Free turbulent shear layer in a point vortex gas as a problem in nonequilibrium statistical mechanics

This paper attempts to unravel any relations that may exist between turbulent shear flows and statistical mechanics through a detailed numerical investigation in the simplest case where both can be well defined. The flow considered for the purpose is the two-dimensional (2D) temporal free shear layer with a velocity difference ΔU across it, statistically homogeneous in the streamwise direction (x) and evolving from a plane vortex sheet in the direction normal to it (y) in a periodic-in-x domain L×±∞. Extensive computer simulations of the flow are carried out through appropriate initial-value problems for a "vortex gas" comprising N point vortices of the same strength (γ=LΔU/N) and sign. Such a vortex gas is known to provide weak solutions of the Euler equation. More than ten different initial-condition classes are investigated using simulations involving up to 32000 vortices, with ensemble averages evaluated over up to 103 realizations and integration over 104L/ΔU. The temporal evolution of such a system is found to exhibit three distinct regimes. In Regime I the evolution is strongly influenced by the initial condition, sometimes lasting a significant fraction of L/ΔU. Regime III is a long-time domain-dependent evolution towards a statistically stationary state, via "violent" and "slow" relaxations [ P.-H. Chavanis Physica A 391 3657 (2012)], over flow time scales of order 102 and 104L/ΔU, respectively (for N=400). The final state involves a single structure that stochastically samples the domain, possibly constituting a "relative equilibrium." The vortex distribution within the structure follows a nonisotropic truncated form of the Lundgren-Pointin (L-P) equilibrium distribution (with negatively high temperatures; L-P parameter λ close to -1). The central finding is that, in the intermediate Regime II, the spreading rate of the layer is universal over the wide range of cases considered here. The value (in terms of momentum thickness) is 0.0166±0.0002 times ΔU. Regime II, extensively studied in the turbulent shear flow literature as a self-similar "equilibrium" state, is, however, a part of the rapid nonequilibrium evolution of the vortex-gas system, which we term "explosive" as it lasts less than one L/ΔU. Regime II also exhibits significant values of N-independent two-vortex correlations, indicating that current kinetic theories that neglect correlations or consider them as O(1/N) cannot describe this regime. The evolution of the layer thickness in present simulations in Regimes I and II agree with the experimental observations of spatially evolving (3D Navier-Stokes) shear layers. Further, the vorticity-stream-function relations in Regime III are close to those computed in 2D Navier-Stokes temporal shear layers [ J. Sommeria, C. Staquet and R. Robert J. Fluid Mech. 233 661 (1991)]. These findings suggest the dominance of what may be called the Kelvin-Biot-Savart mechanism in determining the growth of the free shear layer through large-scale momentum and vorticity dispersal.

Interacting dipole pairs on a rotating sphere

The evolution, interaction and scattering of 2 N point vortices grouped into equal and opposite pairs ( N -dipoles) on a rotating unit sphere are studied. A new coordinate system made up of centres of vorticity and centroids associated with each dipole is introduced. With these coordinates, the nonlinear equations for an isolated dipole diagonalize and one directly obtains the equation for geodesic motion on the sphere for the dipole centroid. When two or more dipoles interact, the equations are viewed as an interacting billiard system on the sphere—charged billiards—with long-range interactions causing the centroid trajectories to deviate from their geodesic paths. Canonical interactions are studied both with and without rotation. For two dipoles, the four basic interactions are described as exchange-scattering , non-exchange-scattering , loop-scattering (head on) and loop-scattering (chasing) interactions. For three or more dipoles, one obtains a richer variety of interactions, although the interactions identified in the two-dipole case remain fundamental.

Kinetic theory of point vortex systems from the Bogoliubov-Born-Green-Kirkwood-Yvon hierarchy

Kinetic equations are derived from the Bogoliubov-Born-Green-Kirkwood-Yvon hierarchy for point vortex systems in an infinite plane. At the level of approximation for the Landau equation, the collision term of the kinetic equation derived coincides with that by Chavanis [Phys. Rev. E 64, 026309 (2001)]. Furthermore, we derive a kinetic equation corresponding to the Balescu-Lenard equation for plasmas using the theory of the Fredholm integral equation. For large N , this kinetic equation is reduced to the Landau equation above.

Kinetic theory of point vortices: diffusion coefficient and systematic drift

We develop a kinetic theory for point vortices in two-dimensional hydrodynamics. Using standard projection operator techniques, we derive a Fokker-Planck equation describing the relaxation of a "test" vortex in a bath of "field" vortices at statistical equilibrium. The relaxation is due to the combined effect of a diffusion and a drift. The drift is shown to be responsible for the organization of point vortices at negative temperatures. A description that goes beyond the thermal bath approximation is attempted. A new kinetic equation is obtained which respects all conservation laws of the point vortex system and satisfies a H theorem. Close to equilibrium, this equation reduces to the ordinary Fokker-Planck equation.