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Verma M, Chan YH, Saha S, Liu MH. Recent Developments in Semiconducting Polymer Dots for Analytical Detection and NIR-II Fluorescence Imaging. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:2142-2159. [PMID: 35014343 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, semiconducting polymer dots (Pdots) have attracted enormous attention in applications from fundamental analytical detection to advanced deep-tissue bioimaging due to their ultrahigh fluorescence brightness with excellent photostability and minimal cytotoxicity. Pdots have therefore been widely adopted for a variety types of molecular sensing for analytical detection. More importantly, the recent development of Pdots for use in the optical window between 1000 and 1700 nm, popularly known as the "second near-infrared window" (NIR-II), has emerged as a class of optical transparent imaging technology in the living body. The advantages of the NIR-II region over the traditional NIR-I (700-900 nm) window in fluorescence imaging originate from the reduced autofluorescence, minimal absorption and scattering of light, and improved penetration depths to yield high spatiotemporal images for biological tissues. Herein, we discuss and summarize the recent developments of Pdots employed for analytical detection and NIR-II fluorescence imaging. Starting with their preparation, the recent developments for targeting various analytes are then highlighted. After that, the importance of and latest progress in NIR-II fluorescence imaging using Pdots are reported. Finally, perspectives and challenges associated with the emergence of Pdots in different fields are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Verma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Yang-Hsiang Chan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan.,Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan.,Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
| | - Sampa Saha
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Ming-Ho Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
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2
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Peters M, Desta D, Seneca S, Reekmans G, Adriaensens P, Noben JP, Hellings N, Junkers T, Ethirajan A. PEGylating poly(p-phenylene vinylene)-based bioimaging nanoprobes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 581:566-575. [PMID: 32818676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.07.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CNPs) have attracted considerable attention within bioimaging due to their excellent optical properties and biocompatibility. However, unspecific adsorption of proteins hampers their effective use as advanced bioimaging probes. Controlled methodologies made possible tailor-made functional poly(p-phenylene vinylene), enabling one-pot synthesis of CNPs containing functional surface groups. Hence, it should be feasible to PEGylate these CNPs to tune the uptake by cell lines representative for the brain without imparting their optical properties. EXPERIMENTS CNPs consisting of the statistical copolymer 2-(5'-methoxycarbonylpentyloxy)-5-methoxy-1,4-phenylenevinylene and poly(2-methoxy-5-(3',7'-dimethoxyoctyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene) were fabricated by miniemulsion solvent evaporation technique. Surface carboxylic acid groups were used to covalently attach amine-terminated polyethylene glycol (PEG) of different molecular weights. We investigated the effect of grafting CNPs with PEG chains on their intrinsic optical properties, protein adsorption behavior and uptake by representative brain cell lines. FINDINGS PEGylation did not affect the optical properties and biocompatibility of our CNPs. Moreover, a significant decrease in protein corona formation and unspecific uptake in central nervous system cell lines, depending on PEG chain length, was observed. This is the first report indicating that PEGylation does not affect the CNPs role as excellent bioimaging tools and can be adapted to tune biological interactions with brain cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martijn Peters
- Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1 and Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Derese Desta
- Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1 and Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; IMEC Associated Lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Senne Seneca
- Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1 and Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; IMEC Associated Lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Gunter Reekmans
- Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1 and Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; IMEC Associated Lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Peter Adriaensens
- Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1 and Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; IMEC Associated Lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Jean-Paul Noben
- Immunology & Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building C, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Niels Hellings
- Immunology & Infection, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Agoralaan Building C, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Tanja Junkers
- Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1 and Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; School of Chemistry, Monash University, 19 Rainforest Walk, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Anitha Ethirajan
- Institute for Materials Research, Hasselt University, Wetenschapspark 1 and Agoralaan Building D, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; IMEC Associated Lab IMOMEC, Wetenschapspark 1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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Schüller M, Meister A, Green M, Dailey LA. Investigating conjugated polymer nanoparticle formulations for lateral flow immunoassays. RSC Adv 2021; 11:29816-29825. [PMID: 35479543 PMCID: PMC9040913 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05212h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lateral flow immunoassays (LFI) are valuable tools for point-of-care testing. However, their sensitivity is limited and can be further improved. Nanoparticles (NP) of conjugated polymers (CPNs), also known as Pdots, are reported to be highly sensitive fluorescent probes, but a direct comparison with conventional colloidal gold-based (Au-NP) LFI using the same antibody–antigen pair is missing to date. Furthermore, the influence of brightness and Stokes shift of CPs on the signal : background ratio (SBR) needs to be evaluated. In this study, we encapsulated two different CPs, poly-(9,9-di-n-octyl-fluorenyl-2,7-diyl) (PDOF) and poly-(2,5-di-hexyloxy-cyanoterephthalylidene) (CN-PPV) in silica shell-crosslinked Pluronic© micelles (Si-NP) and Pdots and investigated the NP brightness with respect to CP loading dose. The brightest formulation of each NP system was conjugated to rabbit IgG as a model antigen and the SBR was investigated in an ELISA-like microplate assay and LFI. Two reference particles, Au-NP and a polystyrene NP (PS-NP) loaded with a small-molecule fluorescent dye were conjugated to IgG and compared to the Si-NP and Pdots. The mass of Pdots required for detection in LFI was at least two orders of magnitude lower than that of Si-NP and the reference NP. The SBR of CN-PPV (moderate brightness, large Stokes shift) was two to three times higher than the SBR of PDOF (high brightness, small Stokes shift). To combine the favourable properties of both CPs, a polymer blend of PDOF and CN-PPV was encapsulated in Pdots, and resulted in further increase of SBR in the microplate assay and LFI. In summary, combining two CPs with different properties can lead to fluorescent signal-transducers for applications such as ELISA and LFIs, which can enhance the detection limit of the assay by 2–3 orders of magnitude. Conjugated polymer nanoparticles are sensitive signal transducers in lateral flow immunoassays.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Schüller
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Annette Meister
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Mark Green
- Department of Physics, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Lea Ann Dailey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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4
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Abelha TF, Dreiss CA, Green MA, Dailey LA. Conjugated polymers as nanoparticle probes for fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:592-606. [DOI: 10.1039/c9tb02582k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this review, the role of conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) in emerging bioimaging techniques is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais Fedatto Abelha
- King's College London
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
- London
- UK
- School of Pharmacy
| | - Cécile A. Dreiss
- King's College London
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science
- London
- UK
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5
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Bal Öztürk A, Cevher E, Pabuccuoğlu S, Özgümüş S. pH sensitive functionalized hyperbranched polyester based nanoparticulate system for the receptor-mediated targeted cancer therapy. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2018.1452226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayça Bal Öztürk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdal Cevher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serhat Pabuccuoğlu
- Department of Reproduction and Artificial Insemination, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Saadet Özgümüş
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Zucchetti E, Zangoli M, Bargigia I, Bossio C, Di Maria F, Barbarella G, D'Andrea C, Lanzani G, Antognazza MR. Poly(3-hexylthiophene) nanoparticles for biophotonics: study of the mutual interaction with living cells. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:565-574. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb02047j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Poly(3-hexylthiophene) nanoparticles interfacing with living cells: a new tool for biophotonics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zucchetti
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@Polimi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
- Politecnico di Milano
| | - Mattia Zangoli
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity
- CNR-ISOF
- 40129 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Ilaria Bargigia
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@Polimi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Caterina Bossio
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@Polimi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
