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Catalán V, Castro M, Cabrera R, Silva-Pinto V, Castro A, Lecaros C. Paleodermatology: Dermatoscopic findings of "Niño del Plomo" an Incan mummy in Chile. JAAD Case Rep 2023; 42:74-77. [PMID: 38156100 PMCID: PMC10753061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2023.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Catalán
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mario Castro
- National Museum of Natural History, Santiago, Chile
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Morphology, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Raúl Cabrera
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Verónica Silva-Pinto
- National Museum of Natural History, Santiago, Chile
- Doctoral Programme in Mediterranean Geography and History from Prehistory and Modern Age, Early Modern History Department, Faculty of History and Geography, Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | - Alex Castro
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristóbal Lecaros
- Dermatology Residency Program, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
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2
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Nerlich AG, Egarter Vigl E, Fleckinger A, Tauber M, Peschel O. [The Iceman : Life scenarios and pathological findings from 30 years of research on the glacier mummy "Ötzi"]. DER PATHOLOGE 2021; 42:530-539. [PMID: 34240239 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-021-00961-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The comprehensive investigation of the excellently preserved mummy of Ötzi, the Iceman, and his equipment over the last 30 years has provided a wealth of information about the life and disease of this late Neolithic individual. This research has indicated that his origin was from a local southern Alpine population, that he grew up in the valleys of the Southern Alps, and that he had considerable local mobility. He had well-balanced nutrition with a mixed vegetable and animal diet. He was very mobile in the alpine terrain and of athletic constitution. The Iceman suffered from mild to moderate degenerative joint disease primarily of the right hip joint, slight spondylosis of the cervical and lumbar spine, a minor focal (premature) arteriosclerosis, lung anthracosis and possibly silicosis, previous pleuritic inflammation (possibly of post-specific origin), intestinal infections of the stomach by Helicobacter pylori and Trichuris trichiura worm infestation in the intestines, a mild osteomalacia of cancellous bone, and diverse pathologies of his teeth with dental caries and periodontitis, as well as hair anomalies. The presence of borreliosis is still under debate. As potential remedies, the Iceman carried some anthelmintic substances with him: a birch polypore and an anthelmintic fern. The numerous tattoos may also have had therapeutic effects. Finally, the last days of Ötzi could be reconstructed quite precisely: his gastrointestinal content indicates that the Iceman moved from Alpine heights to a lower location and then again up to the glacier region where he died. During this journey he encountered two attacks: the first, several days before his death, lead to a stabbing wound in his right hand; the second was an arrow hit that wounded the Iceman lethally at his left axilla by laceration of the subclavian artery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas G Nerlich
- Institut für Pathologie, Klinikum Bogenhausen, München Klinik gGmbH, Englschalkingerstr. 77, 81925, München, Deutschland.
