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Angell CS, Oudin MJ, Rode NO, Mautz BS, Bonduriansky R, Rundle HD. Development time mediates the effect of larval diet on ageing and mating success of male antler flies in the wild. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20201876. [PMID: 33143587 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.1876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High-quality developmental environments often improve individual performance into adulthood, but allocating toward early life traits, such as growth, development rate and reproduction, may lead to trade-offs with late-life performance. It is, therefore, uncertain how a rich developmental environment will affect the ageing process (senescence), particularly in wild insects. To investigate the effects of early life environmental quality on insect life-history traits, including senescence, we reared larval antler flies (Protopiophila litigata) on four diets of varying nutrient concentration, then recorded survival and mating success of adult males released in the wild. Declining diet quality was associated with slower development, but had no effect on other life-history traits once development time was accounted for. Fast-developing males were larger and lived longer, but experienced more rapid senescence in survival and lower average mating rate compared to slow developers. Ultimately, larval diet, development time and body size did not predict lifetime mating success. Thus, a rich environment led to a mixture of apparent benefits and costs, mediated by development time. Our results indicate that 'silver spoon' effects can be complex and that development time mediates the response of adult life-history traits to early life environmental quality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mathieu J Oudin
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Nicolas O Rode
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Brian S Mautz
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
| | - Russell Bonduriansky
- Evolution and Ecology Research Centre and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Howard D Rundle
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1N 6N5
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2
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Simmons LW, Parker GA, Hosken DJ. Evolutionary insight from a humble fly: sperm competition and the yellow dungfly. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20200062. [PMID: 33070730 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies of the yellow dungfly in the 1960s provided one of the first quantitative demonstrations of the costs and benefits associated with male and female reproductive behaviour. These studies advanced appreciation of sexual selection as a significant evolutionary mechanism and contributed to the 1970s paradigm shift toward individual selectionist thinking. Three behaviours in particular led to the realization that sexual selection can continue during and after mating: (i) female receptivity to remating, (ii) sperm displacement and (iii) post-copulatory mate guarding. These behaviours either generate, or are adaptations to sperm competition, cryptic female choice and sexual conflict. Here we review this body of work, and its contribution to the development of post-copulatory sexual selection theory. This article is part of the theme issue 'Fifty years of sperm competition'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh W Simmons
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley 6009, Australia
| | - Geoff A Parker
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Behaviour, University of Liverpool, Biosciences Building, Crown Street, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
| | - David J Hosken
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall, Penryn TR10 9FE, UK
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3
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Schäfer MA, Berger D, Rohner PT, Kjaersgaard A, Bauerfeind SS, Guillaume F, Fox CW, Blanckenhorn WU. Geographic clines in wing morphology relate to colonization history in New World but not Old World populations of yellow dung flies. Evolution 2018; 72:1629-1644. [PMID: 29911337 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Geographic clines offer insights about putative targets and agents of natural selection as well as tempo and mode of adaptation. However, demographic processes can lead to clines that are indistinguishable from adaptive divergence. Using the widespread yellow dung fly Scathophaga stercoraria (Diptera: Scathophagidae), we examine quantitative genetic differentiation (QST ) of wing shape across North America, Europe, and Japan, and compare this differentiation with that of ten microsatellites (FST ). Morphometric analyses of 28 populations reared at three temperatures revealed significant thermal plasticity, sexual dimorphism, and geographic differentiation in wing shape. In North America morphological differentiation followed the decline in microsatellite variability along the presumed route of recent colonization from the southeast to the northwest. Across Europe, where S. stercoraria presumably existed for much longer time and where no molecular pattern of isolation by distance was evident, clinal variation was less pronounced despite significant morphological differentiation (QST >FST ). Shape vector comparisons further indicate that thermal plasticity (hot-to-cold) does not mirror patterns of latitudinal divergence (south-to-north), as might have been expected under a scenario with temperature as the major agent of selection. Our findings illustrate the importance of detailed phylogeographic information when interpreting geographic clines of dispersal traits in an adaptive evolutionary framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin A Schäfer
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Berger
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Animal Ecology at Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18d, SE-75236 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Patrick T Rohner
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anders Kjaersgaard
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie S Bauerfeind
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Guillaume
