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Sun Z, Inagaki S, Miyoshi K, Saito K, Hayashi S. Osiris gene family defines the cuticle nanopatterns of Drosophila. Genetics 2024; 227:iyae065. [PMID: 38652268 PMCID: PMC11151929 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyae065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Nanostructures of pores and protrusions in the insect cuticle modify molecular permeability and surface wetting and help insects sense various environmental cues. However, the cellular mechanisms that modify cuticle nanostructures are poorly understood. Here, we elucidate how insect-specific Osiris family genes are expressed in various cuticle-secreting cells in the Drosophila head during the early stages of cuticle secretion and cover nearly the entire surface of the head epidermis. Furthermore, we demonstrate how each sense organ cell with various cuticular nanostructures expressed a unique combination of Osiris genes. Osiris gene mutations cause various cuticle defects in the corneal nipples and pores of the chemosensory sensilla. Thus, our study emphasizes on the importance of Osiris genes for elucidating cuticle nanopatterning in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengkuan Sun
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Department of Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Science, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8051, Japan
| | - Sachi Inagaki
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Keita Miyoshi
- Department of Chromosome Science, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems (ROIS), 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Saito
- Department of Chromosome Science, National Institute of Genetics, Research Organization of Information and Systems (ROIS), 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
- Graduate Institute for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, 1111 Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Shigeo Hayashi
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
- Department of Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Science, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8051, Japan
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2
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Canal Domenech B, Fricke C. Recovery from heat-induced infertility-A study of reproductive tissue responses and fitness consequences in male Drosophila melanogaster. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e9563. [PMID: 36466140 PMCID: PMC9712812 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The predicted temperature increase caused by climate change is a threat to biodiversity. Across animal taxa, male reproduction is often sensitive to elevated temperatures leading to fertility loss, and in more adverse scenarios, this can result in sterility when males reach their upper thermal fertility limit. Here, we investigate temperature-induced changes in reproductive tissues, fertility reduction, sterility, and the associated fitness loss during the subsequent recovery phase in male Drosophila melanogaster. We heat-stressed males during development and either allowed them to recover or not in early adulthood while measuring several determinants of male reproductive success. We found significant differences in recovery rate, organ sizes, sperm production, and other key reproductive traits among males from our different temperature treatments. Sperm maturation was impaired before reaching the upper thermal sterility threshold. While some effects were reversible, this did not compensate for the fitness loss due to damage imposed during development. Surprisingly, developmental heat stress was damaging to accessory gland growth, and female post-mating responses mediated by seminal fluid proteins were impaired regardless of the possibility of recovery. We suggest that sub-lethal thermal sterility and the subsequent fertility reduction are caused by a combination of inefficient functionality of both the accessory gland and testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Canal Domenech
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity University of Muenster Muenster Germany
- Muenster Graduate School of Evolution University of Muenster Muenster Germany
| | - Claudia Fricke
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity University of Muenster Muenster Germany
- Institute for Zoology Halle-Wittenberg University Halle (Saale) Germany
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3
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Otani T, Ogura Y, Misaki K, Maeda T, Kimpara A, Yonemura S, Hayashi S. IKKε inhibits PKC to promote Fascin-dependent actin bundling. Development 2016; 143:3806-3816. [PMID: 27578797 PMCID: PMC5087637 DOI: 10.1242/dev.138495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Signaling molecules have pleiotropic functions and are activated by various extracellular stimuli. Protein kinase C (PKC) is activated by diverse receptors, and its dysregulation is associated with diseases including cancer. However, how the undesired activation of PKC is prevented during development remains poorly understood. We have previously shown that a protein kinase, IKKε, is active at the growing bristle tip and regulates actin bundle organization during Drosophila bristle morphogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that IKKε regulates the actin bundle localization of a dynamic actin cross-linker, Fascin. IKKε inhibits PKC, thereby protecting Fascin from inhibitory phosphorylation. Excess PKC activation is responsible for the actin bundle defects in IKKε-deficient bristles, whereas PKC is dispensable for bristle morphogenesis in wild-type bristles, indicating that PKC is repressed by IKKε in wild-type bristle cells. These results suggest that IKKε prevents excess activation of PKC during bristle morphogenesis. Summary: The protein kinase IKKϵ is active at the growing tip of Drosophila bristles and prevents excess PKC activation during bristle actin bundle organization and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuhisa Otani
