The influence of leg-to-body ratio, arm-to-body ratio and intra-limb ratio on male human attractiveness

Defining Aesthetic Preferences for the Penis: A Photogrammetric and Crowdsourcing Analysis

BACKGROUND

Achieving an aesthetic phalloplasty result is important for patients with acquired or congenital defects of the penis, or with genital-related dysphoria. However, aside from length and girth, the aesthetic proportions of the male penis have not been defined.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to determine proportions of the male penis through photogrammetric analysis of nude male photographs and to verify these proportions with a crowdsourcing-based survey.

METHODS

Nude male photographs (n = 283) were analyzed to define aesthetic proportions of the male penis. Photographs were analyzed for the position of the penis on the torso in relation to the umbilicus and for the ratio of the dorsal and ventral glans of the penis in relation to the entire shaft length. Proportions were then further studied by crowdsourcing 1026 respondents with Amazon mechanical Turk.

RESULTS

The ideal position of the penis below the umbilicus is about 55% (6/11th) of the distance from the jugular notch to the umbilicus (measured average, 53.6%; survey-weighted average, 58.9%). The dorsal glans of the penis is about 33% (1/3rd) of the length of the entire shaft (measured average, 32.1%; survey-weighted average, 37.5%). The ventral glans of the penis is about 12.5% (1/8th) of the length of the entire shaft (measured average, 12.6%; survey-weighted average, 11.7%).

CONCLUSIONS

Measured proportions of the human penis follow exact fractions. Crowdsourcing data helped support photogrammetric analysis, with survey-preferred ratios within 5% of measured ratios. With further validation, these data can aid surgeons performing phalloplasty.

AutoPedestrian: An Automatic Data Augmentation and Loss Function Search Scheme for Pedestrian Detection

Pedestrian detection is a challenging and hot research topic in the field of computer vision, especially for the crowded scenes where occlusion happens frequently. In this paper, we propose a novel AutoPedestrian scheme that automatically augments the pedestrian data and searches for suitable loss functions, aiming for better performance of pedestrian detection especially in crowded scenes. To our best knowledge, it is the first work to automatically search the optimal policy of data augmentation and loss function jointly for the pedestrian detection. To achieve the goal of searching the optimal augmentation scheme and loss function jointly, we first formulate the data augmentation policy and loss function as probability distributions based on different hyper-parameters. Then, we apply a double-loop scheme with importance-sampling to solve the optimization problem of data augmentation and loss function types efficiently. Comprehensive experiments on two popular benchmarks of CrowdHuman and CityPersons show the effectiveness of our proposed method. In particular, we achieve 40.58% in MR on CrowdHuman datasets and 11.3% in MR on CityPersons reasonable subset, yielding new state-of-the-art results on these two datasets.

Evaluation of Arm Length as a New Upper Limb Anthropometric Method for Preoperative Estimation of Tibial Intramedullary Nail Length

Aim and objective

To assess the use of arm length (AL) for the estimation of tibial nail length preoperatively and compare its accuracy to various established upper and lower limb anthropometric parameters.

Material and methods

This prospective study of 54 patients assessed upper limb parameters as a possible alternative for intraoperatively measured tibial nail length. The anthropometric parameters measured independently by two observers were AL, olecranon to fifth metacarpal head (OMD), tibial tuberosity to medial malleolus (TT-MM), tibial tuberosity to medial malleolus minus 20 mm (TT-MM-20 mm) and knee joint line to medial malleolus minus 40 mm (KJL-MM-40) and compared to final nail size used intraoperatively. Two observers were used. Bland-Altman plots were constructed to assess the limits of agreement to intraoperative estimates of optimum nail length. A repeatability assessment was also assessed by both observers.

Results

None of the anthropometric parameters showed limits of agreement within ±10 mm of nail length. AL showed the least average difference and best limits of agreement among all the anthropometric parameters. Among the lower limb parameters, the KJL-MM showed the least average difference but poorer limits of agreement to nail length. The OMD measurement showed a greater average difference than the AL indicating it is a poorer upper limb parameter for predicting nail length.

Conclusion

AL as measured between the angle of the acromion to the lateral epicondyle can be used as a preoperative upper limb anthropometric estimate of nail length to one nail size of the optimum length. Further studies with a larger sample size may reduce the confidence intervals and help justify its wider use.

How to cite this article

Sharma A, Sinha S, Gupta S, et al. Evaluation of Arm Length as a New Upper Limb Anthropometric Method for Preoperative Estimation of Tibial Intramedullary Nail Length. Strategies Trauma Limb Reconstr 2021;16(1):20–26.

Number of friends and self-perception among Jamaican children: the role of attractiveness and fluctuating asymmetry

The role that physical attractiveness and fluctuating asymmetry (FA), a measure of developmental instability, play in self-perception and peer associations were explored in a well-studied cohort of Jamaican children using a novel research paradigm where subjects were already known to each other for extensive periods of time. The results showed that how attractive a child was perceived by others was significantly positively correlated with self-ratings of attractiveness. Contrary to findings from WEIRD (Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic) samples, the study found a reversal in the sex differences in self-perceived attractiveness and self-esteem, where Jamaican females rate themselves more attractive and report higher self-esteem than do males. Attractiveness also predicts overall popularity, as measured by desirability as a friend and the percentage of peers who choose an individual as a friend. Attractive individuals of both sexes were chosen more often as ‘friends’. A significant correlation was also found between an individual’s FA and the average FA of those chosen as friends. However, the effect was primarily due to preferences by males for female friends possessing similar levels of FA, which could be an effective strategy in reducing future mating effort.