| | - Francesca Di Maria
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity
- CNR-ISOF
- 40129 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Giovanna Barbarella
- Institute for Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity
- CNR-ISOF
- 40129 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Cosimo D'Andrea
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@Polimi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
- Politecnico di Milano
| | - Guglielmo Lanzani
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@Polimi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
- Politecnico di Milano
| | - Maria Rosa Antognazza
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@Polimi
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- 20133 Milano
- Italy
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7
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Hashim Z, Alomari S, Alghamdi W, Altuwirqi R, Green M. Optically observed multiple inter-chain interactions in polyblend semiconducting polymer nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra07665g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Tunable nanoparticle photoluminescence was observed in nanoparticles formed from a polyblend of F8BT, MEH-PPV, and CN-PPV. This phenomena was attributed to direct and indirect inter-chain interactions between the polymers within each nanoparticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Hashim
- Department of Physics
- Faculty of Sciences
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah
- Saudi Arabia
| | - S. Alomari
- Department of Physics
- Faculty of Sciences
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah
- Saudi Arabia
| | - W. Alghamdi
- Department of Physics
- Faculty of Sciences
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah
- Saudi Arabia
| | - R. Altuwirqi
- Department of Physics
- Faculty of Sciences
- King Abdulaziz University
- Jeddah
- Saudi Arabia
| | - M. Green
- Department of Physics
- King's College London
- London
- UK
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8
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Behrendt JM, Esquivel Guzman JA, Purdie L, Willcock H, Morrison JJ, Foster AB, O'Reilly RK, McCairn MC, Turner ML. Scalable synthesis of multicolour conjugated polymer nanoparticles via Suzuki-Miyaura polymerisation in a miniemulsion and application in bioimaging. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Yoon J, Kwag J, Shin TJ, Park J, Lee YM, Lee Y, Park J, Heo J, Joo C, Park TJ, Yoo PJ, Kim S, Park J. Nanoparticles of conjugated polymers prepared from phase-separated films of phospholipids and polymers for biomedical applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:4559-4564. [PMID: 24789764 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201400906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Phase separation in films of phospholipids and conjugated polymers results in nanoassemblies because of a difference in the physicochemical properties between the hydrophobic polymers and the polar lipid heads, together with the comparable polymer side-chain lengths to lipid tail lengths, thus producing nanoparticles of conjugated polymers upon disassembly in aqueous media by the penetration of water into polar regions of the lipid heads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungju Yoon
- School of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Department of Chemistry, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, 156-756, Republic of Korea
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11
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Jain S, Chattopadhyay S, Jackeray R, Abid CKVZ, Singh H. Novel functionalized fluorescent polymeric nanoparticles for immobilization of biomolecules. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:6883-6892. [PMID: 23783838 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr34100c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Novel, size controlled fluorescent polymeric nanoparticles (FPNP) were synthesized having acetoacetoxy functionality on the surface for immobilization of biomolecules which can be utilized as biomarkers and labels in fluoroimmunoassays. Core-shell nanoparticles of poly(styrene, St-methyl methacrylate, MMA-acetoacetoxy ethyl methacrylate, AAEM), stabilized by various concentrations of surfactant, sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), were obtained by facile miniemulsion co-polymerization encapsulated with pyrene molecules in their hydrophobic core. Analytical, spectroscopic and imaging characterization techniques revealed the formation of stable, monodisperse, spherical nano sized particles exhibiting high luminescence properties. Particles with 1% SLS (S1) showed good dispersion stability and fluorescence intensity and were chosen as ideal candidates for further immobilization studies. Steady state fluorescence studies showed 10 times higher fluorescence intensity of S1 nanoparticles than that of pyrene solution in solvent-toluene at the same concentration. Environmental factors such as pH, ionic strength and time were found to have no effect on fluorescence intensity of FPNPs. Surface β-di-ketone groups were utilized for the covalent immobilization of enzyme conjugated antibodies without any activation or pre-treatment of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Jain
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Delhi, New Delhi-16, India.