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yosuke Ogura
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kazuyo Misaki
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Takuya Maeda
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Akiyo Kimpara
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Yonemura
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Shigeo Hayashi
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan .,Department of Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Science, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
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4
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Otani T, Oshima K, Kimpara A, Takeda M, Abdu U, Hayashi S. A transport and retention mechanism for the sustained distal localization of Spn-F-IKKε during Drosophila bristle elongation. Development 2015; 142:2338-51. [PMID: 26092846 PMCID: PMC4510591 DOI: 10.1242/dev.121863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stable localization of the signaling complex is essential for the robust morphogenesis of polarized cells. Cell elongation involves molecular signaling centers that coordinately regulate intracellular transport and cytoskeletal structures. In Drosophila bristle elongation, the protein kinase IKKε is activated at the distal tip of the growing bristle and regulates the shuttling movement of recycling endosomes and cytoskeletal organization. However, how the distal tip localization of IKKε is established and maintained during bristle elongation is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that IKKε distal tip localization is regulated by Spindle-F (Spn-F), which is stably retained at the distal tip and functions as an adaptor linking IKKε to cytoplasmic dynein. We found that Javelin-like (Jvl) is a key regulator of Spn-F retention. In jvl mutant bristles, IKKε and Spn-F initially localize to the distal tip but fail to be retained there. In S2 cells, particles that stain positively for Jvl or Spn-F move in a microtubule-dependent manner, whereas Jvl and Spn-F double-positive particles are immobile, indicating that Jvl and Spn-F are transported separately and, upon forming a complex, immobilize each other. These results suggest that polarized transport and selective retention regulate the distal tip localization of the Spn-F–IKKε complex during bristle cell elongation. Summary: In the Drosophila bristle, the microtubule binding protein Jvl, the adaptor Spn-F and cytoplasmic dynein are required for localised transport and retention of polarised signalling factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuhisa Otani
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Kenzi Oshima
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Akiyo Kimpara
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Michiko Takeda
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | - Uri Abdu
- Department of Life Sciences and the National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev, Ben-Gurion University, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Shigeo Hayashi
- Laboratory for Morphogenetic Signaling, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan Department of Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Science, Kobe, Hyogo 657-8501, Japan
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5
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Dinwiddie A, Null R, Pizzano M, Chuong L, Leigh Krup A, Ee Tan H, Patel NH. Dynamics of F-actin prefigure the structure of butterfly wing scales. Dev Biol 2014; 392:404-18. [PMID: 24930704 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The wings of butterflies and moths consist of dorsal and ventral epidermal surfaces that give rise to overlapping layers of scales and hairs (Lepidoptera, "scale wing"). Wing scales (average length ~200 µm) are homologous to insect bristles (macrochaetes), and their colors create the patterns that characterize lepidopteran wings. The topology and surface sculpture of wing scales vary widely, and this architectural complexity arises from variations in the developmental program of the individual scale cells of the wing epithelium. One of the more striking features of lepidopteran wing scales are the longitudinal ridges that run the length of the mature (dead) cell, gathering the cuticularized scale cell surface into pleats on the sides of each scale. While also present around the periphery of other insect bristles and hairs, longitudinal ridges in lepidopteran wing scales gain new significance for their creation of iridescent color through microribs and lamellae. Here we show the dynamics of the highly organized F-actin filaments during scale cell development, and present experimental manipulations of actin polymerization that reveal the essential role of this cytoskeletal component in wing scale elongation and the positioning of longitudinal ribs.