| | | | | | - Martina Tauber
- Betrieblicher Dienst für Pathologische Anatomie, Südtiroler Sanitätsbetrieb, Bozen, Italien
| | - Oliver Peschel
- Institut für Rechtsmedizin, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Deutschland
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3
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Agbaje OBA, George SC, Zhang Z, Brock GA, Holmer LE. Characterization of organophosphatic brachiopod shells: spectroscopic assessment of collagen matrix and biomineral components. RSC Adv 2020; 10:38456-38467. [PMID: 35517531 PMCID: PMC9057340 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra07523j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The shells of linguloid brachiopods such as Lingula and Discinisca are inorganic-organic nanocomposites with a mineral phase of calcium phosphate (Ca-phosphate). Collagen, the main extracellular matrix in Ca-phosphatic vertebrate skeletons, has not previously been clearly resolved at the molecular level in organophosphatic brachiopods. Here, modern and recently-alive linguliform brachiopod shells of Lingula and Discinisca have been studied by microRaman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission gun scanning electron microscopy, and thermal gravimetric analysis. For the first time, biomineralized collagen matrix and Ca-phosphate components were simultaneously identified, showing that the collagen matrix is an important moiety in organophosphatic brachiopod shells, in addition to prevalent chitin. Stabilized nanosized apatitic biominerals (up to ∼50 nm) permeate the framework of organic fibrils. There is a ∼2.5-fold higher wt% of carbonate (CO3 2-) in Lingula versus Discinisca shells. Both microRaman spectroscopy and infrared spectra show transient amorphous Ca-phosphate and octacalcium phosphate components. For the first time, trivalent moieties at ∼1660 cm-1 and divalent moieties at ∼1690 cm-1 in the amide I spectral region were identified. These are related to collagen cross-links that are abundant in mineralized tissues, and could be important features in the biostructural and mechanical properties of Ca-phosphate shell biominerals. This work provides a critical new understanding of organophosphatic brachiopod shells, which are some of the earliest examples of biomineralization in still-living animals that appeared in the Cambrian radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwatoosin B A Agbaje
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden .,Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and MQ Marine Research Centre, Macquarie University Sydney Australia.,Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University Sydney Australia
| | - Simon C George
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences and MQ Marine Research Centre, Macquarie University Sydney Australia
| | - Zhifei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life & Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Glenn A Brock
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University Sydney Australia.,State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life & Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China
| | - Lars E Holmer
- Department of Earth Sciences, Palaeobiology, Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden .,State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Early Life & Environments, Department of Geology, Northwest University Xi'an 710069 China
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Major LG, Holle AW, Young JL, Hepburn MS, Jeong K, Chin IL, Sanderson RW, Jeong JH, Aman ZM, Kennedy BF, Hwang Y, Han DW, Park HW, Guan KL, Spatz JP, Choi YS. Volume Adaptation Controls Stem Cell Mechanotransduction. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:45520-45530. [PMID: 31714734 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b19770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have found discordant mechanosensitive outcomes when comparing 2D and 3D, highlighting the need for tools to study mechanotransduction in 3D across a wide spectrum of stiffness. A gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel with a continuous stiffness gradient ranging from 5 to 38 kPa was developed to recapitulate physiological stiffness conditions. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) were encapsulated in this hydrogel, and their morphological characteristics and expression of both mechanosensitive proteins (Lamin A, YAP, and MRTFa) and differentiation markers (PPARγ and RUNX2) were analyzed. Low-stiffness regions (∼8 kPa) permitted increased cellular and nuclear volume and enhanced mechanosensitive protein localization in the nucleus. This trend was reversed in high stiffness regions (∼30 kPa), where decreased cellular and nuclear volumes and reduced mechanosensitive protein nuclear localization were observed. Interestingly, cells in soft regions exhibited enhanced osteogenic RUNX2 expression, while those in stiff regions upregulated the adipogenic regulator PPARγ, suggesting that volume, not substrate stiffness, is sufficient to drive 3D stem cell differentiation. Inhibition of myosin II (Blebbistatin) and ROCK (Y-27632), both key drivers of actomyosin contractility, resulted in reduced cell volume, especially in low-stiffness regions, causing a decorrelation between volume expansion and mechanosensitive protein localization. Constitutively active and inactive forms of the canonical downstream mechanotransduction effector TAZ were stably transfected into ASCs. Activated TAZ resulted in higher cellular volume despite increasing stiffness and a consistent, stiffness-independent translocation of YAP and MRTFa into the nucleus. Thus, volume adaptation as a function of 3D matrix stiffness can control stem cell mechanotransduction and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke G Major
