1
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Diamonds from the Mir Pipe (Yakutia): Spectroscopic Features and Annealing Studies. CRYSTALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst11040366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
For this study, 21 samples of colorless octahedral diamonds (weighing 5.4–55.0 mg) from the Mir pipe (Yakutia) were investigated with photoluminescence (PL), infrared (IR), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies. Based on the IR data, three groups of diamonds belonging to types IIa, IaAB, and IaB were selected and their spectroscopic features were analyzed in detail. The three categories of stones exhibited different characteristic PL systems. The type IaB diamonds demonstrated dominating nitrogen–nickel complexes S2, S3, and 523 nm, while they were less intensive or even absent in the type IaAB crystals. The type IIa diamonds showed a double peak at 417.4 + 418.7 nm (the 418 center in this study), which is assumed to be a nickel–boron defect. In the crystals analyzed, no matter which type, 490.7, 563.5, 613, and 676.3 nm systems of various intensity could be detected; moreover, N3, H3, and H4 centers were very common. The step-by-step annealing experiments were performed in the temperature range of 600–1700 °C. The treatment at 600 °C resulted in the 563.5 nm system’s disappearance; the interstitial carbon vacancy annihilation could be considered as a reason. The 676.5 nm and 613 nm defects annealed out at 1500 °C and 1700 °C, respectively. Furthermore, as a result of annealing at 1500 °C, the 558.5 and 576 nm centers characteristic of superdeep diamonds from São Luis (Brazil) appeared. These transformations could be explained by nitrogen diffusion or interaction with the dislocations and/or vacancies produced.
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2
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Palyanov YN, Khokhryakov AF, Kupriyanov IN. Crystallomorphological and Crystallochemical Indicators of Diamond Formation Conditions. CRYSTALLOGR REP+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1063774521010119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonathan P. Goss
- School of Engineering, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Ben L. Green
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Paul W. May
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, U.K
| | - Mark E. Newton
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Chloe V. Peaker
- Gemological Institute of America, 50 West 47th Street, New York, New York 10036, United States
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4
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Abstract
The paper presents new data on the internal structure of super-deep (sublithospheric) diamonds from Saõ-Luiz river placers (Brazil) and from alluvial placers of the northeastern Siberian platform (Yakutia). The sublithospheric origin of these diamonds is supported by the presence of mineral inclusions corresponding to associations of the transition zone and lower mantle. The features of morphology and internal structure have been studied by optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cathodoluminescence topography (CL), and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) techniques. Diamonds typically have complicated growth histories displaying alternating episodes of growth, dissolution, and post-growth deformation and crushing processes. Most crystals have endured both plastic and brittle deformation during the growth history. Abundant deformation and resorption/growth features suggest a highly dynamic growth environment for super-deep diamonds. High temperatures expected in the transition zone and lower mantle could explain the plastic deformations of super-deep diamonds with low nitrogen content.
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5
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Origin and Evolution of High-Mg Carbonatitic and Low-Mg Carbonatitic to Silicic High-Density Fluids in Coated Diamonds from Udachnaya Kimberlite Pipe. MINERALS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/min9120734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microinclusions of high-density fluids (HDFs) were studied in coated diamonds from the Udachnaya kimberlite pipe (Siberian craton, Russia). The presence of C-centers in the coats testifies to their formation shortly before kimberlite eruption, whereas the cores have much longer mantle residence in chemically different mantle substrates, i.e., peridotite-type (P-type) and eclogite-type (E-type). The carbon isotope composition indicates an isotopically homogeneous carbon source for coats and a heterogeneous source for cores. Microinclusions in the coats belong to two groups: high-Mg carbonatitic and low-Mg carbonatitic to silicic. A relationship was found between high-Mg carbonatitic HDFs and peridotitic host rocks and between low-Mg carbonatitic to silicic and eclogites. The composition of high-Mg carbonatitic HDFs with a “planed” trace-element pattern can evolve to low-Mg carbonatitic to silicic during percolation through different mantle rocks. The compositional variations of microinclusions in the coats reflect this evolution.