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Affiliation(s)
- April Dinwiddie
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
| | - Ryan Null
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology & Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | - Maria Pizzano
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology & Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | - Lisa Chuong
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology & Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | - Alexis Leigh Krup
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology & Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | - Hwei Ee Tan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology & Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | - Nipam H Patel
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology & Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA.
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6
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IKKɛ Regulates Cell Elongation through Recycling Endosome Shuttling. Dev Cell 2011; 20:219-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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7
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Hammonds AS, Fristrom JW. Mutational analysis of Stubble-stubbloid gene structure and function in Drosophila leg and bristle morphogenesis. Genetics 2005; 172:1577-93. [PMID: 16322506 PMCID: PMC1456279 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.047100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Stubble-stubbloid (Sb-sbd) gene is required for ecdysone-regulated epithelial morphogenesis of imaginal tissues during Drosophila metamorphosis. Mutations in Sb-sbd are associated with defects in apical cell shape changes critical for the evagination of the leg imaginal disc and with defects in assembly and extension of parallel actin bundles in growing mechanosensory bristles. The Sb-sbd gene encodes a type II transmembrane serine protease (TTSP). Here we use a Sb-sbd transgenic construct to rescue both bristle and leg morphogenesis defects in Sb-sbd mutations. Molecular characterization of Sb-sbd mutations and rescue experiments with wild-type and modified Sb-sbd transgenic constructs show that the protease domain is required for both leg and bristle functions. Truncated proteins that express the noncatalytic domains without the protease have dominant effects in bristles but not in legs. Leg morphogenesis, but not bristle growth, is sensitive to Sb-sbd overexpression. Antibody localization of the Sb-sbd protein shows apical expression in elongating legs. Sb-sbd protein is found in the base and shaft in budding bristles and then concentrates at the growing tip when bristles are elongating rapidly. We propose a model whereby Sb-sbd helps coordinate proteolytic modification of extracellular matrix attachments with cytoskeletal changes in both legs and bristles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann S Hammonds
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Jacinto
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
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9
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Grieshaber SS, Lankenau DH, Talbot T, Holland S, Petersen NS. Expression of the 53 kD forked protein rescues F-actin bundle formation and mutant bristle phenotypes in Drosophila. CELL MOTILITY AND THE CYTOSKELETON 2001; 50:198-206. [PMID: 11807940 DOI: 10.1002/cm.10007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
forked mutations affect bristle development in Drosophila pupae, resulting in short, thick, gnarled bristles in the adult. The forked proteins are components of 200-300-microm-long actin fiber bundles that are present transiently during pupal development [Petersen et al., 1994: Genetics 136:173-182]. These bundles are composed of segments of 3-10 microm long, and forked protein is localized along the actin fiber bundle segments and accumulates at the junctions connecting them longitudinally. In the forked mutants, f(36a) and f(hd), F-actin bundles are greatly reduced in number and size, and bundle segmentation is absent. The p-element, P[w(+), falter] contains a 5.3-kb fragment of the forked gene that encodes the 53-kD forked protein [Lankenau et al., 1996: Mol Cell Biol 16:3535-3544]. Expression of only the 53-kD forked protein is sufficient to rescue the actin bundle and bristle phenotypes of f(36a) and f(hd) mutant flies. The 5.3-kb forked sequence, although smaller than the 13-kb region previously shown to rescue forked mutants [Petersen et al., 1994: Genetics 136:173-182], does contain the core forked sequence that encodes actin binding and bundling domains in cultured mammalian cells [Grieshaber and Petersen, 1999: J Cell Sci 112:2203-2211]. These data show that the 53-kD forked protein is sufficient for normal bristle development and that the domains shown previously to be important for actin bundling in cell culture may be all that are required for normal actin bundle formation in developing Drosophila bristles.
