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Hutmacher F. Taking methodological pluralism seriously: considerations based on the work of Norbert Groeben. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1215737. [PMID: 37818426 PMCID: PMC10560713 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1215737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Hutmacher
- Human-Computer-Media Institute, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Vicente U, Ara A, Marco-Pallarés J. Intra- and inter-brain synchrony oscillations underlying social adjustment. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11211. [PMID: 37433866 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38292-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans naturally synchronize their behavior with other people. However, although it happens almost automatically, adjusting behavior and conformity to others is a complex phenomenon whose neural mechanisms are still yet to be understood entirely. The present experiment aimed to study the oscillatory synchronization mechanisms underlying automatic dyadic convergence in an EEG hyperscanning experiment. Thirty-six people performed a cooperative decision-making task where dyads had to guess the correct position of a point on a line. A reinforcement learning algorithm was used to model different aspects of the participants' behavior and their expectations of their peers. Intra- and inter-connectivity among electrode sites were assessed using inter-site phase clustering in three main frequency bands (theta, alpha, beta) using a two-level Bayesian mixed-effects modeling approach. The results showed two oscillatory synchronization dynamics related to attention and executive functions in alpha and reinforcement learning in theta. In addition, inter-brain synchrony was mainly driven by beta oscillations. This study contributes preliminary evidence on the phase-coherence mechanism underlying inter-personal behavioral adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unai Vicente
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Unit, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
| | - Alberto Ara
- Cognitive Neuroscience Unit, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, H3A 2B4, Montreal, Canada
- BRAMS: International Laboratory for Brain, Music and Sound Research, H3C 3J7, Montreal, Canada
| | - Josep Marco-Pallarés
- Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.
- Cognition and Brain Plasticity Unit, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, 08907, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
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3
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Tong E, Chen Y, Ren Y, Zhou Y, Di C, Zhou Y, Shao S, Qiu S, Hong Y, Yang L, Tan X. Effects of preoperative carbohydrate loading on recovery after elective surgery: A systematic review and Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Front Nutr 2022; 9:951676. [PMID: 36505254 PMCID: PMC9726728 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.951676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Preoperative carbohydrate loading is an important element of the enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) paradigm in adult patients undergoing elective surgery. However, preoperative carbohydrate loading remains controversial in terms of improvement in postoperative outcomes and safety. We conducted a Bayesian network meta-analysis to evaluate the effects and safety of different doses of preoperative carbohydrates administrated in adult patients after elective surgery. Methods MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science, EMBASE, EBSCO, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were searched to identify eligible trials until 16 September 2022. Outcomes included postoperative insulin resistance, residual gastric volume (RGV) during the surgery, insulin sensitivity, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting serum insulin (Fin) level, the serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), postoperative scores of pain, patients' satisfaction, thirst, hunger, anxiety, nausea and vomit, fatigue, and weakness within the first 24 h after surgery and the occurrences of postoperative infection. The effect sizes were estimated using posterior mean difference (continuous variables) or odds ratios (dichotomous variables) and 95 credible intervals (CrIs) with the change from baseline in a Bayesian network meta-analysis with random effect. Results Fifty-eight articles (N = 4936 patients) fulfilled the eligibility criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. Both preoperative oral low-dose carbohydrate loading (MD: -3.25, 95% CrI: -5.27 to -1.24) and oral high-dose carbohydrate loading (MD: -2.57, 95% CrI: -4.33 to -0.78) were associated with postoperative insulin resistance compared to placebo/water. When trials at high risk of bias were excluded, association with insulin resistance was found for oral low-dose carbohydrate loading compared with placebo/water (MD: -1.29, 95%CrI: -2.26 to -0.27) and overnight fasting (MD: -1.17, 95%CrI: -1.88 to -0.43). So, there was large uncertainty for all estimates vs. control groups. In terms of safety, oral low-dose carbohydrate administration was associated with the occurrences of postoperative infection compared with fasting by 0.42 (95%Crl: 0.20-0.81). In the other outcomes, there was no significant difference between the carbohydrate and control groups. Conclusion Although preoperative carbohydrate loading was associated with postoperative insulin resistance and the occurrences of postoperative infection, there is no evidence that preoperative carbohydrate administration alleviates patients' discomfort. Systematic review registration [https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/], identifier [CRD42022312944].