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12
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Controlling chain organization and photophysical properties of conjugated polymer nanoparticles prepared by reprecipitation method: The effect of initial solvent. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 403:58-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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13
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Koner AL, Krndija D, Hou Q, Sherratt DJ, Howarth M. Hydroxy-terminated conjugated polymer nanoparticles have near-unity bright fraction and reveal cholesterol-dependence of IGF1R nanodomains. ACS NANO 2013; 7:1137-1144. [PMID: 23330847 PMCID: PMC3584654 DOI: 10.1021/nn3042122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent nanoparticles have enabled many discoveries regarding how molecular machines function. Quantum dots have been the dominant class of fluorescent nanoparticles but suffer from blinking and from a substantial dark fraction--particles where the fluorescence is never seen--complicating any analysis of biological function. Nanoparticles composed of conjugated fluorescent polymers (Pdots) have recently been shown to have high brightness and no blinking. Here we develop a robust and efficient means to measure the dark fraction of Pdots, conjugating Atto dyes to the nanoparticles and testing fluorescence colocalization of dye and Pdot puncta. This established that the Pdots we generated had minimal dark fraction: ∼3%. The application of nanoparticles in biological environments is highly sensitive to surface functionalization. For Pdots we found that passivation with uncharged hydroxy-terminated polyethylene glycol caused a dramatic reduction in nonspecific cell binding and aggregation compared to a charged coating. Using carbonyl di-imidazole the hydroxy-Pdots were functionalized efficiently with streptavidin for high stability targeting, allowing specific labeling of mammalian cells. Type I insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF1R) regulates cell survival and development, with roles in aging, heart disease, and cancer. We used hydroxy-Pdots to track the dynamics of IGF1R on a breast cancer cell-line, determining the diffusion characteristics and showing cholesterol-containing membrane nanodomains were important for receptor mobility at the plasma membrane. The near-unity bright fraction and low nonspecific binding of hydroxy-Pdots, combined with Pdot photostability and lack of blinking, provides many advantages for investigations at the single molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurba L. Koner
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, South Parks Road, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Denis Krndija
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, South Parks Road, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Qiong Hou
- School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510613, China
| | - David J. Sherratt
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, South Parks Road, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Howarth
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford University, South Parks Road, OX1 3QU, United Kingdom
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Lee CS, Chang HH, Bae PK, Jung J, Chung BH. Bifunctional Nanoparticles Constructed Using One-Pot Encapsulation of a Fluorescent Polymer and Magnetic (Fe3
O4
) Nanoparticles in a Silica Shell. Macromol Biosci 2012; 13:321-31. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201200308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Zhu C, Liu L, Yang Q, Lv F, Wang S. Water-soluble conjugated polymers for imaging, diagnosis, and therapy. Chem Rev 2012; 112:4687-735. [PMID: 22670807 DOI: 10.1021/cr200263w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 843] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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16
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Lee CS, Chang HH, Jung J, Lee NA, Song NW, Chung BH. A novel fluorescent nanoparticle composed of fluorene copolymer core and silica shell with enhanced photostability. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2011; 91:219-25. [PMID: 22138116 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
A variety of fluorescent nanoparticles have been developed for demanding applications such as optical biosensing and fluorescence imaging in live cells. Silica-based fluorescent nanoparticles offer diverse advantages for biological applications. For example, they can be used as labeling probes due to their low toxicity, high sensitivity, resolution, and stability. In this research, a new class of highly fluorescent, efficient nanoparticles composed of a newly synthesized poly[di(2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy))-2,7-(9,9-dioctyl-9H-fluorene)] (PDDF) core and a silica shell (designated as PDDF@SiO(2)) were prepared using a simple reverse micelle method, and their fluorescent properties were evaluated using methods such as single-dot photoluminescence measurements. The enhanced photostability of the particles and their potential applications for bioanalysis are discussed in this article. The morphology, size, and fluorescent properties for prepared PDDF@SiO(2) nanoparticles were characterized using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and photoluminescence spectroscopy. The prepared particles size, which was approximately 60 nm, resulted in an excellent colloidal stability in a physiological environment. The photobleaching dynamics, total numbers of emitted photons (TNEP) and statistical measurements of individual nanoparticles were observed using laser scanning fluorescence microscopy to assess the structure and photostability of PDDF@SiO(2) nanoparticles. Additionally, PDDF@SiO(2) nanoparticles were used in cell toxicity and permeation tests for biological analyses, demonstrating a great potential for use as powerful, novel materials within the emerging fields of biosensing and biomedical engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Soo Lee
- Bionanotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Park EJ, Erdem T, Ibrahimova V, Nizamoglu S, Demir HV, Tuncel D. White-emitting conjugated polymer nanoparticles with cross-linked shell for mechanical stability and controllable photometric properties in color-conversion LED applications. ACS NANO 2011; 5:2483-92. [PMID: 21443258 DOI: 10.1021/nn103598q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We report on the synthesis and characterization of water-dispersible, mechanically stable conjugated polymer nanoparticles (CPNs) in shelled architecture with tunable emission and controllable photometric properties via cross-linking. Using a reprecipitation method, white-emitting polymer nanoparticles are prepared in different sizes by varying the concentration of polymer; the emission kinetics are tuned by controlling the shell formation. For this purpose, polyfluorene derivatives containing azide groups are selected that can be decomposed under UV light to generate very reactive species, which opportunely facilitate the inter- and intra-cross-linking of polymer chains to form shells. Nanoparticles before and after UV treatment are characterized by various techniques. Their size and morphologies are determined by using dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements and imaging techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). For optical characterization, UV-vis and steady-state and time-resolved fluorescent spectroscopies are performed. Solid-state behaviors of these CPNs are also investigated by forming films through drop-casting. Moreover, the photometric calculations are also performed for films and dispersions to determine the color quality. A device has been constructed to show proof-of-principle white light generation from these nanoparticles. Additionally, mechanical stability studies are performed and demonstrated that these nanoparticles are indeed mechanically stable by removing the solvent after cross-linking using a freeze-dryer and redispersing in water and THF. Optical and imaging data confirm that the redispersed particles preserve their shapes and sizes after cross-linking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ju Park
- Department of Chemistry, UNAM, National Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Materials Science and Nanotechnology, Bilkent University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
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Wang J, Xu X, Zhao Y, Zheng C, Li L. Exploring the application of conjugated polymer nanoparticles in chemical sensing: detection of free radicals by a synergy between fluorescent nanoparticles of two conjugated polymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm13145a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Kanelidis I, Altintas O, Gasse JC, Frahm R, Eychmüller A, Holder E. Microparticles of phosphonate-functionalized copolymers and their composites with CdTe nanocrystals prepared by sonication-precipitation. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1py00337b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Hashim Z, Howes P, Green M. Luminescent quantum-dot-sized conjugated polymernanoparticles—nanoparticle formation in a miniemulsion system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm02935a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Leong K, Zin MT, Ma H, Sarikaya M, Huang F, Jen AKY. Surface plasmon enhanced fluorescence of cationic conjugated polymer on periodic nanoarrays. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2010; 2:3153-3159. [PMID: 21062036 DOI: 10.1021/am100635v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The fluorescence from conjugated polymer assembled onto lithographically fabricated gold nanoarrays using genetically engineered peptides as molecular linkers is studied. A 16-fold increase in the photoluminescence of the conjugated polymer is observed when assembled on the optimized nanostructures due to surface plasmon enhanced fluorescence. This is achieved using a water-soluble cationic conjugated polymer, poly[(9,9-bis(6'-((N,N,N-trimethylammonium)hexyl)-2,7-fluorene)-co-4,7-di-2-thienyl-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole] dibromide (PFDBT-N(+)), systematically tuning the vertical distance of PFDBT-N(+) from the gold nanopillar surface using solid-specific peptide linkers and horizontally optimizing the localized surface plasmon resonance by varying the geometric arrangements of the patterned metal nanoarrays. The diameter and tip-to-tip spacing of the nanopillars along with vertically tuning the distance of PFDBT-N(+) from the nanopillar affected the observed fluorescence enhancements. The collective optical properties of conjugated polymers combined with the photonic properties of nanoparticles provide a new means in the development of metal enhanced hybrid nanomaterials for biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty Leong
- Departments of Chemistry and Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-2120, USA
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Fernando LP, Kandel PK, Yu J, McNeill J, Ackroyd PC, Christensen KA. Mechanism of cellular uptake of highly fluorescent conjugated polymer nanoparticles. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:2675-82. [PMID: 20863132 PMCID: PMC2962534 DOI: 10.1021/bm1007103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Conjugated polymer nanoparticles are formed by precipitation of highly fluorescent conjugated polymers to form small nanoparticles with extremely bright fluorescence. We characterized cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of 18 ± 5 nm PFBT conjugated polymer nanoparticles in J774A.1 cells. Significant nanoparticle uptake was observed, indicating efficient nanoparticle entry into cells, even for short (1 h) incubations. The high fluorescence of these nanoparticles allows extremely low loading concentrations; PFBT nanoparticle fluorescence in cells could be detected with loading concentrations of 155 pM (270 ppb). Cellular uptake slows at low temperature, consistent with endocytic entry. Nanoparticles colocalize with Texas Red dextran and are trafficked to lysosomes, as demonstrated by the location of nanoparticle fluorescence in perinuclear organelles that also stain with an anti-LAMP-1 antibody. Inhibition of uptake by phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitors implicates macropinocytosis as the operative endocytic mechanism. No significant cytotoxic or inflammatory effects could be observed, making PFBT nanoparticles attractive probes for live cell imaging.
