Center for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Jia Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yingang Feng
- Qingdao Engineering Laboratory of Single Cell Oil, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of BioEnergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shangdong 266101, China
| | | | - Peter B Becker
- Molecular Biology Unit, Adolf Butenandt Institute, Center for Integrated Protein Science, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Keqiong Ye
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China; Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Long noncoding RNAs: an emerging link between gene regulation and nuclear organization. Trends Cell Biol 2014; 24:651-63. [PMID: 25441720 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian genomes encode thousands of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) that play important roles in diverse biological processes. As a class, lncRNAs are generally enriched in the nucleus and, specifically, within the chromatin-associated fraction. Consistent with their localization, many lncRNAs have been implicated in the regulation of gene expression and in shaping 3D nuclear organization. In this review, we discuss the evidence that many nuclear-retained lncRNAs can interact with various chromatin regulatory proteins and recruit them to specific sites on DNA to regulate gene expression. Furthermore, we discuss the role of specific lncRNAs in shaping nuclear organization and their emerging mechanisms. Based on these examples, we propose a model that explains how lncRNAs may shape aspects of nuclear organization to regulate gene expression.
Collapse
|