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Noonan MJ, Fagan WF, Fleming CH. A semi‐variance approach to visualising phylogenetic autocorrelation. Methods Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.13763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Noonan
- Department of Biology The University of British Columbia Okanagan Kelowna BC Canada
| | - William F. Fagan
- Department of Biology University of Maryland College Park College Park MD USA
| | - Christen H. Fleming
- Department of Biology University of Maryland College Park College Park MD USA
- Conservation Ecology Center Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute Front Royal VI USA
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2
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Juarez BH, Adams DC. Evolutionary allometry of sexual dimorphism of jumping performance in anurans. Evol Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-021-10132-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Calede JJM, Brown A. Sexual dimorphism in cranial shape and size in geomyoid rodents: multivariate and evolutionary perspectives. Curr Zool 2021; 68:469-488. [PMID: 36090141 PMCID: PMC9450181 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoab070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Geomyoid rodents provide a great study system for the analysis of sexual dimorphism. They are polygynic and many inhabit harsh arid environments thought to promote sexual dimorphism. In fact, there has been extensive work published on the sexual size dimorphism of individual populations and species within this rodent clade. However, little work has been undertaken to assess the evolutionary patterns and processes associated with this sexual dimorphism. We use multivariate analyses of cranial measurements in a phylogenetic framework to determine the distribution of size and shape dimorphism among geomyoids and test for Rensch’s rule. Our results suggest that sexual dimorphism is more common in geomyids than heteromyids, but it is not in fact universal. There is evidence for variation in sexual dimorphism across populations. Additionally, in many taxa, geographic variation appears to overwhelm existing sexual dimorphism. We find support for the repeated independent evolution of shape and size dimorphism across geomyoid taxa, but we do not find support for an association between size and shape dimorphism. There is no evidence for Rensch’s rule in geomyoids, whether at the superfamily or family level. Together, our findings suggest that there is no single explanation for the evolution of sexual dimorphism in geomyoids and that, instead, it is the product of numerous evolutionary events. Future studies incorporating phylogenetic relationships will be necessary to paint a more complete picture of the evolution of sexual dimorphism in geomyoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J M Calede
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 318 W. 12th Ave., 300 Aronoff Laboratory, Columbus, OH 43210, USA and
- The Ohio State University at Marion, 1459 Mount Vernon Avenue, Marion, OH 43302, USA
| | - Andrew Brown
- Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, 318 W. 12th Ave., 300 Aronoff Laboratory, Columbus, OH 43210, USA and
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Abstract
Across Mammalia, body size and lifespan are positively correlated. However, in domestic dogs, the opposite is true: small dogs have longer lives compared with large dogs. Here, I present literature-based data on life-history traits that may affect dog lifespan, including adaptations at the whole-organism, and organ-level. Then, I compare those same traits to wild canids. Because oxidative stress is a byproduct of aerobic metabolism, I also present data on oxidative stress in dogs that suggests that small breed dogs accumulate significantly more circulating lipid peroxidation damage compared with large breed dogs, in opposition to lifespan predictions. Further, wild canids have increased antioxidant concentrations compared with domestic dogs, which may aid in explaining why wild canids have longer lifespans than similar-sized domestic dogs. At the cellular level, I describe mechanisms that differ across size classes of dogs, including increases in aerobic metabolism with age, and increases in glycolytic metabolic rates in large breed dogs across their lifespan. To address potential interventions to extend lifespan in domestic dogs, I describe experimental alterations to cellular architecture to test the "membrane pacemaker" hypotheses of metabolism and aging. This hypothesis suggests that increased lipid unsaturation and polyunsaturated fatty acids in cell membranes can increase cellular metabolic rates and oxidative damage, leading to potential decreased longevity. I also discuss cellular metabolic changes of primary fibroblast cells isolated from domestic dogs as they are treated with commercially available drugs that are linked to lifespan and health span expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gabriela Jimenez
- Department of Biology, Colgate University, 13 Oak Drive, Hamilton, NY 13346, USA
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Brassey CA, Behnsen J, Gardiner JD. Postcopulatory sexual selection and the evolution of shape complexity in the carnivoran baculum. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201883. [PMID: 33049172 PMCID: PMC7657853 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The baculum is an enigmatic bone within the mammalian glans penis, and the driving forces behind its often bizarre shape have captivated evolutionary biologists for over a century. Hypotheses for the function of the baculum include aiding in intromission, stimulating females and assisting with prolonged mating. Previous attempts to test these hypotheses have focused on the gross size of the baculum and have failed to reach a consensus. We conducted three-dimensional imaging and apply a new method to quantify three-dimensional shape complexity in the carnivoran baculum. We show that socially monogamous species are evolving towards complex-shaped bacula, whereas group-living species are evolving towards simple bacula. Overall three-dimensional baculum shape complexity is not related to relative testes mass, but tip complexity is higher in induced ovulators and species engaging in prolonged copulation. Our study provides evidence of postcopulatory sexual selection pressures driving three-dimensional shape complexity in the carnivore baculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte A Brassey