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Mikhail S, McCubbin FM, Jenner FE, Shirey SB, Rumble D, Bowden R. Diamondites: evidence for a distinct tectono-thermal diamond-forming event beneath the Kaapvaal craton. CONTRIBUTIONS TO MINERALOGY AND PETROLOGY. BEITRAGE ZUR MINERALOGIE UND PETROLOGIE 2019; 174:71. [PMID: 31523094 PMCID: PMC6713314 DOI: 10.1007/s00410-019-1608-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The petrogenesis and relationship of diamondite to well-studied monocrystalline and fibrous diamonds are poorly understood yet would potentially reveal new aspects of how diamond-forming fluids are transported through the lithosphere and equilibrate with surrounding silicates. Of 22 silicate- and oxide-bearing diamondites investigated, most yielded garnet intergrowths (n = 15) with major element geochemistry (i.e. Ca-Cr) classifying these samples as low-Ca websteritic or eclogitic. The garnet REE patterns fit an equilibrium model suggesting the diamond-forming fluid shares an affinity with high-density fluids (HDF) observed in fibrous diamonds, specifically on the join between the saline-carbonate end-members. The δ13C values for the diamonds range from - 5.27 to - 22.48‰ (V-PDB) with δ18O values for websteritic garnets ranging from + 7.6 to + 5.9‰ (V-SMOW). The combined C-O stable isotope data support a model for a hydrothermally altered and organic carbon-bearing subducted crustal source(s) for the diamond- and garnet-forming media. The nitrogen aggregation states of the diamonds require that diamondite-formation event(s) pre-dates fibrous diamond-formation and post-dates most of the gem monocrystalline diamond-formation events at Orapa. The modelled fluid compositions responsible for the precipitation of diamondites match the fluid-poor and fluid-rich (fibrous) monocrystalline diamonds, where all grow from HDFs within the saline-silicic-carbonatitic ternary system. However, while the nature of the parental fluid(s) share a common lithophile element geochemical affinity, the origin(s) of the saline, silicic, and/or carbonatitic components of these HDFs do not always share a common origin. Therefore, it is wholly conceivable that the diamondites are evidence of a distinct and temporally unconstrained tectono-thermal diamond-forming event beneath the Kaapvaal craton.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Mikhail
- The School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Scotland, UK
| | - F. M. McCubbin
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Institute of Meteoritics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM USA
- Present Address: NASA Johnson Space Centre, Houston, TX USA
| | - F. E. Jenner
- School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - S. B. Shirey
- Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC USA
| | - D. Rumble
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC USA
| | - R. Bowden
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Washington, DC USA
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7
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Transmission Electron Microscopy of Carbon: A Brief History. C — JOURNAL OF CARBON RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/c4010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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8
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Lu HC, Peng YC, Chou SL, Lo JI, Cheng BM, Chang HC. Far-UV-Excited Luminescence of Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers: Evidence for Diamonds in Space. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201707389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Chi Lu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center; Hsinchu 30076 Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chain Peng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center; Hsinchu 30076 Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Lung Chou
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center; Hsinchu 30076 Taiwan
| | - Jen-Iu Lo
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center; Hsinchu 30076 Taiwan
| | - Bing-Ming Cheng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center; Hsinchu 30076 Taiwan
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies; The Education University of Hong Kong; New Territories Hong Kong China
| | - Huan-Cheng Chang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences; Academia Sinica; Taipei 10617 Taiwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering; National (Taiwan) University of Science and Technology; Taipei 10607 Taiwan
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9
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Lu HC, Peng YC, Chou SL, Lo JI, Cheng BM, Chang HC. Far-UV-Excited Luminescence of Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers: Evidence for Diamonds in Space. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:14469-14473. [PMID: 28885773 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201707389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are among the most thoroughly investigated defects in solid-state matter; however, our understanding of their properties upon far-UV excitation of the host matrix is limited. This knowledge is crucial for the identification of NV as the carrier of extended red emission (ERE) bands detected in a wide range of astrophysical environments. Herein, we report a study on the photoluminescence spectra of NV-containing nanodiamonds excited with synchrotron radiation over the wavelength range of 125-350 nm. We observed, for the first time, an emission at 520-850 nm with a quantum yield greater than 20 %. Our results share multiple similarities with the ERE phenomena, suggesting that nanodiamonds are a common component of dust in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Chi Lu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chain Peng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Lung Chou
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Iu Lo
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Ming Cheng
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center, Hsinchu, 30076, Taiwan.,Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huan-Cheng Chang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.,Department of Chemical Engineering, National (Taiwan) University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan
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10
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An Overview on the Formation and Processing of Nitrogen-Vacancy Photonic Centers in Diamond by Ion Implantation. JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING AND MATERIALS PROCESSING 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/jmmp1010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Incorporation of Large Impurity Atoms into the Diamond Crystal Lattice: EPR of Split-Vacancy Defects in Diamond. CRYSTALS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst7080237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Green BL, Breeze BG, Newton ME. Electron paramagnetic resonance and photochromism of N 3V 0 in diamond. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:225701. [PMID: 28398217 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa6c89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The defect in diamond formed by a vacancy surrounded by three nearest-neighbor nitrogen atoms and one carbon atom, [Formula: see text], is found in the vast majority of natural diamonds. Despite [Formula: see text] being the earliest electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum observed in diamond, to date no satisfactory simulation of the spectrum for an arbitrary magnetic field direction has been produced due to its complexity. In this work, [Formula: see text] is identified in [Formula: see text]-doped synthetic diamond following irradiation and annealing. The [Formula: see text] spin Hamiltonian parameters are directly determined and used to refine the parameters for [Formula: see text], enabling the latter to be accurately simulated and fitted for an arbitrary magnetic field direction. Study of [Formula: see text] under excitation with green light indicates charge transfer between [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. It is argued that this charge transfer is facilitated by direct ionization of [Formula: see text], an as-yet unobserved charge state of [Formula: see text].