- School of Human Sciences , University of Western Australia , Perth , Western Australia 6009 , Australia
| | - Andrew W Holle
- Department of Cellular Biophysics , Max Planck Institute for Medical Research , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry , University of Heidelberg , D-69117 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Jennifer L Young
- Department of Cellular Biophysics , Max Planck Institute for Medical Research , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry , University of Heidelberg , D-69117 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Matt S Hepburn
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research , University of Western Australia , Perth , Western Australia 6009 , Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering , University of Western Australia , Perth , Western Australia , 6009 , Australia
| | - Kwanghee Jeong
- Fluid Science and Resources, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering , University of Western Australia , Perth , Western Australia 6009 , Australia
| | - Ian L Chin
- School of Human Sciences , University of Western Australia , Perth , Western Australia 6009 , Australia
| | - Rowan W Sanderson
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research , University of Western Australia , Perth , Western Australia 6009 , Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering , University of Western Australia , Perth , Western Australia , 6009 , Australia
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science , Soonchunhyang University , Cheonan-si , Chungcheongnam-do 31151 , Korea
| | - Zachary M Aman
- Fluid Science and Resources, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering , University of Western Australia , Perth , Western Australia 6009 , Australia
| | - Brendan F Kennedy
- BRITElab, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, QEII Medical Centre, Nedlands and Centre for Medical Research , University of Western Australia , Perth , Western Australia 6009 , Australia
- Department of Electrical, Electronic & Computer Engineering, School of Engineering , University of Western Australia , Perth , Western Australia , 6009 , Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies , Perth , Western Australia 6009 , Australia
| | - Yongsung Hwang
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science , Soonchunhyang University , Cheonan-si , Chungcheongnam-do 31151 , Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Han
- Department of CognoMechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology , Pusan National University , Busan 46241 , Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology , Yonsei University , Seoul 03722 , Korea
| | - Kun-Liang Guan
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Joachim P Spatz
- Department of Cellular Biophysics , Max Planck Institute for Medical Research , 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry , University of Heidelberg , D-69117 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Yu Suk Choi
- School of Human Sciences , University of Western Australia , Perth , Western Australia 6009 , Australia
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Kim C, Young JL, Holle AW, Jeong K, Major LG, Jeong JH, Aman ZM, Han DW, Hwang Y, Spatz JP, Choi YS. Stem Cell Mechanosensation on Gelatin Methacryloyl (GelMA) Stiffness Gradient Hydrogels. Ann Biomed Eng 2019; 48:893-902. [PMID: 31802282 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-019-02428-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Stiffness gradient hydrogels are a useful platform for studying mechanical interactions between cells and their surrounding environments. Here, we developed linear stiffness gradient hydrogels by controlling the polymerization of gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) via differential UV penetration with a gradient photomask. Based on previous observations, a stiffness gradient GelMA hydrogel was created ranging from ~ 4 to 13 kPa over 15 mm (0.68 kPa/mm), covering the range of physiological tissue stiffness from fat to muscle, thereby allowing us to study stem cell mechanosensation and differentiation. Adipose-derived stem cells on these gradient hydrogels showed no durotaxis, which allowed for the screening of mechanomarker expression without confounding directed migration effects. In terms of morphological markers, the cell aspect ratio showed a clear positive correlation to the underlying substrate stiffness, while no significant correlation was found in cell size, nuclear size, or nuclear aspect ratio. Conversely, expression of mechanomarkers (i.e., Lamin A, YAP, and MRTFa) all showed a highly significant correlation to stiffness, which could be disrupted via inhibition of non-muscle myosin or Rho/ROCK signalling. Furthermore, we showed that cells plated on stiffer regions became stiffer themselves, and that stem cells showed stiffness-dependent differentiation to fat or muscle as has been previously reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Kim