- Department of Natural Sciences, Manchester Metropolitan University, M1 5GD, UK
| | - Julia Behnsen
- Manchester X-ray Imaging Facility, University of Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - James D Gardiner
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, L7 8TX, UK
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Spatial variance-mass allometry of population density in felids from camera-trapping studies worldwide. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14814. [PMID: 32908174 PMCID: PMC7481184 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71725-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Power laws are cornerstone relationships in ecology and evolutionary biology. The density-mass allometry (DMA), which predicts an allometric scaling of population abundance, and Taylor’s law (TL), which predicts a decrease in the population abundance variation along with a decrease in population density, have enhanced our knowledge of inter- and intra-specific variation in population abundance. When combined, these two power laws led to the variance-mass allometry (VMA), which states that larger species have lower spatial variation in population density than smaller species. The VMA has been predicted through theoretical models, however few studies have investigated if this law is also supported by empirical data. Here, to formally test the VMA, we have used the population density estimates obtained through worldwide camera trapping studies for an emblematic and ecologically important carnivorous taxa, the Felidae family. Our results showed that the VMA law hold in felids, as well as the TL and the DMA laws; bigger cat species showed less variation for the population density than smaller species. These results have important implications for the conservation of wildlife population and confirm the validity of important ecological concepts, like the allometric scaling of population growth rate and the slow-fast continuum of life history strategies.
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Adams DC, Glynne E, Kaliontzopoulou A. Interspecific allometry for sexual shape dimorphism: Macroevolution of multivariate sexual phenotypes with application to Rensch's rule. Evolution 2020; 74:1908-1922. [PMID: 32578880 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Allometric trends in the degree of sexual dimorphism with body size have long fascinated evolutionary biologists. Many male-biased clades display more prominent sexual dimorphism in larger taxa (Rensch's rule), with most examples documenting this pattern for body size dimorphism. Although sexual dimorphism in traits other than body size is equally functionally relevant, characterizing allometric patterns of sexual dimorphism in such traits is hampered by lack of an analytical framework that can accommodate multivariate phenotypes. In this article, we derive a multivariate equivalency for investigating trends in sexual dimorphism-relative to overall body size-across taxa and provide a generalized test to determine whether such allometric patterns correspond with Rensch's rule. For univariate linear traits such as body size, our approach yields equivalent results to those from standard procedures, but our test is also capable of detecting trends in multivariate datasets such as shape. Computer simulations reveal that the method displays appropriate statistical properties, and an empirical example in Mediterranean lizards provides the first demonstration of Rensch's rule in a multivariate phenotype (head shape). Our generalized procedure substantially extends the analytical toolkit for investigating macroevolutionary patterns of sexual dimorphism and seeking a better understanding of the processes that underlie them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean C Adams
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011
| | - Elizabeth Glynne
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011
| | - Antigoni Kaliontzopoulou
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Vila do Conde, Porto, 4099-002, Portugal
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Mesa-Cruz JB, Olfenbuttel C, Vaughan MR, Sajecki JL, Kelly MJ. Litter size and cub age influence weight gain and development in American black bears (Ursus americanus). J Mammal 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyaa009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
We assessed the effects of cub age, litter size, and sex, on body mass (BM), absolute and relative growth rates (AGR, RGR), opening of ears and eyes, and deciduous teeth eruption from 129 cubs of American black bears (Ursus americanus) born at Virginia Tech’s Black Bear Research Center. Specific ages, related to maternal food consumption, and litter size, best described BM, AGR, RGR, and ear and eye development. Overall, newborns weighed ~0.44 kg at birth and increased ~9-fold by ~14 weeks. Twins were greater in BM than single cubs and triplets. Single and triplet cubs had higher AGR and RGR than twins after mothers resumed food consumption post-hibernation. Newborns displayed RGR > 3.5% that decreased until den emergence (RGR < 3.5% after emergence). RGR differed among litter sizes, particularly after den emergence. Ear and eye opening occurred concurrently at ~44 days of age, while teeth erupted ~10 days later. Single cubs experienced delayed development of these organs compared to other litter sizes. Postnatal developmental differences between black bears and other carnivores likely stem from strategies allowing black bears to minimize energy expenditure during the gestational period when hibernating.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Bernardo Mesa-Cruz
