Metal incorporated aminothiazole-derived compounds: synthesis, density function theory analysis, in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant evaluation

An Insight into the Effect of Schiff Base and their d and f Block Metal Complexes on Various Cancer Cell Lines as Anticancer Agents: A Review

Over the last few decades, an alarming rise in the percentage of individuals with cancer and those with multi-resistant illnesses has forced researchers to explore possibilities for novel therapeutic approaches. Numerous medications currently exist to treat various disorders, and the development of small molecules as anticancer agents has considerable potential. However, the widespread prevalence of resistance to multiple drugs in cancer indicates that it is necessary to discover novel and promising compounds with ideal characteristics that could overcome the multidrug resistance issue. The utilisation of metallo-drugs has served as a productive anticancer chemotherapeutic method, and this approach may be implemented for combating multi-resistant tumours more successfully. Schiff bases have been receiving a lot of attention as a group of compounds due to their adaptable metal chelating abilities, innate biologic properties, and versatility to tweak the structure to optimise it for a specific biological purpose. The biological relevance of Schiff base and related complexes, notably their anticancer effects, has increased in their popularity as bio-inorganic chemistry has progressed. As a result of learning about Schiff bases antitumor efficacy against multiple cancer cell lines and their complexes, researchers are motivated to develop novel, side-effect-free anticancer treatments. According to study reports from the past ten years, we are still seeking a powerful anticancer contender. This study highlights the potential of Schiff bases, a broad class of chemical molecules, as potent anticancer agents. In combination with other anticancer strategies, they enhance the efficacy of treatment by elevating the cytotoxicity of chemotherapy, surmounting drug resistance, and promoting targeted therapy. Schiff bases also cause cancer cell DNA repair, improve immunotherapy, prevent angiogenesis, cause apoptosis, and lessen the side effects of chemotherapy. The present review explores the development of potential Schiff base and their d and f block metal complexes as anticancer agents against various cancer cell lines.

DFT-guided structural modeling of end-group acceptors at Y123 core for sensitizers as high-performance organic solar dyes and NLO responses

CONTEXT

The organic solar cells (OSCs) are being developed with the goal of improving their photovoltaic capabilities. Here, utilizing computational methods, six new nonfullerene acceptors (NFA) comprising dyes (A1-A6) have been created by end-group alterations of the Y123 framework as a standard (R).

METHODS

The DFT-based investigations at B3LYP/6-31G + (d,p) level were applied to evaluate their properties. The planar geometries associated with these structures, which lead to improved conjugation, were validated by the estimation of molecular geometries. Dyes A1-A6 have shorter E_gap than R, according to a frontier molecular orbital (FMO) investigation, which encourages charge transfer in them. The dyes with their maximum absorption range were shown by optical properties to be 692-711 nm, which is significantly better than R with its 684 nm range. Their electrostatic and Mulliken charge patterns provided additional evidence of the significant separation of charges within these structures. All the dyes A1-A6 had improved light harvesting efficiency (LHE) values as compared to Y123, highlighting their improved capacity to generate charge carriers by light absorption. With the exception of dye A4, all newly developed dyes might have a superior rate of charge carrier mobility than R, according to reorganization energies λ_re. Dyes A3 and A4 had the greatest open-circuit voltage (V_oc). Dye A3 exhibited improvement in all of its examined properties, making it a promising choice in DSSC applications.

A DFT Study on New Photovoltaic Dyes to Investigate their NLO Tuning at Near Infrared Region (NIR) as Pull-push Effect by End Capped Acceptors