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Grieshaber
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
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10
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Wulfkuhle JD, Petersen NS, Otto JJ. Changes in the F-actin cytoskeleton during neurosensory bristle development in Drosophila: the role of singed and forked proteins. CELL MOTILITY AND THE CYTOSKELETON 2000; 40:119-32. [PMID: 9634210 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0169(1998)40:2<119::aid-cm2>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila neurosensory bristle development provides an excellent model system to study the role of the actin-based cytoskeleton in polarized cell growth. We used confocal fluorescence microscopy of isolated thoracic tissue to characterize changes in F-actin that occurred during macrochaete development in wild type flies and mutants that have aberrant bristle morphology. At the earliest stages in wild type bristle development, cortical patches of F-actin were present, but no bundles were observed. Actin bundles began to form at 31% of pupal development and became more prominent as development progressed. The F-actin patches gradually disappeared and were no longer present by 38% of pupal development. The distribution of F-actin in singed3 mutant macrochaetae was indistinguishable from wild type bristles until 35% of development when the actin bundles began to splay and appear ribbon-like. In forked36a bristles, the mutant phenotype was evident at earlier stages of development than the singed3 mutant. Wild type tissue stained with antibodies against the forked protein demonstrated that the forked protein colocalized with F-actin structures found in early and late stage developing macrochaetae. Antibodies against the singed protein showed it appeared to localize with F-actin structures only at later stages in development. These data suggested that the forked gene product was required for the initiation of fiber bundle formation and the singed gene product was required for the maintenance of fiber bundle morphology during bristle development. Similar analyses of singed3/forked36a double mutants provided additional genetic evidence that the forked gene product was required before the singed gene product. Further, the analyses suggested that at least one additional crosslinking protein was present in these bundles.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Wulfkuhle
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1392, USA
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11
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Purcell K, Artavanis-Tsakonas S. The developmental role of warthog, the notch modifier encoding Drab6. J Cell Biol 1999; 146:731-40. [PMID: 10459009 PMCID: PMC2156142 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.146.4.731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/1999] [Accepted: 07/07/1999] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The warthog (wrt) gene, recovered as a modifier for Notch signaling, was found to encode the Drosophila homologue of rab6, Drab6. Vertebrate and yeast homologues of this protein have been shown to regulate Golgi network to TGN trafficking. To study the function of this protein in the development of a multicellular organism, we analyzed three different warthog mutants. The first was an R62C point mutation, the second a genomic null, and the third was an engineered GTP-bound form. Our studies show, contrary to yeast, that the Drosophila homologue of rab6 is an essential gene. However, it has limited effects on development beyond the larval stage. Only the mechanosensory bristles on the head, notum, and scutellum are affected by warthog mutations. We present models for the modifying effect of Drab6 on Notch signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Purcell
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
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12
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Steinbrecht RA, Stankiewicz BA. Molecular composition of the wall of insect olfactory sensilla-the chitin question. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 45:785-790. [PMID: 12770310 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(99)00066-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Identification of chitin in sensory hairs of olfactory sensilla of silkmoths was performed using two independent methods. Firstly, ultrathin sections were labelled with gold-conjugated wheat germ agglutinin and showed positive labelling in the cuticule of sensilla as well as in the antennal cuticle. Secondly, isolated sensory hairs and body scales were subjected to analytical pyrolysis in combination with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Chromatograms of both sensory hairs and scales, included several pyrolysis products, which unequivocally demonstrate the contribution of chitinous moieties to the chemical composition of both types of cuticle. This study supports the notion that even the very thin cuticle of olfactory sensilla is composed of both an epi- and a true exocuticle. The carbohydrate components of the latter cuticle most probably are responsible for the extremely high resilience and breaking limit of these delicate structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A. Steinbrecht
- Max-Planck-Institut für Verhaltensphysiologie, D-82319, Seewiesen, Germany
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- I F Zhimulev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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15
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Abstract
The rudiments of all types of scales on the wings of the meal moth,
Ephestia sericarium
(Scott) ( =
E. kühniella
