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Fedorowicz J, Sączewski J. Advances in the Synthesis of Biologically Active Quaternary Ammonium Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4649. [PMID: 38731869 PMCID: PMC11083083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in the design and synthesis of biologically active quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs). The covered scope extends beyond commonly reviewed antimicrobial derivatives to include synthetic agents with antifungal, anticancer, and antiviral properties. Additionally, this review highlights examples of quaternary ammonium compounds exhibiting activity against protozoa and herbicidal effects, as well as analgesic and anesthetic derivatives. The article also embraces the quaternary-ammonium-containing cholinesterase inhibitors and muscle relaxants. QACs, marked by their inherent permanent charge, also find widespread usage across diverse domains such as fabric softeners, hair conditioners, detergents, and disinfectants. The effectiveness of QACs hinges greatly on finding the right equilibrium between hydrophilicity and lipophilicity. The ideal length of the alkyl chain varies according to the unique structure of each QAC and its biological settings. It is expected that this review will provide comprehensive data for medicinal and industrial chemists to design and develop novel QAC-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Fedorowicz
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jarosław Sączewski
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Al. Gen. J. Hallera 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland;
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Shah AH, Islam SMR, Albaqami MD, Hasan T, Kumar D, Wabaidur SM, Ansari MZ, Hoque MA, Islam DMS, Kabir M. Study on the association and phase separation behavior of surfactants and promethazine hydrochloride: impact of ammonium electrolytes. RSC Adv 2024; 14:5981-5993. [PMID: 38362074 PMCID: PMC10867899 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07493e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In the current study, the association and phase separation of cationic tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB) and nonionic Triton X-100 (TX-100) surfactants with promethazine hydrochloride (PMH) were investigated in aqueous ammonium-based solutions. The micellization nature of the TTAB and PMH drug mixture was examined by evaluating critical micelle concentration (CMC) and counterion binding extent (β) at different salt contents and temperatures (298.15-323.15 K). Micelle formation in the TTAB + PMH mixture was enhanced in the presence of ammonium salts, whereas the process was delayed with an increase in temperature in the respective salt solution. With an increase in salt content, the cloud point (CP) of the TX-100 + PMH mixture decreased, which revealed that the respective progression occurred through the salting out phenomenon. In micellization and clouding processes, the changes in free energies ΔG0m and ΔG0c were found to be negative and positive, respectively, demonstrating that the corresponding processes are spontaneous and non-spontaneous. Standard enthalpies (ΔH0m/ΔH0c) and standard entropies (ΔS0m/ΔS0c) for the association and clouding processes, respectively, were also calculated and discussed. The core forces amid TTAB/TX-100 and PMH in the manifestation of electrolytes are dipole-dipole and hydrophobic forces among the employed components according to the values for ΔH0m/ΔH0c and ΔS0m/ΔS0c, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afzal Hossain Shah
- Department of Chemistry, Jahangirnagar University Savar Dhaka 1342 Bangladesh
| | - S M Rafiul Islam
- Department of Chemistry, Jahangirnagar University Savar Dhaka 1342 Bangladesh
| | - Munirah D Albaqami
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Tajmul Hasan
- Department of Chemistry, Jahangirnagar University Savar Dhaka 1342 Bangladesh
| | - Dileep Kumar
- Laboratory for Chemical Computation and Modeling, Institute for Computational Science and Artificial Intelligence, Van Lang University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam +84 943720085
- Faculty of Applied Technology, School of Technology, Van Lang University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | | | - Mohd Zahid Ansari
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yeungnam University Gyeongsan 712749 South Korea
| | - Md Anamul Hoque
- Department of Chemistry, Jahangirnagar University Savar Dhaka 1342 Bangladesh
| | - D M Shafiqul Islam
- Department of Chemistry, Jahangirnagar University Savar Dhaka 1342 Bangladesh
| | - Mahbub Kabir
- Department of Chemistry, Jahangirnagar University Savar Dhaka 1342 Bangladesh