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Young
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrew W Holle
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kwanghee Jeong
- Fluid Science and Resources, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Luke G Major
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 31151, Korea
| | - Zachary M Aman
- Fluid Science and Resources, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Dong-Wook Han
- Department of CognoMechatronics Engineering, College of Nanoscience & Nanotechnology, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Korea
| | - Yongsung Hwang
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 31151, Korea
| | - Joachim P Spatz
- Department of Cellular Biophysics, Max Planck Institute for Medical Research, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, University of Heidelberg, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yu Suk Choi
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
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Shah FA, Sayardoust S, Omar O, Thomsen P, Palmquist A. Does Smoking Impair Bone Regeneration in the Dental Alveolar Socket? Calcif Tissue Int 2019; 105:619-629. [PMID: 31535164 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-019-00610-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Smoking is a major risk factor for dental implant failure. In addition to higher marginal bone loss around implants, the cellular and molecular responses to injury and implant physicochemical properties are also differentially affected in smokers. The purpose of this work is to determine if smoking impairs bone microstructure and extracellular matrix composition within the dental alveolar socket after tooth extraction. Alveolar bone biopsies obtained from Smokers (> 10 cigarettes per day for at least 10 years) and Ctrl (never-smokers), 7-146 months after tooth extraction, were investigated using X-ray micro-computed tomography, backscattered electron scanning electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Both Smokers and Ctrl exhibited high inter- and intra-individual heterogeneity in bone microstructure, which varied between dense cortical and porous trabecular architecture. Regions of disorganised/woven bone were more prevalent during early healing. Remodelled lamellar bone was predominant at longer healing periods. Bone mineral density, bone surface-to-volume ratio, mineral crystallinity, the carbonate-to-phosphate ratio, the mineral-to-matrix ratio, the collagen crosslink ratio, and the amounts of amino acids phenylalanine and proline/hydroxyproline were also comparable between Smokers and Ctrl. Bone microstructure and composition within the healing dental alveolar socket are not significantly affected by moderate-to-heavy smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furqan A Shah
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Shariel Sayardoust
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Periodontology, Institute for Postgraduate Dental Education, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Omar Omar
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Thomsen
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Palmquist
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Shah FA, Sayardoust S, Thomsen P, Palmquist A. Extracellular matrix composition during bone regeneration in the human dental alveolar socket. Bone 2019; 127:244-249. [PMID: 31176735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Within the dental alveolar socket, the sequence of events following tooth extraction involves deposition of a provisional connective tissue matrix that is later replaced by woven bone and eventually by lamellar bone. Bone regeneration within the dental alveolar socket is unique since the space occupied by the root(s) of a tooth does not originally contain any bone. However, extracellular matrix composition of the healing alveolar socket has not previously been investigated. Here, alveolar bone biopsies representing early (7-46 months, < 4y) and late (48-60 months; 4-5y) healing periods were investigated using Raman spectroscopy, X-ray micro-computed tomography and backscattered electron scanning electron microscopy. Partially or completely edentulous individuals and those with a smoking habit were not excluded. Between < 4y and 4-5y, mineral crystallinity and bone mineral density increase, phenylalanine, proline/hydroxyproline, and bone surface-to-volume ratio decrease, while