Throughout the opto-electronic devices industry, organic materials with considerable nonlinear optical (NLO) capabilities are being used. By employing 4,6-di(thiophen-2-yl)pyrimidine as a standard molecule, a series for new dyes (DMBMB1-DMBMB6) are created in the present paper by altering their functionalization with various electron acceptor (A) functional groups. The density functional fheory (DFT) and time dependent DFT (TD-DFT) based calculations have been performed to explore NLO responses by adjustment of different A units. The energy gap (E_gap) of their highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs) was ranged between 0.22-2.43 eV which was also used to calculate their global chemical parameters (GRPs). All the new dyes were subjected to UV-Vis studies revealing their frequencies being red shifted from starting dye (DMBMB). The theoretical investigations like frontier molecular orbital (FMO) and natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis was used to investigate their intramolecular charge transfer (ICT). The dye DMBMB6 had the greatest linear polarizability, first hyperpolarizability (α_total), and second order hyperpolarizability (β_total) for all the developed dyes. In conclusion, due of their low ICT, all the dyes showed potential NLO features. Scientific researchers would be able to harness these NLO features to discover NLO materials for current and future uses.

Efficient and tunable enhancement of NLO performance for indaceno-based donor moiety in A-π-D-π-D-π-A type first DSSC design by end-capped acceptors

BACKGROUND

The organic dyes with non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) have aided in the creation of competitive organic solar cells (OSCs) with long-term sustainability. A series of NFA dyes (IDIC-R1-IDIC-R9) have been designed by varying the end-capped fluorinated moieties (PD1-PD6) at indaceno (IDIC) core.

METHODS

All the calculations were performed by density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT)-based approaches. All the geometries were optimized at B3LYP/6-31G + (d,p) of DFT level at their ground state energies. Out of several density functionals, the CAM-B3LYP with 6-31G + (d,p) basis sets was selected after a benchmark study to carry out further calculations. All the dyes had their bandgaps in 0.11-3.12 eV while their starting reference dye had a bandgap value of 2.01 eV.

RESULTS

Their ionization potential (IP) implied that these dyes have strong tendency to lose electrons. The λ_max of the dyes was slightly redshifted from the IDIC (476 nm) and IDIC-R (479 nm) when changing solvent polarity from methanol to DCM and then chloroforms. The natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis showed the (S63)LP → (C61-C62)π* with highest stabilization energy. Their electron injection analysis showed that these dyes can be a good anode material against the aluminum and gold electrodes. The intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) process and stability of the dyes were investigated using frontier molecular orbital (FMO) and natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis.

CONCLUSION

Among all dyes, IDIC-R8 has the highest linear polarizability and second-order hyperpolarizability (β_total). All the dyes demonstrated promising non-linear optical (NLO) properties due to their low charge transfer barriers. Scientists would be able to exploit these properties to identify the best NLO materials for existing applications.

Exploration of Pull-Push Effect for Novel Photovoltaic Dyes with A-π-D Design: A DFT/TD-DFT Investigation

The π-rich versus π-poor units in 4,6-di(thiophen-2-yl)pyrimidine (DTB) alternating the π-backbone of solar cells dyes have been extended with a push-pull technique to lower their HOMO-LUMO energy gap and to increase Intramolecular Charge Transfer (ICT). Density functional theory was used to optimize the ground state molecular geometries of newly designed dyes (DTB1-DTB6). Time Dependent DFT (TD-DFT) was used to simulate the Uv-vis spectral values at the maximum absorbance values ranging between 481-535 nm. These values were red shifted from DTB value of experimental (333 nm) and theoretical (346 nm). however, their computed absorbance and fluorescence spectra revealed a bathochromic shift of them upon an increasing the solvent polarity. Different DFT functionals such as (B3LYP, CAM-B3LYP, B97XD, and APFD) were employed to choose their proper use Uv-visible analysis to reveal an unexpected coherence at the B3LYP level with experimental values. As a result, the B3LYP with most diffused basis sets of 6-31G + (d,p) were used for further calculations. The parameters of Global Chemical reactivities revealed that all the dyes had a softer nature with their softness value range of 0.27-0.41. their Ionization Potentials (IP) ranged between 6.21-8.10 eV to comply that the new dyes had good electron donating potentials. With a good electron injection potential of -1.47-1.74 eV, aluminum can be the best electrode, while Au is excellent towards a hole injection operation which had the potential range of 1.79-3.68 eV. For Natural Bond Orbital (NBO) assessment, (N14)LP → (F16-F28)π* with stabilization energy of 42.55 kcal/mol was noted for DTB4. Their Second order hyperpolarizability [Formula: see text] values as their Nonlinear Optical (NLO) response ranged between 59.16-232.11 debye-angstrom^-1 which were almost 6 times higher than the reference DTB (8.47D). The NLO attributes has also shown that a dyes with its small bandgap was related with higher hyperpolarizability values. Because of the decreased reorganization frequencies, newly discovered derivatives with electron transfer qualities might be comparable to or equivalent to those of commonly used electron transmission materials.