- Department of Biology, Elizabethtown College, Elizabethtown, PA, USA
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Colleen Olfenbuttel
- Wildlife Management Division, North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, Pittsboro, NC, USA
| | - Michael R Vaughan
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Jaime L Sajecki
- Wildlife Resources Division, Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries, Henrico, VA, USA
| | - Marcella J Kelly
- Department of Fish and Wildlife Conservation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Anile S, Devillard S, Nielsen CK, Lo Valvo M. Record of a 10-year old European Wildcat Felis silvestris silvestris Schreber, 1777 (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) from Mt. Etna, Sicily, Italy. JOURNAL OF THREATENED TAXA 2020. [DOI: 10.11609/jott.5484.12.2.15272-15275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Longevity data for wild felids are lacking in the literature. Here we report a camera trap recapture of a European Wildcat Felis silvestris at Mt. Etna in Sicily, Italy after nine years. This individual was clearly identifiable as its tail ended with a white ring rather than the typical black ring and had a unique shape of the dorsal stripe. At first capture on 26 May 2009, this cat was assessed as an adult, so that the likely minimum age of this individual at the time of recapture on 10 June 2018 must have been be at least 10 years. This finding represents the oldest known European Wildcat in the wild and provides insight into age structure in wildcat populations.
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Solitary meat-eaters: solitary, carnivorous carnivorans exhibit the highest degree of sexual size dimorphism. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15344. [PMID: 31653949 PMCID: PMC6814822 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51943-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is widespread across the animal tree of life, the underlying evolutionary processes that influence this phenomenon remains elusive and difficult to tease apart. In this study, I examined how social system (as a proxy for sexual selection) and diet (as a proxy for natural selection) influenced the evolution of SSD in terrestrial carnivorans (Carnivora; Mammalia). Using phylogenetic comparative methods, I found that are territorial solitary and carnivorous carnivorans exhibited selection towards increased degree of male-biased SSD compared to other carnivorans with alternative social systems and diets. I also found the absence of Rensch’s rule across most carnivoran clades, suggestion a relaxation of the influences of sexual selection on SSD. These results together suggest that sexual selection and niche divergence together are important processes influencing the evolution of male-biased SSD in extant terrestrial carnivorans.
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Macdonald DW, Campbell LAD, Kamler JF, Marino J, Werhahn G, Sillero-Zubiri C. Monogamy: Cause, Consequence, or Corollary of Success in Wild Canids? Front Ecol Evol 2019. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2019.00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Tirelli FP, Trigo TC, Trinca CS, Albano APN, Mazim FD, Queirolo D, Espinosa CDC, Soares JB, Pereira JA, Crawshaw PG, Macdonald DW, Lucherini M, Eizirik E. Spatial organization and social dynamics of Geoffroy’s cat in the Brazilian pampas. J Mammal 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyy064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Flávia P Tirelli
- PUCRS, Escola de Ciências, Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney, United Kingdom
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Bairro Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tatiane C Trigo
- Setor de Mastozoologia, Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul (FZB), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristine S Trinca
- PUCRS, Escola de Ciências, Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula N Albano
- Hospital de Clínica Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), Jardim América, Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil
| | - Fábio D Mazim
- Ka’aguy Consultoria Ambiental, Laranjal, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Diego Queirolo
- Centro Universitario de Rivera, Universidad de la República, Rivera, Uruguay
| | - Caroline da C Espinosa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Animal, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Bairro Agronomia, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Javier A Pereira
- División Mastozoología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Peter G Crawshaw
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Mamíferos Carnívoros (CENAP-ICMBio), Usina Atibaia, SP, Brazil
| | - David W Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU), Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, Tubney House, Tubney, United Kingdom
| | - Mauro Lucherini
- Grupo de Ecología Comportamental de Mamíferos (GECM), Cátedra de Fisiología Animal, Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia, UniversidadNacional del Sur - CONICET, San Juan, Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Eizirik
- PUCRS, Escola de Ciências, Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Instituto Pró-Carnívoros, Atibaia, SP, Brazil
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