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Liu J, Chen L, Xiong H, Han Y. Review of microwave imaging algorithms for stroke detection. Med Biol Eng Comput 2023; 61:2497-2510. [PMID: 37226009 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-023-02848-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Microwave imaging is one of the rapidly developing frontier disciplines in the field of modern medical imaging. The development of microwave imaging algorithms for reconstructing stroke images is discussed in this paper. Compared with traditional stroke detection and diagnosis techniques, microwave imaging has the advantages of low price and no ionizing radiation hazards. The research hotspots of microwave imaging algorithms in the field of stroke are mainly reflected in the design and improvement of microwave tomography, radar imaging, and deep learning imaging. However, the current research lacks the analysis and combing of microwave imaging algorithms. In this paper, the development of common microwave imaging algorithms is reviewed. The concept, research status, current research hotspots and difficulties, and future development trends of microwave imaging algorithms are systematically expounded. The microwave antenna is used to collect scattered signals, and a series of microwave imaging algorithms are used to reconstruct the stroke image. The classification diagram and flow chart of the algorithms are shown in this Figure. (The classification diagram and flow chart are based on the microwave imaging algorithms.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhen Liu
- The School of Control Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Control of Electrical Equipment, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Chen
- The School of Control Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Control of Electrical Equipment, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Xiong
- The School of Control Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, People's Republic of China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Control of Electrical Equipment, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yuqing Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Xiqing Hospital, Tianjin, 300380, People's Republic of China
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2
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Ismail D, Mustafa S. Diagnosis of a brain stroke using wideband microwave scattering. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:221560. [PMID: 36968233 PMCID: PMC10031409 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.221560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a new computer-aided microwave monitoring system as a promising, portable and inexpensive tool to detect and localize brain stroke using a bank of a new wavelet-matched filters. The head is exposed to microwave radiation over the band from 1.1 to 3 GHz, and the backscattered signals at a hemi-elliptical array of 16 antenna elements surrounding the head are filtered to analyse the perturbation in the microwave signals from the brain. A novel technique is applied to remove the strong reflection from the air-skull interface as a way to estimate the target response and is compared with different techniques from literature to portray their role in the performance. The study results approve that the intensity and the distribution of wavelet energy and Shannon wavelet entropy in the filtered microwave signal, and the novel tool based on the distance between the wavelet energies at symmetric opposite antennas are promising candidate signatures for computer-aided detection and localization of a stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dastan Ismail
- Electrical Engineering, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan region, Iraq
| | - Samah Mustafa
- Electrical Engineering, Salahaddin University-Erbil, Kurdistan region, Iraq
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3
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Dilman İ, Bilgin E, Akıncı MN, Coşğun S, Doğu S, Çayören M, Akduman İ. Monitoring of intracerebral hemorrhage with a linear microwave imaging algorithm. Med Biol Eng Comput 2023; 61:33-43. [PMID: 36307743 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-022-02694-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage is a life-threatening condition where conventional imaging modalities such as CT and MRI are indispensable in diagnosing. Nevertheless, monitoring the evolution of intracerebral hemorrhage still poses a technological challenge. We consider continuous monitoring of intracerebral hemorrhage in this context and present a differential microwave imaging scheme based on a linearized inverse scattering. Our aim is to reconstruct non-anatomical maps that reveal the volumetric evolution of hemorrhage by using the differences between consecutive electric field measurements. This approach can potentially allow the monitoring of intracerebral hemorrhage in a real-time and cost-effective manner. Here, we devise an indicator function, which reveals the position, volumetric growth, and shrinkage of hemorrhage. Later, the method is numerically tested via a 3D anthropomorphic dielectric head model. Through several simulations performed for different locations of intracerebral hemorrhage, the indicator function-based technique is demonstrated to be capable of detecting the changes accurately. Finally, the robustness under noisy conditions is analyzed to assess the feasibility of the method. This analysis suggests that the method can be used to monitor the evolution of intracerebral hemorrhage in real-world scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- İsmail Dilman
- Dept. of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Egemen Bilgin
- Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, MEF University, Maslak, 34396, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Nuri Akıncı
- Dept. of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sema Coşğun
- Dept. of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Gölköy, 14030, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Semih Doğu
- Dept. of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Çayören
- Dept. of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Akduman
- Dept. of Electronic and Communication Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
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Alqahtani A, Islam MT, Talukder MS, Samsuzzaman M, Bakouri M, Mansouri S, Almoneef T, Dokos S, Alharbi Y. Slotted Monopole Patch Antenna for Microwave-Based Head Imaging Applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7235. [PMID: 36236334 PMCID: PMC9573509 DOI: 10.3390/s22197235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A modified monopole patch antenna for microwave-based hemorrhagic or ischemic stroke recognition is presented in this article. The designed antenna is fabricated on a cost-effective FR-4 lossy material with a 0.02 loss tangent and 4.4 dielectric constant. Its overall dimensions are 0.32 λ × 0.28 λ × 0.007 λ, where λ is the lower bandwidth 1.3 GHz frequency wavelength. An inset feeding approach is utilized to feed the antenna to reduce the input impedance (z = voltage/current). A total bandwidth (below -10 dB) of 2.4 GHz (1.3-3.7 GHz) is achieved with an effective peak gain of over 6 dBi and an efficiency of over 90%. A time-domain analysis confirms that the antenna produces minimal signal distortion. Simulated and experimental findings share a lot of similarities. Brain tissue is penetrated by the antenna to a satisfactory degree, while still exhibiting a safe specific absorption rate (SAR). The maximum SAR value measured for the head model is constrained to be equal to or below 0.1409 W/kg over the entire usable frequency band. Evaluation of theoretical and experimental evidence indicates the intended antenna is appropriate for Microwave Imaging (MWI) applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulrahman Alqahtani
- Department of Medical Equipment Technology, College of Applied, Medical Science, Majmaah University, Majmaah City 11952, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biomedical Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Tariqul Islam
- Centre for Advanced Electronic and Communication Engineering, Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia
| | - Md Siam Talukder
- Department of Computer and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Patuakhali Science and Technology, Patuakhali 8602, Bangladesh
| | - Md Samsuzzaman
- Department of Computer and Communication Engineering, Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Patuakhali Science and Technology, Patuakhali 8602, Bangladesh
| | - Mohsen Bakouri
- Department of Medical Equipment Technology, College of Applied, Medical Science, Majmaah University, Majmaah City 11952, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Physics, College of Arts, Fezzan University, Traghen City 71340, Libya
| | - Sofiene Mansouri
- Department of Biomedical Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Medical Technologies, Higher Institute of Medical Technologies of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
| | - Thamer Almoneef
- Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Saudi Arabia
| | - Socrates Dokos
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Yousef Alharbi
- Department of Biomedical Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Li G, Li W, Chen J, Zhao S, Bai Z, Liu Q, Liao Q, He M, Zhuang W, Chen M, Sun J, Chen Y. Noninvasive real-time assessment of intracranial pressure after traumatic brain injury based on electromagnetic coupling phase sensing technology. BMC Neurol 2021; 21:26. [PMID: 33455585 PMCID: PMC7812649 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-021-02049-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the feasibility of intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring after traumatic brain injury (TBI) by electromagnetic coupling phase sensing, we established a portable electromagnetic coupling phase shift (ECPS) test system and conducted a comparison with invasive ICP. Methods TBI rabbits’ model were all synchronously monitored for 24 h by ECPS testing and invasive ICP. We investigated the abilities of the ECPS to detect targeted ICP by feature extraction and traditional classification decision algorithms. Results The ECPS showed an overall downward trend with a variation range of − 13.370 ± 2.245° as ICP rose from 11.450 ± 0.510 mmHg to 38.750 ± 4.064 mmHg, but its change rate gradually declined. It was greater than 1.5°/h during the first 6 h, then decreased to 0.5°/h and finally reached the minimum of 0.14°/h. Nonlinear regression analysis results illustrated that both the ECPS and its change rate decrease with increasing ICP post-TBI. When used as a recognition feature, the ability (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, AUCs) of the ECPS to detect ICP ≥ 20 mmHg was 0.88 ± 0.01 based on the optimized adaptive boosting model, reaching the advanced level of current noninvasive ICP assessment methods. Conclusions The ECPS has the potential to be used for noninvasive continuous monitoring of elevated ICP post-TBI. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12883-021-02049-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Army Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Wang Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Jingbo Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Army Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Shuanglin Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Army Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zelin Bai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Army Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Liao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Minglian He