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Affiliation(s)
- Enyu Tong
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiming Chen
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanli Ren
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunhong Di
- The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shihan Shao
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuting Qiu
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Hong
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Yang
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Tan
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China,*Correspondence: Xiaohua Tan,
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4
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Baig SA. Bayesian inference: Evaluating replication attempts with Bayes factors. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 24:626-629. [PMID: 34673977 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabeeh A Baig
- Center for Tobacco Products, Food and Drug Administration, Document Control Center, 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Building 71, Room G335, Silver Spring, MD
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5
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Wagenmakers EJ. Defiant Denial is Self-Defeating. PSYCHOLOGICAL INQUIRY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/1047840x.2021.1889314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. J. Wagenmakers
- Department of Psychological Methods, Room G 0.29, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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Individual differences in social and non-social cognitive control. Cognition 2020; 202:104317. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2020.104317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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7
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Bakker M, Veldkamp CLS, van den Akker OR, van Assen MALM, Crompvoets E, Ong HH, Wicherts JM. Recommendations in pre-registrations and internal review board proposals promote formal power analyses but do not increase sample size. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236079. [PMID: 32735597 PMCID: PMC7394423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In this preregistered study, we investigated whether the statistical power of a study is higher when researchers are asked to make a formal power analysis before collecting data. We compared the sample size descriptions from two sources: (i) a sample of pre-registrations created according to the guidelines for the Center for Open Science Preregistration Challenge (PCRs) and a sample of institutional review board (IRB) proposals from Tilburg School of Behavior and Social Sciences, which both include a recommendation to do a formal power analysis, and (ii) a sample of pre-registrations created according to the guidelines for Open Science Framework Standard Pre-Data Collection Registrations (SPRs) in which no guidance on sample size planning is given. We found that PCRs and IRBs (72%) more often included sample size decisions based on power analyses than the SPRs (45%). However, this did not result in larger planned sample sizes. The determined sample size of the PCRs and IRB proposals (Md = 90.50) was not higher than the determined sample size of the SPRs (Md = 126.00; W = 3389.5, p = 0.936). Typically, power analyses in the registrations were conducted with G*power, assuming a medium effect size, α = .05 and a power of .80. Only 20% of the power analyses contained enough information to fully reproduce the results and only 62% of these power analyses pertained to the main hypothesis test in the pre-registration. Therefore, we see ample room for improvements in the quality of the registrations and we offer several recommendations to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Bakker
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | | | - Olmo R. van den Akker
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel A. L. M. van Assen
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Department of Sociology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elise Crompvoets
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
- Cito National Institute for Educational Measurement, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - How Hwee Ong
- Department of Social Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Jelte M. Wicherts
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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8
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Abstract
We describe a general method that allows experimenters to quantify the evidence from the data of a direct replication attempt given data already acquired from an original study. These so-called replication Bayes factors are a reconceptualization of the ones introduced by Verhagen and Wagenmakers (Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 143(4), 1457-1475 2014) for the common t test. This reconceptualization is computationally simpler and generalizes easily to most common experimental designs for which Bayes factors are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ly
- Psychological Methods Department, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 15906, 1001, NK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Machine Learning Group, Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Alexander Etz
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Maarten Marsman
- Psychological Methods Department, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 15906, 1001, NK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric-Jan Wagenmakers