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13
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Liu X, Jia X, Fang C, Ma HA. Diamond crystallization and growth in N–H enriched environment under HPHT conditions. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce02034h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Lu HC, Lin MY, Peng YC, Lo JI, Chou SL, Cheng BM. Quantitative analysis of nitrogen defect N4 in diamond with photoluminescence excited in the 170-240 nm region. Anal Chem 2014; 86:10497-500. [PMID: 25259630 DOI: 10.1021/ac503268q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Upon excitation at 170-240 nm, diamonds emit strong luminescence in wavelength range of 300-700 nm. The spectral features observed in the photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectra show two vibrational progressions, A and B, related to nitrogen defects N2 and N4, respectively. We used PLE spectra excited in region 170-240 nm to identify the type of diamond and demonstrate quantitative analysis of the B center as a N4 nitrogen defect in diamonds; the least detectable concentration of the N4 nitrogen defect is about 13 ppb, and the sensitivity of PLE is about 30 times than that practicable with infrared absorption spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Chi Lu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center , No. 101, Hsin-Ann Road, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan
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15
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Goss JP, Briddon PR, Hill V, Jones R, Rayson MJ. Identification of the structure of the 3107 cm(-1) H-related defect in diamond. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2014; 26:145801. [PMID: 24651671 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/26/14/145801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A prominent hydrogen-related infrared absorption peak seen in many types of diamonds at 3107 cm(-1) has been the subject of investigation for many years. It is present in natural type-Ia material and can be introduced by heat-treating synthetic or CVD diamond. Based upon the most recent experimental data, it is thought that the defect giving rise to this vibrational mode is vacancy-related and is likely to contain nitrogen. Using first-principles simulations we present a VN3H model for the originating centre that simultaneously satisfies the different experimental observations including the strain response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Goss
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, England, NE1 7RU, UK
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16
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Felton S, Cann BL, Edmonds AM, Liggins S, Cruddace RJ, Newton ME, Fisher D, Baker JM. Electron paramagnetic resonance studies of nitrogen interstitial defects in diamond. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2009; 21:364212. [PMID: 21832318 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/21/36/364212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report on electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies of nitrogen doped diamond that has been (15)N enriched, electron irradiated and annealed. EPR spectra from two new nitrogen containing [Formula: see text] defects are detected and labelled WAR9 and WAR10. We show that the properties of these defects are consistent with them being the ⟨001⟩-nitrogen split interstitial and the ⟨001⟩-nitrogen split interstitial-⟨001⟩-carbon split interstitial pair, respectively. We also provide an explanation for why these defects have previously eluded discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Felton
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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17
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Kiflawi I, Bruley J, Luyten W, Van Tendeloo G. ‘Natural’ and ‘man-made’ platelets in type-Ia diamonds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/13642819808205733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Kiflawi
- a J.J. Thomson Physical Laboratory , University of Reading , Reading RG6 6, AF , England
| | - J. Bruley
- b Department of Material Science and Engineering , Lehigh University , 5 East Packer Avenue, 18015-3195, Bethlehem , Pennsylvania , USA
- d IBM Hudson Valley Research Park , 1580 Route 52, Honeywell Junction , NY , 12533-6531 , USA
| | - W. Luyten
- c EMAT , Rijksaniversitair Centrum Antwerpen , Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 , Antwerp , Belgium
- e Shell Research SA , Avenue Jean Monnet 1, B-1348, Louvain La Neuve , Belgium
| | - G. Van Tendeloo
- a J.J. Thomson Physical Laboratory , University of Reading , Reading RG6 6, AF , England
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18
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Boyd SR, Kiflawi I, Woods GS. Infrared absorption by the B nitrogen aggregate in diamond. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/13642819508239089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. R. Boyd
- a Laboratoire de Géochimie des Isotopes Stables , Université de Paris VII , 4 Place Jussieu, 75252 , Paris Cedex 05 , France
| | - I. Kiflawi
- b J. J. Thomson Physical Laboratory , University of Reading , Whiteknights, Reading , RG6 2AF , England
| | - G. S. Woods
- c CSO Valuations AG , 17 Charterhouse Street, London , EC1N 6RA , England
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19