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China.,State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Zhuang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Army Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Mingsheng Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Army Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jian Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Army Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Yujie Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, 29 Gaotanyan Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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6
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Oziel M, Rubinsky B, Korenstein R. Detection and estimating the blood accumulation volume of brain hemorrhage in a human anatomical skull using a RF single coil. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10416. [PMID: 33354419 PMCID: PMC7733650 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective An experimental study for testing a simple robust algorithm on data derived from an electromagnetic radiation device that can detect small changes in the tissue/fluid ratio in a realistic head configuration. Methods Changes in the scattering parameters (S21) of an inductive coil resulting from injections of chicken blood in the 0-18 ml range into calf brain tissue in a human anatomical skull were measured over a 100-1,000 MHz frequency range. Results An algorithm that combines amplitude and phase results was found to detect changes in the tissue/fluid ratio with 90% accuracy. An algorithm that estimated the injected blood volume was found to have a 1-4 ml average error. This demonstrates the possibility of the inductive coil-based device to possess a practical ability to detect a change in the tissue/fluid ratio in the head. Significance This study is an important step towards the goal of building an inexpensive and safe device that can detect an early brain hemorrhagic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Oziel
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Boris Rubinsky
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Rafi Korenstein
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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7
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Xu J, Chen J, Yu W, Zhang H, Wang F, Zhuang W, Yang J, Bai Z, Xu L, Sun J, Jin G, Nian Y, Qin M, Chen M. Noninvasive and portable stroke type discrimination and progress monitoring based on a multichannel microwave transmitting-receiving system. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21647. [PMID: 33303768 PMCID: PMC7728752 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-78647-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The hemorrhagic and the ischemic types of stroke have similar symptoms in the early stage, but their treatments are completely different. The timely and effective discrimination of the two types of stroke can considerable improve the patients' prognosis. In this paper, a 16-channel and noncontact microwave-based stroke detection system was proposed and demonstrated for the potential differentiation of the hemorrhagic and the ischemic stroke. In animal experiments, 10 rabbits were divided into two groups. One group consisted of five cerebral hemorrhage models, and the other group consisted of five cerebral ischemia models. The two groups were monitored by the system to obtain the Euclidean distance transform value of microwave scattering parameters caused by pathological changes in the brain. The support vector machine was used to identify the type and the severity of the stroke. Based on the experiment, a discrimination accuracy of 96% between hemorrhage and ischemia stroke was achieved. Furthermore, the potential of monitoring the progress of intracerebral hemorrhage or ischemia was evaluated. The discrimination of different degrees of intracerebral hemorrhage achieved 86.7% accuracy, and the discrimination of different severities of ischemia achieved 94% accuracy. Compared with that with multiple channels, the discrimination accuracy of the stroke severity with a single channel was only 50% for the intracerebral hemorrhage and ischemia stroke. The study showed that the microwave-based stroke detection system can effectively distinguish between the cerebral hemorrhage and the cerebral ischemia models. This system is very promising for the prehospital identification of the stroke type due to its low cost, noninvasiveness, and ease of operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xu
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingbo Chen
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yu
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Haisheng Zhang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Wang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhuang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Yang
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zelin Bai
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Xu
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Sun
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Gui Jin
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjian Nian
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxin Qin
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mingsheng Chen
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China. .,Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China.
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