- Psychological Methods Department, University of Amsterdam, Postbus 15906, 1001, NK, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Vasilev MR, Yates M, Slattery TJ. Do Readers Integrate Phonological Codes Across Saccades? A Bayesian Meta-Analysis and a Survey of the Unpublished Literature. J Cogn 2019; 2:43. [PMID: 31750415 PMCID: PMC6838770 DOI: 10.5334/joc.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
It is commonly accepted that phonological codes can be activated parafoveally during reading and later used to aid foveal word recognition- a finding known as the phonological preview benefit. However, a closer look at the literature shows that this effect may be less consistent than what is sometimes believed. To determine the extent to which phonology is processed parafoveally, a Bayesian meta-analysis of 27 experiments and a survey of the unpublished literature were conducted. While the results were generally consistent with the phonological preview benefit (>90% probability of a true effect in gaze durations), the size of the effect was small. Readers of alphabetical orthographies obtained a modest benefit of only 4 ms in gaze durations. Interestingly, Chinese readers showed a larger effect (6-14 ms in size). There was no difference in the magnitude of the phonological preview benefit between homophone and pseudo-homophone previews, thus suggesting that the modest processing advantage is indeed related to the activation of phonological codes from the parafoveal word. Simulations revealed that the results are relatively robust to missing studies, although the effects may be 19-22% smaller if all missing studies found a null effect. The results suggest that while phonology can be processed parafoveally, this happens only to a limited extent. Because phonological priming effects in single-word recognition are small (10-13 ms; Rastle & Brysbaert, 2006) and there is a loss of visual acuity in the parafovea, it is argued that large phonological preview benefit effects may be unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Yates
- University of South Alabama, Department of Psychology, US
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11
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Wulff JN, Villadsen AR. Are Survey Experiments as Valid as Field Experiments in Management Research? An Empirical Comparison Using the Case of Ethnic Employment Discrimination. EUROPEAN MANAGEMENT REVIEW 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/emre.12342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jesper N. Wulff
- Department of Economics and Business EconomicsAarhus University Fuglesangs Allé 4 DK‐8210 Aarhus V
| | - Anders R. Villadsen
- Department of ManagementAarhus University Fuglesangs Allé 4 DK‐8210 Aarhus V
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12
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Boffo M, Zerhouni O, Gronau QF, van Beek RJJ, Nikolaou K, Marsman M, Wiers RW. Cognitive Bias Modification for Behavior Change in Alcohol and Smoking Addiction: Bayesian Meta-Analysis of Individual Participant Data. Neuropsychol Rev 2019; 29:52-78. [PMID: 30644025 PMCID: PMC6499757 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-018-9386-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) refers to a family of interventions targeting substance-related cognitive biases, which have been found to play a role in the maintenance of addictive behaviors. In this study, we conducted a Bayesian meta-analysis of individual patient data from studies investigating the effects of CBM as a behavior change intervention for the treatment of alcohol and tobacco use disorders, in individuals aware of the behavior change goal of the studies. Main outcomes included reduction in the targeted cognitive biases after the intervention and in substance use or relapse rate at the short-to-long term follow-up. Additional moderators, both at the study-level (type of addiction and CBM training) and at the participant-level (amount of completed training trials, severity of substance use), were progressively included in a series of hierarchical mixed-effects models. We included 14 studies involving 2435 participants. CBM appeared to have a small effect on cognitive bias (0.23, 95% credible interval = 0.06–0.41) and relapse rate (−0.27, 95% credible interval = −0.68 – 0.22), but not on reduction of substance use. Increased training practice showed a paradoxical moderation effect on relapse, with a relatively lower chance of relapse in the control condition with increased practice, compared to the training condition. All effects were associated with extremely wide 95% credible intervals, which indicate the absence of enough evidence in favor or against a reliable effect of CBM on cognitive bias and relapse rate in alcohol and tobacco use disorders. Besides the need for a larger body of evidence, research on the topic would benefit from a stronger adherence to the current methodological standards in randomized controlled trial design and the systematic investigation of shared protocols of CBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilisa Boffo
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, 1018, Amsterdam, WS, Netherlands.
| | - Oulmann Zerhouni
- Department of Psychology, University Paris Nanterre, Paris, France
| | - Quentin F Gronau
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, 1018, Amsterdam, WS, Netherlands
| | - Ruben J J van Beek
- Trimbos Instituut, Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Maarten Marsman
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, 1018, Amsterdam, WS, Netherlands
| | - Reinout W Wiers
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Nieuwe Achtergracht 129B, 1018, Amsterdam, WS, Netherlands.
