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Calvet ÉC, de La Pava N, Oliveira RKB, Favaris AP, Bento JMS, Godim MGC. Exudate droplets incorporated on eggs by Raoiella indica Hirst female during oviposition may avoid the predation of Amblyseius largoensis (Muma). EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2024:10.1007/s10493-024-00964-x. [PMID: 39320533 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-024-00964-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024]
Abstract
Raoiella indica Hirst has rapidly and widely spread throughout the New World since 2004, primarily infesting coconut palms and interacting with the predator Amblyseius largoensis (Muma). Although A. largoensis feeds on R. indica at all stages of development, it cannot naturally reduce its population to levels that do not impact the host plant. Raoiella indica possesses dorsal setae that secrete exudates during all post-embryonic developmental stages, and females have a behavior that deliberately deposits droplets on the freshly laid egg, possibly as a defense strategy against predation in vulnerable stages. In this context, we analyzed whether the presence or absence of droplets in R. indica eggs affects predation using A. largoensis as a biological model. Thus, we evaluated whether some biological and behavioral characteristics of A. largoensis could be affected by the consumption of R. indica egg masses washed or unwashed with water. Also, we performed a chemical analysis of the droplets exuded by R. indica and provided a description of the oviposition behavior of R. indica. The predator showed a higher consumption rate and preference for washed eggs. The results suggest that the exudate droplets have defensive functions, which are incorporated by the female onto the egg during oviposition and subsequently during a patrolling behavior, as they lose their effect after being washed with water. Although the droplets do not prevent the predator from feeding, they reduce the number of R. indica eggs consumed without affecting the growth of A. largoensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érica C Calvet
- Department of Phytotechnics, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.
| | - Nataly de La Pava
- Faculty of Engineering, Agronomic Engineering program, University of Magdalena, Magdalena, Santa Marta, Colombia
| | - Ramony K B Oliveira
- Department of Phytotechnics, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Arodí P Favaris
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José M S Bento
- Department of Entomology and Acarology, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoel G C Godim
- Department of Agronomy - Entomology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Kinto S, Akino T, Yano S. Spider mites avoid caterpillar traces to prevent intraguild predation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1841. [PMID: 36726030 PMCID: PMC9892025 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28861-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The phytophagous spider mites Tetranychus kanzawai and Tetranychus urticae can be as small as < 0.5 mm; thus, they are often incidentally consumed along with food plant leaves by voracious lepidopteran larvae (hereafter, 'caterpillars'). Therefore, the ability to avoid such intraguild predation should confer a selective advantage to mites. We experimentally demonstrated that adult females of both mite species avoided settling on food plant leaves with traces of all tested caterpillar species (Bombyx mori, Papilio xuthus, Spodoptera litura and Theretra oldenlandiae). We examined additional interactions using B. mori and T. kanzawai and found that B. mori trace avoidance by T. kanzawai lasted for more than 48 h. Tetranychus kanzawai also avoided B. mori traces on plant stems, along which mites access leaves. Moreover, T. kanzawai avoided acetone extracts of B. mori traces applied to filter paper, indicating that chemical substances of caterpillar traces are responsible for the avoidance. This study is the first demonstration of a repellent effect of herbivore trace chemicals on heterospecific herbivores. Although spider mites have developed resistance against many synthetic pesticides, these results predict that natural compounds simulating caterpillar traces may repel spider mites from agricultural crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Kinto
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
| | - Toshiharu Akino
- Applied Entomology Laboratory, Department of Applied Biology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Kyoto, 616-8354, Japan
| | - Shuichi Yano
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
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Schausberger P, Yano S, Sato Y. Cooperative Behaviors in Group-Living Spider Mites. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.745036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cooperative behaviors are evolutionary stable if the direct and/or indirect fitness benefits exceed the costs of helping. Here we discuss cooperation and behaviors akin to cooperation in subsocial group-living species of two genera of herbivorous spider mites (Tetranychidae), i.e., the largely polyphagous Tetranychus spp. and the nest-building Stigmaeopsis spp., which are specialized on grasses, such as bamboo. These spider mites are distributed in patches on various spatial scales, that is, within and among leaves of individual host plants and among individual hosts of single or multiple plant species. Group-living of spider mites is brought about by plant-colonizing foundresses ovipositing at local feeding sites and natal site fidelity, and by multiple individuals aggregating in the same site in response to direct and/or indirect cues, many of which are associated with webbing. In the case of the former, emerging patches are often composed of genetically closely related individuals, while in the case of the latter, local patches may consist of kin of various degrees and/or non-kin and even heterospecific spider mites. We describe and discuss ultimate and proximate aspects of cooperation by spider mites in host plant colonization and exploitation, dispersal, anti-predator behavior, and nesting-associated behaviors and conclude with theoretical and practical considerations of future research on cooperation in these highly rewarding model animals.