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Mo Y, Cao R, Hu S, Guan B, Fu D, Liu H, Xu B, Xiao Y. Gemini Quaternary Ammonium Surfactants with Different Counterions-modified Montmorillonite for Efficient Removal of Methyl Orange. J Oleo Sci 2024; 73:341-350. [PMID: 38432998 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess23174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Organic Na-montmorillonite (OMt-12-2-12·2Y - , Y=CH 3 CO 3 - , C 6 H 5 COO - and Br - ) modified by a series of Gemini quaternary ammonium surfactants with different counterions was prepared for enhancing the adsorption capacity of methyl orange. Compared with the initial adsorption capacity of 5.251 mg/g of Na-Mt, the adsorption effect of OMts under the optimal conditions increased by about 31~34 times. The adsorption isotherms and kinetics of all adsorption processes were respectively described by Langmuir and pseudo-second-order models. The structure, hydrophobicity and hydration of the counterions, as well as the affinity of the counterions with the long aliphatic chains, had a certain influence on the adsorption performance of OMts for methyl orange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhua Mo
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University
| | - Runyu Cao
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University
| | - Siqi Hu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Industry, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences
| | - Bowen Guan
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University
| | - Duojiao Fu
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University
| | - Hongqin Liu
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University
| | - Baocai Xu
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University
| | - Yang Xiao
- China Food Flavor and Nutrition Health Innovation Center, Beijing Technology and Business University
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Organo-Montmorillonite Modified by Gemini Quaternary Ammonium Surfactants with Different Counterions for Adsorption toward Phenol. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28052021. [PMID: 36903268 PMCID: PMC10004245 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28052021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The discharge of industrial phenol pollutants causes great harm to the natural environment and human health. In this study, phenol removal from water was studied via the adsorption of Na-montmorillonite (Na-Mt) modified by a series of Gemini quaternary ammonium surfactants with different counterions [(C11H23CONH(CH2)2N+ (CH3)2(CH2)2 N+(CH3)2 (CH2)2NHCOC11H23·2Y-, Y = CH3CO3-, C6H5COO- and Br-, 12-2-12·2Y-]. The results of the phenol adsorption indicated that MMt-12-2-12·2Br-, MMt-12-2-12·2CH3CO3- and MMt-12-2-12·2C6H5COO- reached the optimum adsorption capacity, which was 115.110 mg/g, 100.834 mg/g and 99.985 mg/g, respectively, under the conditions of the saturated intercalation concentration at 2.0 times that of the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the original Na-Mt, 0.04 g of adsorbent and a pH = 10. The adsorption kinetics of all adsorption processes were in good agreement with the pseudo-second-order kinetics model, and the adsorption isotherm was better modeled by Freundlich isotherm. Thermodynamic parameters revealed that the adsorption of phenol was a physical, spontaneous and exothermic process. The results also showed that the counterions of the surfactant had a certain influence on the adsorption performance of MMt for phenol, especially the rigid structure, hydrophobicity, and hydration of the counterions.
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Alghamdi YG, Rub MA, Kumar D. Influence of twin-headed gemini micellar system on the study of methionine amino acid with ninhydrin in buffer solution. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:221249. [PMID: 36816844 PMCID: PMC9929513 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.221249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The influence of double-headed gemini was examined in the present study by studying the amino acid methionine mixed with ninhydrin in CH3COOH-CH3COONa buffer solvent. The absorbance was monitored at fixed time intervals with UV-vis spectroscopy. An impact typical of surfactants was observed on the ninhydrin-methionine reaction and explained by a pseudo-phase model of micelles. The effect of different temperatures (343 to 363 K) was also determined. Based on data showing the impact of temperature on kψ , several relevant thermodynamic quantities, ΔH #, ΔS #, and E a, were calculated using linear least-squares regression. In addition, the influence of the other reaction ingredients on the reaction, that is, pH and the concentration of ninhydrin and methionine, was studied. The CMC (critical micelle concentration) of pure geminis and the surfactant system with methionine and ninhydrin was evaluated at two temperatures, i.e. at 303 K and 353 K by conductivity measurements. The CMC values of pure gemini surfactants evaluated in the existing case at 303 K are concordant with the results stated before. Moreover, other parameters, including rates and binding constants, were calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef G. Alghamdi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah-21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malik Abdul Rub