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Charles W Fox
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506
| | - Wolf U Blanckenhorn
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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4
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Gress BE, Pitnick S. Size-dependent ejaculation strategies and reproductive success in the yellow dung fly, Scathophaga stercoraria. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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5
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Gress B, Starmer W, Virgen M, Agu A, Attila K, Bazluke E, Chubb L, Durantini A, Goldsmith J, Hui B, Karimova M, Macey E, Macri M, Mongeon E, Monka N, Pence J, Perdomo S, Pratt J, Ruda D, Szkodzinski J, Williamson N, Pitnick S. Stepping off the pasture: evidence of widespread alternative male mating tactics in the yellow dung fly. BEHAVIOUR 2016. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-00003331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Geoff Parker’s investigations of the yellow dung fly mating system revitalized interest in sexual selection theory, sparked development of sperm competition and sexual conflict theories, and stimulated use of this species as an important model system. Numerous studies across widespread populations have demonstrated large-male advantages in competition contests occurring on dung in cow pastures; however, recent work suggests that smaller males adopt an alternative mating tactic by avoiding dung and instead copulating with females at foraging sites. Though this finding has the potential to expand our understanding of sexual selection in yellow dung flies, such behavior has to date been documented at only one field site, raising the possibility that this phenomenon is highly localized. Here, we report the expression of size-dependent alternative mating tactics across three discrete populations. These findings provide a cautionary tale for researchers limiting their attention to aggregation sites where study organisms are most conveniently encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E. Gress
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244-1270, USA
| | - William T. Starmer
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244-1270, USA
| | - Maria A. Virgen
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244-1270, USA
| | - Abuchi Agu
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244-1270, USA
| | - Kossi A. Attila
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244-1270, USA
| | | | - Lindsey A. Chubb
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244-1270, USA
| | | | - Jake Goldsmith
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244-1270, USA
| | - Benjamin M. Hui
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244-1270, USA
| | - Malika Karimova
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244-1270, USA
| | - Erika S. Macey
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244-1270, USA
| | - Michael R. Macri
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244-1270, USA
| | - Emily N. Mongeon
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244-1270, USA
| | - Neal J. Monka
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244-1270, USA
| | - Jennifer M. Pence
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244-1270, USA
| | | | - Julia M. Pratt
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244-1270, USA
| | - Danielle E. Ruda
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244-1270, USA
| | | | | | - Scott Pitnick
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244-1270, USA
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6
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Brekke P, Ewen JG, Clucas G, Santure AW. Determinants of male floating behaviour and floater reproduction in a threatened population of the hihi (Notiomystis cincta). Evol Appl 2015; 8:796-806. [PMID: 26366197 PMCID: PMC4561569 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Floating males are usually thought of as nonbreeders. However, some floating individuals are able to reproduce through extra-pair copulations. Floater reproductive success can impact breeders' sex ratio, reproductive variance, multiple paternity and inbreeding, particularly in small populations. Changes in reproductive variance alter the rate of genetic drift and loss of genetic diversity. Therefore, genetic management of threatened species requires an understanding of floater reproduction and determinants of floating behaviour to effectively conserve species. Here, we used a pedigreed, free-living population of the endangered New Zealand hihi (Notiomystis cincta) to assess variance in male reproductive success and test the genetic (inbreeding and heritability) and conditional (age and size) factors that influence floater behaviour and reproduction. Floater reproduction is common in this species. However, floater individuals have lower reproductive success and variance in reproductive success than territorial males (total and extra-pair fledglings), so their relative impact on the population's reproductive performance is low. Whether an individual becomes a floater, and if so then how successful they are, is determined mainly by individual age (young and old) and to lesser extents male size (small) and inbreeding level (inbred). Floating males have a small, but important role in population reproduction and persistence of threatened populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Brekke
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of LondonRegents Park, London, UK
| | - John G Ewen
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of LondonRegents Park, London, UK
| | - Gemma Clucas
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of SouthamptonWaterfront Campus European Way, Southampton, UK
| | - Anna W Santure
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Western BankSheffield, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of AucklandAuckland, New Zealand
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7
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Painting CJ, Holwell GI. Flexible alternative mating tactics by New Zealand giraffe weevils. Behav Ecol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/aru140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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8