the carbonate-to-phosphate ratio, the mineral-to-matrix ratio, and the collagen crosslink ratio remain relatively unchanged. Observed exclusively at 4-5y, hypermineralised osteocyte lacunae contain spherical and rhomboidal mineral nodules. Spearman correlation analysis reveals several significant, high (ρ = 0.7-0.9; p ≤ 0.01) and moderate (ρ = 0.5-0.7; p ≤ 0.01) correlations. Mineral crystallinity and proline/hydroxyproline, the carbonate-to-phosphate ratio and phenylalanine, mineral crystallinity and bone surface-to-volume ratio, the carbonate-to-phosphate ratio and bone surface-to-volume ratio, proline/hydroxyproline and bone mineral density, and bone mineral density and bone surface-to-volume ratio are negatively correlated. Mineral crystallinity and bone mineral density, and proline/hydroxyproline and bone surface-to-volume ratio are positively correlated. Although bone regeneration in the dental alveolar socket follows typical bone healing patterns, the compositional and microstructural patterns reveal mature bone at <4y with indications of better mechanical competence at 4-5y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furqan A Shah
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Shariel Sayardoust
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Department of Periodontology, Institute for Postgraduate Dental Education, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Peter Thomsen
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Palmquist
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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8
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Zink AR, Maixner F. The Current Situation of the Tyrolean Iceman. Gerontology 2019; 65:699-706. [PMID: 31505504 DOI: 10.1159/000501878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tyrolean Iceman, commonly known as Ötzi, is the world's oldest glacier mummy and one of the best investigated ancient human remains in the world. Since the discovery of the 5,300-year-old Copper Age individual in 1991, in a glacier in the Eastern Italian Alps, a variety of morphological, biochemical, and molecular analyses have been performed that revealed important insights into his origin, his life habits, and the circumstances surrounding his demise. In more recent research, the mummy was subjected to cutting-edge modern research methodologies currently focusing on high-throughput sequence analysis of ancient biomolecules (DNA, proteins, lipids) that are still preserved in the mummified tissues. This application of innovative "-omics" technologies revealed novel insights on the ancestry, disease predisposition, diet, and the presence of pathogens in the glacier mummy. In this review, the most important and actual results of the molecular studies will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert R Zink
- Institute for Mummy Studies, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy,
| | - Frank Maixner
- Institute for Mummy Studies, Eurac Research, Bolzano, Italy
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Wingender B, Ni Y, Zhang Y, Taylor C, Gower L. Hierarchical Characterization and Nanomechanical Assessment of Biomimetic Scaffolds Mimicking Lamellar Bone via Atomic Force Microscopy Cantilever-Based Nanoindentation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E1257. [PMID: 30037132 PMCID: PMC6073810 DOI: 10.3390/ma11071257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The hierarchical structure of bone and intrinsic material properties of its two primary constituents, carbonated apatite and fibrillar collagen, when being synergistically organized into an interpenetrating hard-soft composite, contribute to its excellent mechanical properties. Lamellar bone is the predominant structural motif in mammalian hard tissues; therefore, we believe the fabrication of a collagen/apatite composite with a hierarchical structure that emulates bone, consisting of a dense lamellar microstructure and a mineralized collagen fibril nanostructure, is an important first step toward the goal of regenerative bone tissue engineering. In this work, we exploit the liquid crystalline properties of collagen to fabricate dense matrices that assemble with cholesteric organization. The matrices were crosslinked via carbodiimide chemistry to improve mechanical properties, and are subsequently mineralized via the polymer-induced liquid-precursor (PILP) process to promote intrafibrillar mineralization. Neither the crosslinking procedure nor the mineralization affected the cholesteric collagen microstructures; notably, there was a positive trend toward higher stiffness with increasing crosslink density when measured by cantilever-based atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoindentation. In the dry state, the average moduli of moderately (X51; 4.8 ± 4.3 GPa) and highly (X76; 7.8 ± 6.7 GPa) crosslinked PILP-mineralized liquid crystalline collagen (LCC) scaffolds were higher than the average modulus of bovine bone (5.5 ± 5.6 GPa).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Wingender
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-165, USA.