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah-21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah-21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dileep Kumar
- Laboratory for Chemical Computation and Modeling, Institute for Computational Science and Artificial Intelligence, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Applied Technology, School of Technology, Van Lang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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A New Synergistic Strategy for Virus and Bacteria Eradication: Towards Universal Disinfectants. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122791. [PMID: 36559284 PMCID: PMC9782051 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to the COVID-19 and monkeypox outbreaks, we present the development of a universal disinfectant to avoid the spread of infectious viral diseases through contact with contaminated surfaces. The sanitizer, based on didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC), N,N-bis(3-aminopropyl)dodecylamine (APDA) and γ-cyclodextrin (γ-CD), shows synergistic effects against non-enveloped viruses (poliovirus type 1 and murine norovirus) according to the EN 14476 standard (≥99.99% reduction of virus titer). When a disinfectant product is effective against them, it can be considered that it will be effective against all types of viruses, including enveloped viruses. Consequently, "general virucidal activity" can be claimed. Moreover, we have extended this synergistic action to bacteria (P. aeruginosa, EN 13727). Based on physicochemical investigations, we have proposed two independent mechanisms of action against bacteria and non-enveloped viruses, operating at sub- and super-micellar concentrations, respectively. This synergistic mixture could then be highly helpful as a universal disinfectant to avoid the spread of infectious viral or bacterial diseases in community settings, including COVID-19 and monkeypox (caused by enveloped viruses).
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Matteo Jörgensen A, Knoll P, Haddadzadegan S, Fabian H, Hupfauf A, Gust R, Georg Jörgensen R, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Biodegradable arginine based steroid-surfactants: Cationic green agents for hydrophobic ion-pairing. Int J Pharm 2022; 630:122438. [PMID: 36464112 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy for hydrophobic ion-pairing of surfactants based on arginine (Arg). The prepared Arg-cholesteryl ester (ACE) and Arg-diosgenyl ester (ADE) were characterized regarding solubility, pKa, critical micellar concentration (CMC), biodegradability as well as membrane- and aquatic toxicity using DOTAP as reference. The ability for hydrophobic ion-pairing was evaluated and the lipophilicity of formed complexes was determined. NMR, FT-IR and MS confirmed successful synthesis of Arg-surfactants. The slightly soluble single-charged Arg-surfactants (pH < pKa3 (ACE = 10.42 ± 0.52; ADE = 10.38 ± 0.27)) showed CMCs of 27.17 µM for ACE and 35.67 µM for ADE. CMCs of the sparingly soluble double-charged species (pH < pKa2 (ACE = 5.30 ± 0.20; ADE = 5.55 ± 0.06)) were determined at concentrations of ≥ 250 µM for ACE and ≥ 850 µM for ADE. The enzymatic- and environmental biodegradability was proven by an entire cleavage of Arg-surfactants within 24 h, whereas DOTAP remained stable. Arg-surfactants exhibited lower membrane- (> 2-fold) and aquatic toxicity (> 15-fold) than DOTAP. The complexes formed with Arg-surfactants and insulin showed higher lipophilicity than the DOTAP-complex. According to these results, Arg-surfactants might be a promising safe tool for the delivery of peptide drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Matteo Jörgensen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Patrick Knoll
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Soheil Haddadzadegan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Hannah Fabian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrea Hupfauf
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ronald Gust
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rainer Georg Jörgensen
- Soil Biology and Plant Nutrition, University of Kassel, Nordbahnhofstr. 1a, 37023 Witzenhausen, Germany
| | - Andreas Bernkop-Schnürch
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Innsbruck, Institute of Pharmacy, Center for Chemistry and Biomedicine, Innrain 80-82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Alghamdi YG, Rub MA, Kumar D, Asiri AM. Effects of various media on micellization, adsorption and thermodynamic behaviour of imipramine hydrochloride and antimicrobial surfactant mixtures. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:211527. [PMID: 34950495 PMCID: PMC8692973 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The effect of various media (aqueous, NaCl, urea (U) and thiourea (TU)) on the micellization and adsorption activity of varied mixtures of imipramine hydrochloride (IMP) and benzethonium chloride (BZCl) is investigated via tensiometry. In an aqueous medium, the interactions between IMP and BZCl are also evaluated using UV-visible and FTIR spectroscopy. The interaction between components increases with increased mole fraction (α 1) of BZCl in the mixed system (IMP + BZCl). Different parameters, such as micellar and the mixed monolayer component composition, the interaction parameters of the solution and the interface, the activity coefficients of the components in solution and at the interface, and thermodynamic parameters, are computed using different proposed theoretical models (i.e. Clint, Motomura, Rubingh and Rosen). The cmc values obtained for the pure components and mixtures (IMP + BZCl) of all the compositions are found to be less in NaCl than in the aqueous solution while found more in the presence of U or TU. TU is more effective in increasing the cmc of the pure and mixed systems than U. The Gibbs free energy ( Δ G mic ∘ ) values of the studied pure and mixed systems are negative, showing the spontaneous nature of the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef G. Alghamdi
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malik Abdul Rub
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dileep Kumar
- Division of Computational Physics, Institute for Computational Science, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Abdullah M. Asiri
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Distributions of counterions on adsorption and aggregation behavior of Gemini quaternary ammonium salt. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.117495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Hasanov EE, Rahimov RA, Abdullayev Y, Asadov ZH, Ahmadova GA, Isayeva AM, Yolcuyeva U, Zubkov FI, Autschbach J. Counterion-coupled gemini surfactants based on propoxylated hexamethylenediamine and fatty acids: Theory and application. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Hu S, Fu D, Chen H, Liu H, Xu B. Surface Activities, Antibacterial Activity and Corrosion Inhibition Properties of Gemini Quaternary Ammonium Surfactants with Amido Group and Carboxylic Counterions. J Oleo Sci 2020; 69:703-710. [PMID: 32522945 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess19339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of gemini quaternary ammonium surfactants containing carboxylate counterion with the formula C17H35CONH(CH2)2N+(CH3)2(CH2)2N+(CH3)2(CH2)2 NHCO C17H35·2Y (Y=HCOO-, CH3COO-, CH3CHOHCOO-) have been synthesized by a counterion conversion process and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy. It is found that these surfactants reduce the surface tension of water to a minimum value of 26.78 mN·m-1 at a concentration of 1.21 ×10-5 mol·L-1. TEM images reveal that aggregates with vesicles or tubular structure are spontaneously formed in these surfactants aqueous solution with the concentration of 1×10-3 mol·L-1. It is also found that they are effective corrosion inhibitors for A3 steel in acid solution and have superior antibacterial activity at a concentration of 0.1g·L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Hu
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology and Business University
| | - Duojiao Fu
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology and Business University
| | - Hanyu Chen
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology and Business University
| | - Hongqin Liu
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology and Business University
| | - Baocai Xu
- School of Light Industry, Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Higher Institution Engineering Research Center of Food Additives and Ingredients, Beijing Technology and Business University
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Kumar D, Rub MA. Catalytic influence of 16- s-16 gemini surfactants on the rate constant of histidine and ninhydrin. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:191648. [PMID: 32257328 PMCID: PMC7062088 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The present paper reports the catalytic influence of 16-s-16 (spacer (s) = 4, 5, 6) gemini surfactants on the rate constant of histidine and ninhydrin at 343 K and pH 5.0 using the spectrophotometric technique. The effect of varying amounts of geminis was made on the rate constant of histidine and ninhydrin keeping other constituents constant. Characteristics of the rate constant (kψ ) versus [gemini] depict the effect of surfactants on the rate constant. A systematic explanation about the effect of surfactants is revealed and discussed in the text. The influence of different parameters that includes [reactants], temperature and pH has also been performed on the study. In order to determine the critical micelle concentration (cmc) of pure surfactants and their solution mixtures, conductivity measurement was employed. By using the Eyring equation, activation parameters at different temperatures have been obtained. The resultant data of kψ versus [gemini] plot were rationalized with the pseudo-phase model of micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dileep Kumar
- Division of Computational Physics, Institute for Computational Science, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Malik Abdul Rub
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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