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Gress BE, Waltzer RJ, Lüpold S, Droge-Young EM, Manier MK, Pitnick S. Alternative mating tactics in the yellow dung fly: resolving mechanisms of small-male advantage off pasture. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20132164. [PMID: 24225455 PMCID: PMC3843829 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent work suggests that the yellow dung fly mating system may include alternative patroller-competitor mating tactics in which large males compete for gravid females on dung, whereas small, non-competitive males search for females at foraging sites. Small males obtain most matings off pasture, yet the behavioural mechanism(s) giving rise to this pattern are unknown. We investigated the male and female behaviours that determine mating success in this environment by conducting field mating experiments and found small males to benefit from several attributes specific to the off-pasture mating environment. First, small males from foraging sites exhibited higher mating propensity, indicating that large males away from dung may be depleted of energy and/or sperm. Second, small males were more discriminating, being significantly less likely to attempt with non-gravid females, which are absent on dung but common off pasture. Third, non-gravid females were generally more likely to actively struggle and reject mating attempts; however, such behaviours occurred disproportionately more often with large males. Female Scathophaga stercoraria thus appear to preferentially mate with small males when off pasture. These findings challenge assumptions about male-female interactions in systems with alternative mating tactics and reveal hidden processes that may influence selection patterns in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E. Gress
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244-1270, USA
| | - Ryan J. Waltzer
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244-1270, USA
| | - Stefan Lüpold
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244-1270, USA
| | | | - Mollie K. Manier
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244-1270, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, 2023 G Street, NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Scott Pitnick
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244-1270, USA
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9
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Kureck IM, Nicolai B, Foitzik S. Selection for early emergence, longevity and large body size in wingless, sib-mating ant males. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-013-1566-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Puniamoorthy N, Blanckenhorn WU, Schäfer MA. Differential investment in pre- vs. post-copulatory sexual selection reinforces a cross-continental reversal of sexual size dimorphism inSepsis punctum(Diptera: Sepsidae). J Evol Biol 2012; 25:2253-63. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 07/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - W. U. Blanckenhorn
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies; University of Zurich; Zurich; Switzerland
| | - M. A. Schäfer
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies; University of Zurich; Zurich; Switzerland
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11
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Martin OY, Gubler A, Wimmer C, Germann C, Bernasconi MV. Infections with Wolbachia and Spiroplasma in the Scathophagidae and other Muscoidea. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2011; 12:315-23. [PMID: 22172602 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 11/29/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The microbes Wolbachia and Spiroplasma are common reproductive parasites of arthropods and may strongly influence reproduction of infected hosts and also impact on reproductive isolation. Such infections could hence influence results of many studies assessing reproductive behaviour and fitness of possible hosts, as well as reproductive isolation. Previous work indicates that infections with the microbes Wolbachia and Spiroplasma are common in the Drosophilidae. However, extensive and targeted surveys of other Dipteran families are lacking. Here we survey the yellow dung fly Scathophaga stercoraria and a range of other species from the Muscoidea (families Scathophagidae, Anthomyiidae, Fanniidae and Muscidae) collected in the field or obtained from museum collections for infection with the widespread reproductive parasites Wolbachia and Spiroplasma. Both have been shown to be heritable symbionts and affect reproduction in other Diptera. S. stercoraria is a very important model for the study of sexual selection, and in particular of postcopulatory processes, as it has played a major role in the history of research on sperm competition and cryptic female choice. Infections with Wolbachia were found to be widespread across the Muscoidea, whereas infections with Spiroplasma were rarer. We discuss the consequences of these findings and directions for future research on the impact of reproductive parasites on host reproduction in the Scathophagidae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Y Martin
- ETH Zürich, Experimental Ecology, Institute for Integrative Biology, CHN J 11, Universitätsstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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12