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Kiflawi I, Mayer AE, Spear PM, Van Wyk JA, Woods GS. Infrared absorption by the single nitrogen and A defect centres in diamond. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/01418639408240184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Kiflawi
- a J. J. Thomson Physical Laboratory, University of Reading , Whiteknights, Reading , RG6 2AF , England
| | - A. E. Mayer
- b DTC Research Centre , Belmont Road, Maidenhead , SL6 6JW , England
| | - P. M. Spear
- b DTC Research Centre , Belmont Road, Maidenhead , SL6 6JW , England
| | - J. A. Van Wyk
- c Department of Physics , University of the Witwatersrand , 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - G. S. Woods
- d CSO Valuations AG , 17 Charterhouse Street, London , EC1N 6RA , England
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20
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Cartigny P, Chinn I, Viljoen KS, Robinson D. Early Proterozoic Ultrahigh Pressure Metamorphism: Evidence from Microdiamonds. Science 2004; 304:853-5. [PMID: 15131301 DOI: 10.1126/science.1094668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Microdiamonds from the Akluilâk minette dykes (Nunavut, Canada) are similar to diamonds formed in subducted metamorphic rocks. High concentrations of unaggregated nitrogen and positive delta(15)N suggest that the microdiamonds formed within rocks subducted to ultrahigh pressures before being sampled by the minette magma 1.8 billion years ago. This ultrahigh pressure metamorphism in North America, probably related to the Trans-Hudson orogen (about 2 billion years ago), extends the occurrence of ultrahigh pressure metamorphism from 0.6 billion years to before 1.8 billion years ago and suggests that Phanerozoic-type subductions were active by the Early Proterozoic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Cartigny
- Laboratoire de Géochimie des Isotopes Stables, Institut de Physique du Globe, UMR 7047, 2 Place Jussieu, F-75251 Paris, Cedex 05, France.
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22
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Collins AT, Thomaz MF, Jorge MIB. Luminescence decay time of the 1.945 eV centre in type Ib diamond. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1088/0022-3719/16/11/020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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23
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24
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26
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Chen M, Lu F, Di J, Zheng J. CL and FTIR analysis on the diamonds in Wafangdian, Liaoning Province. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02909693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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28
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Abstract
Diamond is a remarkable mineral and has been long recognized for its unusual physical and chemical properties: robust and widespread in industry, yet regally adorned. This diversity is even greater than formally appreciated because diamond is recognized as an extraordinary recorder of astrophysical and geodynamic events that extend from the far reaches of space to Earth's deep interior. Many diamonds are natural antiques that formed in presolar supernovae by carbon vapor deposition, in asteroidal impacts and meteorite craters by shock metamorphism, and in Earth's mantle 1 to 2 billion years after planetary accretion from fluids and melts. The carbon in diamond is primordial, but there are unexplained isotopic fractionations and uncertainties in heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- SE Haggerty
- Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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30
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Abstract
A type IaB diamond specimen containing partially decomposed platelets, dislocation loops and voidites has been investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The dislocation loops were found to be prismatic and interstitial in nature, some with Burgers vector ½
a
<110> previously reported, but most with Burgers vector
a
<001>. Burgers vector analysis of the bounding dislocation of partially decomposed platelets shows that the
a
<001> loops are formed by transformation of the platelets, by nucleation and climb of
a
<00(1—
f
)> dislocation, combining with the
a
<00
f
> dislocation bounding the platelet. The climb mechanism is driven by the need to generate vacancies for the decomposition of the platelets and to accommodate the nitrogen either in small clusters in solution in the lattice or in voidites. Glide dislocations interacting with the platelets are likely to act as nucleating centres for the climb process. The ½
a
<110> dislocation loops are considered to be formed by dissociation of the
a
<001> loops, promoted by interaction with glide dislocations and involving prismatic slip and conservative climb. Voidites are assumed to originate as bubbles of fluid nitrogen formed at high pressure and temperature as a result of decomposition of the platelets; at room temperature they may be liquid or solid depending on the pressure, which cannot be estimated accurately. Electron diffraction patterns and microscope images of voidites prove that many consist of a solid phase at 300 K. It is suggested that the diamond has been subjected to a drop in pressure at high temperature, causing platelet decomposition and the generation of voidites, that may occur during ejection of the diamond to the earth’s surface.