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Tian Z, Yu J, Wu C, Szymanski C, McNeill J. Amplified energy transfer in conjugated polymer nanoparticle tags and sensors. NANOSCALE 2010; 2:1999-2011. [PMID: 20697652 DOI: 10.1039/c0nr00322k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles primarily consisting of π-conjugated polymers have emerged as extraordinarily bright fluorescent tags with potential applications in biological imaging and sensing. As fluorescent tags, conjugated polymer nanoparticles possess a number of advantageous properties, such as small particle size, extraordinary fluorescence brightness, excellent photostability, and high emission rate. Exciton diffusion occurring in the nanoparticles results in amplified energy transfer, doubling the energy transfer efficiency in some cases. Amplified energy transfer has been exploited to obtain highly red-shifted emission, oxygen-sensing nanoparticles, and fluorescence photoswitching. Additional observed phenomena are attributable to amplified energy transfer in conjugated polymers, including superquenching by metal nanoparticles, and fluorescence modulation by hole polarons. This feature article presents an overview of recent investigations of optical properties and energy transfer phenomena of this relatively novel type of fluorescent nanoparticle with a viewpoint towards demanding fluorescence-based imaging and sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
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Pecher J, Huber J, Winterhalder M, Zumbusch A, Mecking S. Tailor-Made Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles for Multicolor and Multiphoton Cell Imaging. Biomacromolecules 2010; 11:2776-80. [DOI: 10.1021/bm100854a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Pecher
- University of Konstanz, Department of Chemistry, Universitätsstrasse 10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Johannes Huber
- University of Konstanz, Department of Chemistry, Universitätsstrasse 10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Martin Winterhalder
- University of Konstanz, Department of Chemistry, Universitätsstrasse 10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Andreas Zumbusch
- University of Konstanz, Department of Chemistry, Universitätsstrasse 10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Mecking
- University of Konstanz, Department of Chemistry, Universitätsstrasse 10, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Howes P, Green M. Colloidal and optical stability of PEG-capped and phospholipid-encapsulated semiconducting polymer nanospheres in different aqueous media. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2010; 9:1159-66. [PMID: 20585697 DOI: 10.1039/c0pp00106f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous dispersions of fluorescent semiconducting polymer nanospheres (SPNs) have been synthesised by two methods; miniemulsion and micellar encapsulation. The colloidal and optical stability of SPNs synthesised by these two methods has been compared in order to assess the potential of these fluorescent nanoparticles for use in biological applications. The SPNs were dispersed in water, phosphate buffer solution (PBS) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). The optical stability was studied by absorption and emission spectroscopy, and the colloidal stability was studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS) over a one month period. The results indicate that the micelle-encapsulated SPNs exhibit favourable optical and colloidal stability, and seem promising for use in biological sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Howes
- Department of Physics, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK
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Abstract
Conjugated polymer nanoparticles are highly versatile nano-structured materials that can potentially find applications in various areas such as optoelectronics, photonics, bio-imaging, bio-sensing and nanomedicine. Their straightforward synthesis in desired sizes and properties, biocompatibility and non-toxicity make these materials highly attractive for the aforementioned applications. This feature article reviews the recent developments in the synthesis, characterization, properties and application of these exciting nanostructured materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dönüs Tuncel
- Deparment of Chemistry, Bilkent University, Bilkent, Ankara, Turkey 06800.
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Traiphol R, Potai R, Charoenthai N, Srikhirin T, Kerdcharoen T, Osotchan T. Effects of chain conformation and chain length on degree of aggregation in assembled particles of conjugated polymer in solvents-nonsolvent: A spectroscopic study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.21976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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