Correlating the charge transfer efficiency of metallic sulfa-isatins to design efficient NLO materials with better drug designs

The present study presents synthesis, characterization and first principle studies on metal chelates, (1-12), of sulfonamide-isatin reacted ligands (S¹-S³). All the products were evaluated by various physical and spectral (UV, IR, NMR, MS) means. The octahedral geometry for Co⁺², Ni⁺² and Zn⁺², while square planner geometry for Cu⁺² chelates were confirmed by their spectroscopic and magnetic data. Their physical chemistry investigation show the ability of aromatic rings to stabilize sulfonamide rings across NH-π interactions at their optimized geometries. The nonlinear optical response for all the compounds disclosed that the z-axis has the most contributions. An efficient electron injection and hole studies for Au and Al electrodes having the energies of - 0.1-3.1 and 0.0-11.8 eV respectively were noted. Their bioactive character was shown by global reactivity calculated from FMO energy gaps. The enzyme inhibitory results were found to be 45-61% and IC₅₀ = 102-122 µL, for compound (4), (10), (8), (5) and (12) against the amylase, protease, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) respectively The antibacterial findings showed significant action having 11-17 mm for (2), (7) and (10) for bacterial species, Escherichia coli and Micrococcus luteus. The DPPH and ferric reducing power assay was used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity with 49.0 ± 0.09-66.2 ± 0.08% and IC₅₀ = 102.3-122.4 µL range. In comparison to ligands, the results showed that all metal chelates had higher bioactivity. The chelation was the primary cause of their increased bioactivity. These findings suggested that such metal-based compounds might be used as antimicrobial, and antioxidant options in future to cope drug resistance.

Aminothiazole-Linked Metal Chelates: Synthesis, Density Functional Theory, and Antimicrobial Studies with Antioxidant Correlations

During the current study, the new aminothiazole Schiff base ligands (S1 ) and (S2 ) were designed by reacting 1,3-thiazol-2-amine and 6-ethoxy-1,3-benzothiazole-2-amine separately with 3-methoxy-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde in good yields (68-73%). The ligands were characterized through various analytical, physical, and spectroscopic (FT-IR, UV-Vis, 1H and 13C NMR, and MS) methods. The ligands were exploited in lieu of chelation with bivalent metal (cobalt, nickel, copper, and zinc) chlorides in a 1:2 (M:L) ratio. The spectral (UV-Vis, FT-IR, and MS), as well as magnetic, results suggested their octahedral geometry. The theoretically optimized geometrical structures were examined using the M06/6-311G+(d,p) function of density function theory. Their bioactive nature was designated by global reactivity parameters containing a high hardness (η) value of 1.34 eV and a lower softness (σ) value of 0.37 eV. Different microbial species were verified for their potency (in vitro), revealing a strong action. The Gram-positive Micrococcus luteus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli gave the highest activities of 20 and 21 mm for compounds (8) and (7), respectively. The antifungal activity against the Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus terreus species gave the highest activities of 20 and 18 mm for compounds (7) and (6), respectively. The antioxidant activity, evaluated as DPPH and ferric reducing power, gave the highest inhibition (%) as 72.0 ± 0.11% (IC50 = 144 ± 0.11 μL) and 66.3% (IC50 = 132 ± 0.11 μL) for compounds (3) and (8), respectively. All metal complexes were found to be more biocompatible than free ligands due to their chelation phenomenon. The energies of LUMOs had a link with their activities.