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Milek A, Butler EA, Tackman AM, Kaplan DM, Raison CL, Sbarra DA, Vazire S, Mehl MR. "Eavesdropping on Happiness" Revisited: A Pooled, Multisample Replication of the Association Between Life Satisfaction and Observed Daily Conversation Quantity and Quality. Psychol Sci 2018; 29:1451-1462. [PMID: 29969949 PMCID: PMC6139582 DOI: 10.1177/0956797618774252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we aimed to replicate and extend findings by Mehl, Vazire, Holleran, and Clark (2010) that individuals with higher well-being tend to spend less time alone and more time interacting with others (e.g., greater conversation quantity) and engage in less small talk and more substantive conversations (e.g., greater conversation quality). To test the robustness of these effects in a larger and more diverse sample, we used Bayesian integrative data analysis to pool data on subjective life satisfaction and observed daily conversations from three heterogeneous adult samples, in addition to the original sample ( N = 486). We found moderate associations between life satisfaction and amount of alone time, conversation time, and substantive conversations, but no reliable association with small talk. Personality did not substantially moderate these associations. The failure to replicate the original small-talk effect is theoretically and practically important, as it has garnered considerable scientific and lay interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Milek
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona
| | | | | | | | - Charles L. Raison
- School of Human Ecology, University of Wisconsin–Madison
- School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin–Madison
| | | | - Simine Vazire
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis
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Vasilev MR, Kirkby JA, Angele B. Auditory Distraction During Reading: A Bayesian Meta-Analysis of a Continuing Controversy. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2018; 13:567-597. [PMID: 29958067 PMCID: PMC6139986 DOI: 10.1177/1745691617747398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Everyday reading occurs in different settings, such as on the train to work, in a busy cafeteria, or at home while listening to music. In these situations, readers are exposed to external auditory stimulation from nearby noise, speech, or music that may distract them from their task and reduce their comprehension. Although many studies have investigated auditory-distraction effects during reading, the results have proved to be inconsistent and sometimes even contradictory. In addition, the broader theoretical implications of the findings have not always been explicitly considered. We report a Bayesian meta-analysis of 65 studies on auditory-distraction effects during reading and use metaregression models to test predictions derived from existing theories. The results showed that background noise, speech, and music all have a small but reliably detrimental effect on reading performance. The degree of disruption in reading comprehension did not generally differ between adults and children. Intelligible speech and lyrical music resulted in the biggest distraction. Although this last result is consistent with theories of semantic distraction, there was also reliable distraction by noise. It is argued that new theoretical models are needed that can account for distraction by both background speech and noise.
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Abstract
In psychology, attempts to replicate published findings are less successful than expected. For properly powered studies replication rate should be around 80%, whereas in practice less than 40% of the studies selected from different areas of psychology can be replicated. Researchers in cognitive psychology are hindered in estimating the power of their studies, because the designs they use present a sample of stimulus materials to a sample of participants, a situation not covered by most power formulas. To remedy the situation, we review the literature related to the topic and introduce recent software packages, which we apply to the data of two masked priming studies with high power. We checked how we could estimate the power of each study and how much they could be reduced to remain powerful enough. On the basis of this analysis, we recommend that a properly powered reaction time experiment with repeated measures has at least 1,600 word observations per condition (e.g., 40 participants, 40 stimuli). This is considerably more than current practice. We also show that researchers must include the number of observations in meta-analyses because the effect sizes currently reported depend on the number of stimuli presented to the participants. Our analyses can easily be applied to new datasets gathered.
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Bardi A, Zentner M. Grand Challenges for Personality and Social Psychology: Moving beyond the Replication Crisis. Front Psychol 2017; 8:2068. [PMID: 29234296 PMCID: PMC5712359 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anat Bardi
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcel Zentner
- Department of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Gronau QF, Van Erp S, Heck DW, Cesario J, Jonas KJ, Wagenmakers EJ. A Bayesian model-averaged meta-analysis of the power pose effect with informed and default priors: the case of felt power. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/23743603.2017.1326760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Van Erp
- Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Tilburg University, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel W. Heck
- Department of Psychology, University of Mannheim, Germany
| | - Joseph Cesario
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, United States
| | - Kai J. Jonas
- Department of Psychology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
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