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Buoro M, Gimenez O, Prévost E. Assessing adaptive phenotypic plasticity by means of conditional strategies from empirical data: the latent environmental threshold model. Evolution 2011; 66:996-1009. [PMID: 22486685 DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01484.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Conditional strategies are the most common form of discrete phenotypic plasticity. In a conditional strategy, the phenotype expressed by an organism is determined by the difference between an environmental cue and a threshold, both of which may vary among individuals. The environmental threshold model (ETM) has been proposed as a mean to understand the evolution of conditional strategies, but has been surprisingly seldom applied to empirical studies. A hindrance for the application of the ETM is that often, the proximate cue triggering the phenotypic expression and the individual threshold are not measurable, and can only be assessed using a related observable cue. We describe a new statistical model that can be applied in this common situation. The Latent ETM (LETM) allows for a measurement error in the phenotypic expression of the individual environmental cue and a purely genetically determined threshold. We show that coupling our model with quantitative genetic methods allows an evolutionary approach including an estimation of the heritability of conditional strategies. We evaluate the performance of the LETM with a simulation study and illustrate its utility by applying it to empirical data on the size-dependent smolting process for stream-dwelling Atlantic salmon juveniles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Buoro
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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13
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Schradin C, Lindholm AK. Relative fitness of alternative male reproductive tactics in a mammal varies between years. J Anim Ecol 2011; 80:908-17. [PMID: 21418210 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01831.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
1. In many species, males can use different behavioural tactics to achieve fertilization, so-called alternative reproductive tactics (ARTs). Few field studies have measured fitness consequences of ARTs under varying environmental conditions. 2. Here, we describe fitness consequences of three phenotypically plastic ARTs in the African striped mouse (Rhabdomys pumilio) and show that relative fitness of ARTs differs between years. Each year represents a different generation. 3. For the generation living under high population density, tactics differed in relative fitness in accordance with the theory of conditional strategies, with highly successful territorial breeding males having 10 times higher success than solitary roaming males and 102 times higher success than adult natally philopatric males. 4. For the generation living under intermediate population density, the territorial breeding and roaming tactics yielded similar fitness, which would be in agreement with the theory of mixed strategies. No philopatric males occurred. 5. For the generation living under low population density, roaming was the only tactic used and some roamers had very high fitness. 6. The main prediction of status-dependent selection for conditional strategies is a correlation between fitness and status, often measured as body mass, but we did not find this correlation within tactics when more than one tactic was expressed in the population. 7. Female distribution seems to have an effect on which reproductive tactics male chose: female defence polygyny when females are clumped (interference competition), but a searching tactic when females are dispersed (scramble competition). In contrast to predictions arising from theory on scramble competition, male body mass was important in determining fitness only in the year when females were dispersed, but not in other years. 8. Our results indicate that the differentiation between conditional and mixed strategies is not an absolute one. In many other species, environmental conditions might fluctuate temporally and spatially so that the normally suboptimal tactic yields similar fitness to the (usually) dominant tactic or that only a single tactic prevails. 9. We suggest the term single strategy, independent of current fitness consequences, for systems where tactics are not genetically determined, in contrast to genetically determined alternative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Schradin
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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14
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Takeuchi T. Mate-locating behavior of the butterfly Lethe diana (Lepidoptera: Satyridae): do males diurnally or seasonally change their mating strategy? Zoolog Sci 2010; 27:821-5. [PMID: 20887180 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.27.821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The mate-locating behavior of male butterflies has been classified into two major types, territorial and patrolling. Territorial males defend a specific site, whereas patrolling males fly around a wider area without having to defend a site. In this study, I investigated the use of these tactics by males of the satyrine butterfly, Lethe diana. A previous study suggested that the males of L. diana change their mate-locating behavior during the day (they patrol in the morning and defend territories in the afternoon) and that patrolling is the primary mating strategy, whereas defending territories is a supplementary one. In the present study, I found that the daily activity pattern of the males of L. diana was similar to that described in the previous study: males often flew around in the morning and competed for territories in the afternoon. However, contrary to the previous study, all courtships and copulations were performed within male territories during their territorial activity. Closer observations revealed that copulations found in male territories were achieved by the owner of the territory. Males tended to feed in the morning, suggesting that the males flying in the morning searched for food rather than females. I conclude that territory holding is the primary male matelocating tactic in L. diana. I further found that, in summer, males exhibited territorial behavior later than in spring or autumn, which may be a strategy for preventing heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Takeuchi
- Department of Biofunctional Science and Technology, Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashihiroshima 739-8528, Japan.
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15
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Couvillon MJ, Hughes WO, Perez-Sato JA, Martin SJ, Roy GG, Ratnieks FL. Sexual selection in honey bees: colony variation and the importance of size in male mating success. Behav Ecol 2010. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arq016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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