Z.), are birefringent from the time of their emergence. Their growth may be regarded as the elongation of a cytoplasm-filled hollow cylinder of oriented protein-polysaccharide. The hair-scales grow as cylinders of approximately constant diameter, but other types of scales dilate progressively towards their distal ends, becoming club-shaped: the rate of volume increase exceeds that of surface-area increase. Dilatation is rapidly followed by flattening of the dilated region; the flattened scale continues to grow in area but undergoes little further change in shape. In spite of these transformations, the mature scale is still largely composed of
oriented
protein-polysaccharide, the orientation of which can be traced back in time to the earliest phase of development. Even in the mature flattened scales on the wing surfaces, sufficient orientation survives for oriented whole wings to yield a rudimentary chitin fibre-diagram when placed in the path of a beam of X-rays. Hair-scales (the ‘fur’ of moths) give an X-ray diffraction picture showing the principal reflexions of the fibre-diagram of polyacetylglucosamine. Birefringence studies suggest that the earliest rudiments contain more oriented protein than chitin, while in mature scales the chitin fraction is considerably increased. The variations in structure observed in different types of lepidopteran scales are compatible with their properties as fibrillar aggregates, and the final shapes of mature scales result from orderly displacements of the fibrillar organization laid down in the rudiment. The characteristic pattern of longitudinal ridges and transverse rungs may be compared with the patterns that arise in inorganic systems crystallizing out under certain conditions. It is suggested that the ridges compete
in situ
for the materials of which they are built, and that their regular spacing is an expression of this competition.
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Hatano Y. Molecular cloning and analysis of forked locus in Drosophila ananassae. MOLECULAR & GENERAL GENETICS : MGG 1991; 226:17-23. [PMID: 1851948 DOI: 10.1007/bf00273582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila ananassae, in spite of its unique genetic characters including high mutability and high frequency of male recombination has been little studied at the molecular level. Since the species is very similar to D. melanogaster, it is natural to expect that the high spontaneous mutation rate and male recombination may be caused by inserted mobile DNA elements, as in D. melanogaster. The present study was designed to determine whether or not most spontaneous mutations of the forked locus of D. ananassae are caused by insertion sequences as is found in D. melanogaster. I cloned the forked locus of D. ananassae, using forked DNA from D. melanogaster as a probe and investigated the molecular structure and transcription of the gene by Southern and Northern analyses. The results suggest that the restriction map and transcriptional patterns of the forked locus of D. ananassae are similar to those of D. melanogaster, while the spontaneous mutations available in D. ananassae are induced quite differently from those that have been described in D. melanogaster; in four (f;cd, f10-14, f49 and f86) out of eight forked alleles, neither insertions nor deletions were detected around the forked coding region. Forked transcripts are expressed in a pattern which is very similar to that of D. melanogaster and were all of normal size in these mutants. The other four mutants (f10-3, f9-10, f83i and f79b) had insertion sequences upstream of the forked coding region, while transcripts of the forked gene were of normal size. Hence, none of the eight mutations studied appear to affect the structure of the forked transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Hatano
- Chubu Women's College, Gifu-ken, Japan
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17
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Ribbert D. Relation of puffing to bristle and footpad differentiation in Calliphora and Sarcophaga. Results Probl Cell Differ 1972; 4:153-79. [PMID: 4579363 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-37164-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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18
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Pliske TE, Salpeter MM. The structure and development of the hairpencil glands in males of the queen butterfly, Danaus gilippus berenice. J Morphol 1971; 134:215-42. [PMID: 5135654 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051340206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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19
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Wigglesworth V. Structural lipids in the insect cuticle and the function of the oenocytes. Tissue Cell 1970; 2:155-79. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-8166(70)80013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/1969] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Overton J. The fine structure of developing bristles in wild type and mutant Drosophila melanogaster. J Morphol 1967; 122:367-79. [PMID: 6050992 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.1051220406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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22
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Elektronenmikroskopische untersuchungen �ber die chitin�sen auskleidungen der ver schiedenen ab schnitte des insektendarme. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 1956. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00407701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Entwicklungsgeschichtliche untersuchungen zur zelldifferenzierung am fl�gel der trichoptere Limnnophilus flavicornis Fabr. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 1954. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00446230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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