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31
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Conversion of platelets into dislocation loops and voidite formation in type IaB diamonds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.1995.0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Type la natural diamonds have been heated in the temperature range of 2400-2700°C under stabilizing pressures. The specimens studied are mainly regular type IaB diamonds. Transmission electron microscopy studies of treated specimens show that platelets are converted to interstitial ½
a
0
<011> dislocation loops; voidites are also formed. When all the platelets have been converted, the experimental features associated with them also disappear, i. e. the X-ray extra reflections (spikes), the B' local-mode absorption and the lattice absorption in the one-phonon region termed the D spectrum. It is discovered that when diamonds are heated under graphite-stable rather than diamond-stable conditions, the rate of conversion is considerably enhanced; for instance, at 2650°C there is an increase in the rate of about three orders of magnitude. This enhancement is considered to be due to the instability of the diamond structure itself and a reason for this enhancement is suggested.
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32
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On the measurement of population density and size of platelets in type I a diamond and its implications for platelet structure models. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1098/rspa.1988.0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This paper is concerned with the way that nitrogen impurity in type Ia diamond is distributed between the defects responsible for the principal impurity-dependent infrared absorption maxima in the 7-11 µm wavelength range. The defects involved are the platelets on diamond {100} planes, which produce the B´ absorption peak at 7.3 µm, and the A and B defects identified by their absorption maxima at 7.8 µm and 8.5 µm, respectively. The relation between the strength of the B´ absorption and the platelet area per unit volume measured electron-microscopically is found to be
A
p
/µm
-1
= (9.0 ± 2.1) x 10
-3
I
(B´)/cm
-2
, where
A
p
is the platelet area per unit volume, expressed in square micrometres per cubic micrometre, and
I
(B´) is the integrated absorption, i. e. the area under the B´ peak, expressed in reciprocal centimetres squared. Features of the experimental methods employed include application of weak-beam microscopy for accurate measurement of platelet size and shape, counting a large sample platelet population in specimen thicknesses accurately determined in terms of extinction distance and measurement of infrared absorption through the same thin slice in which at a closely adjacent point platelet counting was performed. The constraints that the relation between
A
p
and
I
(B´) imposes on platelet structure models, when taken in conjunction with the correlations between A, B and B´ absorptions established by G. S. Woods (
Proc. R. Soc. Lond.
A 407, 219-238 (1986)), are analysed. Currently accepted models of nitrogen-containing A and B defects are assumed, and the analysis presupposes that platelets are formed by the conversion of A defects into platelets and B defects. It is found that conversion of A defects cannot supply sufficient nitrogen to form platelets containing four nitrogen atoms per area unit
a
2
0
(
a
0
is the diamond face-centred cubic unit cell edge), but could form platelets with two nitrogen atoms per unit area
a
2
0
;. Another constraint on platelet structure appears out of the analysis when considering the known expansion of the platelet cell by
ca
. 0.36
a
0
normal to the platelet plane. It is that the atomic packing density in the platelet structure cannot be more than about three-quarters that of the perfect diamond structure, and this restriction applies whether the platelet is nitrogen-free or contains all the nitrogen released from A defects.
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Fallon PJ, Brown LM, Barry JC, Bruley J. Nitrogen determination and characterization in natural diamond platelets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1080/01418619508239580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Barry JC. HRTEM of {100} platelets in natural type 1aA diamond at 1·g; resolution: A defect structure refinement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1080/01418619108206130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Boyd SR, Pillinger CT, Milledge HJ, Mendelssohn MJ, Seal M. Fractionation of nitrogen isotopes in a synthetic diamond of mixed crystal habit. Nature 1988. [DOI: 10.1038/331604a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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