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Nieberding CM, Marcantonio M, Voda R, Enriquez T, Visser B. The Evolutionary Relevance of Social Learning and Transmission in Non-Social Arthropods with a Focus on Oviposition-Related Behaviors. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12101466. [PMID: 34680861 PMCID: PMC8536077 DOI: 10.3390/genes12101466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on social learning has centered around vertebrates, but evidence is accumulating that small-brained, non-social arthropods also learn from others. Social learning can lead to social inheritance when socially acquired behaviors are transmitted to subsequent generations. Using oviposition site selection, a critical behavior for most arthropods, as an example, we first highlight the complementarities between social and classical genetic inheritance. We then discuss the relevance of studying social learning and transmission in non-social arthropods and document known cases in the literature, including examples of social learning from con- and hetero-specifics. We further highlight under which conditions social learning can be adaptive or not. We conclude that non-social arthropods and the study of oviposition behavior offer unparalleled opportunities to unravel the importance of social learning and inheritance for animal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M. Nieberding
- Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics Group, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (M.M.); (R.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Matteo Marcantonio
- Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics Group, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (M.M.); (R.V.)
| | - Raluca Voda
- Evolutionary Ecology and Genetics Group, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (M.M.); (R.V.)
| | - Thomas Enriquez
- Evolution and Ecophysiology Group, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (T.E.); (B.V.)
| | - Bertanne Visser
- Evolution and Ecophysiology Group, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (T.E.); (B.V.)
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Okada S, Yano S. Oviposition-site shift in phytophagous mites reflects a trade-off between predator avoidance and rainstorm resistance. Biol Lett 2021; 17:20200669. [PMID: 33653092 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2020.0669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Predators can reduce prey population densities by driving them to undertake costly defences. Here, we report on a remarkable example of induced antipredator defence in spider mites that enhances the risk to rainstorms. Spider mites live on the undersides of host plant leaves and usually oviposit on the leaf undersurface. When they are threatened by predatory mites, they oviposit on three-dimensional webs to avoid egg predation, although the cost of ovipositing on webs has not yet been clearly determined. We prepared bean plants harbouring spider mite (Tetranychus kanzawai) eggs on either leaf surfaces or webs and exposed them to rainstorms outdoors. We found that fewer eggs remained on webs than on leaf surfaces. We then examined the synergistic effect of wind and rain by simulating both in the laboratory. We conclude that ovipositing on webs comes at a cost, as eggs are washed off the host plants by wind and rain. This may explain why spider mite populations decrease drastically in the rainy season, although they inhibit leaf undersides where they are not directly exposed to rainfall.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Okada
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shuichi Yano
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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Polilov AA, Makarova AA, Kolesnikova UK. Cognitive abilities with a tiny brain: Neuronal structures and associative learning in the minute Nephanes titan (Coleoptera: Ptiliidae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2019; 48:98-102. [PMID: 30472324 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Revealing the effect of brain size on the cognitive abilities of animals is a major challenge in the study of brain evolution. Analysis of the effects of miniaturization on brain function in the smallest insects is especially important, as they are comparable in body size to some unicellular organisms and next to nothing is known about their cognitive abilities. We analyse for the first time the structure of the brain of the adult featherwing beetle Nephanes titan, one of the smallest insects, and results of the first ethological experiments on the capacity of learning in this species. N. titan is capable of associative learning, in spite of the structural modification in its nervous system and the greatly reduced number of neurons compared to the nervous systems of larger insects. Microinsects can become useful model organisms for neurobiology. On the one hand, the structural simplicity and extremely small size of their central nervous system make it possible to study it very efficiently. On the other hand, their learning capacity and retained principal cognitive abilities make them suitable objects for behavioural experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Polilov
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Anastasia A Makarova
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Uliana K Kolesnikova
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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Murase A, Fujita K. Predator experience changes spider mites' habitat choice even without current threat. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8388. [PMID: 29849059 PMCID: PMC5976667 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26757-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As recent studies have revealed, previous exposure to a predator can change prey behavior even in the absence of current threat. We hypothesized that experiencing a predator increases prey avoidance of lower-quality resources even in the absence of a predator, which in turn influences the prey's spatial distribution. We examined these hypotheses using the herbivorous spider mite Tetranychus kanzawai and the specialist predatory mite Neoseiulus womersleyi. We used Phaseolus vulgaris as a high-quality host plant and Hydrangea macrophylla as a low-quality host plant. First we examined whether T. kanzawai females that were previously exposed to predators preferred P. vulgaris to H. macrophylla under no current threat more than those without predator experience. Second, we tested the effect of predator experience on dispersal by T. kanzawai females on P. vulgaris or on H. macrophylla. Our results show that: (1) predator-experienced T. kanzawai females expressed stronger avoidance of the low-quality plant H. macrophylla than those without predator experiences; and (2) T. kanzawai females transferred to H. macrophylla traveled farther than those on P. vulgaris, especially females with previous predator experience. These findings reveal neglected aspects of the evolutionary interaction between predators and the habitat choices of their prey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoi Murase
- Laboratory of Ecological Information, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Fujita
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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