| | - Yongliang Ni
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Curtis Taylor
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Laurie Gower
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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Klein T, Eckhard U, Dufour A, Solis N, Overall CM. Proteolytic Cleavage-Mechanisms, Function, and "Omic" Approaches for a Near-Ubiquitous Posttranslational Modification. Chem Rev 2017; 118:1137-1168. [PMID: 29265812 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteases enzymatically hydrolyze peptide bonds in substrate proteins, resulting in a widespread, irreversible posttranslational modification of the protein's structure and biological function. Often regarded as a mere degradative mechanism in destruction of proteins or turnover in maintaining physiological homeostasis, recent research in the field of degradomics has led to the recognition of two main yet unexpected concepts. First, that targeted, limited proteolytic cleavage events by a wide repertoire of proteases are pivotal regulators of most, if not all, physiological and pathological processes. Second, an unexpected in vivo abundance of stable cleaved proteins revealed pervasive, functionally relevant protein processing in normal and diseased tissue-from 40 to 70% of proteins also occur in vivo as distinct stable proteoforms with undocumented N- or C-termini, meaning these proteoforms are stable functional cleavage products, most with unknown functional implications. In this Review, we discuss the structural biology aspects and mechanisms of catalysis by different protease classes. We also provide an overview of biological pathways that utilize specific proteolytic cleavage as a precision control mechanism in protein quality control, stability, localization, and maturation, as well as proteolytic cleavage as a mediator in signaling pathways. Lastly, we provide a comprehensive overview of analytical methods and approaches to study activity and substrates of proteolytic enzymes in relevant biological models, both historical and focusing on state of the art proteomics techniques in the field of degradomics research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Klein
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, and ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ulrich Eckhard
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, and ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Antoine Dufour
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, and ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Nestor Solis
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, and ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Christopher M Overall
- Life Sciences Institute, Department of Oral Biological and Medical Sciences, and ‡Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia , Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Héctor R, Omar EN, González M, Mario C. Ultrastructural preservation of tissues and their reaction to the infection with trichinella in the El Plomo mummy: Muscle fiber ultrastructure and trichinosis/mummy of the Cerro El Plomo. Microsc Res Tech 2017; 80:898-903. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rodríguez Héctor
- Facultad de Medicina; Universidad de Chile. Chile; Independencia 1027 Santiago Chile
| | - Espinoza-Navarro Omar
- Departamento de Biología; Universidad de Tarapacá; General Velázquez 1775 Arica Chile
| | - Mercedes González
- Instituto de Estudios Científicos de Momias de Madrid. España; Urbanización Las Rosas; N° 37 Madrid España
| | - Castro Mario
- DIBAM. Chile; Recoleta Domínica 683 Santiago Chile
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Shah FA, Stenlund P, Martinelli A, Thomsen P, Palmquist A. Direct communication between osteocytes and acid-etched titanium implants with a sub-micron topography. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2016; 27:167. [PMID: 27699573 PMCID: PMC5047930 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-016-5779-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The osteocyte network, through the numerous dendritic processes of osteocytes, is responsible for sensing mechanical loading and orchestrates adaptive bone remodelling by communicating with both the osteoclasts and the osteoblasts. The osteocyte network in the vicinity of implant surfaces provides insight into the bone healing process around metallic implants. Here, we investigate whether osteocytes are able to make an intimate contact with topologically modified, but micrometre smooth (S a < 0.5 µm) implant surfaces, and if sub-micron topography alters the composition of the interfacial tissue. Screw shaped, commercially pure (cp-Ti) titanium implants with (i) machined (S a = ~0.2 µm), and (ii) two-step acid-etched (HF/HNO3 and H2SO4/HCl; S a = ~0.5 µm) surfaces were inserted in Sprague Dawley rat tibia and followed for 28 days. Both surfaces showed similar bone area, while the bone-implant contact was 73 % higher for the acid-etched surface. By resin cast etching, osteocytes were observed to maintain a direct intimate contact with the acid-etched surface. Although well mineralised, the interfacial tissue showed lower Ca/P and apatite-to-collagen ratios at the acid-etched surface, while mineral crystallinity and the carbonate-to-phosphate ratios were comparable for both implant surfaces. The interfacial tissue composition may therefore vary with changes in implant surface topography, independently of the amount of bone formed. Implant surfaces that influence bone to have higher amounts of organic matrix without affecting the crystallinity or the carbonate content of the mineral phase presumably result in a more resilient interfacial tissue, better able to resist crack development during functional loading than densely mineralised bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Furqan A Shah
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
- BIOMATCELL VINN Excellence Centre of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Patrik Stenlund
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- BIOMATCELL VINN Excellence Centre of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Surfaces, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Borås, Sweden
| | - Anna Martinelli
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Peter Thomsen
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- BIOMATCELL VINN Excellence Centre of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Anders Palmquist
- Department of Biomaterials, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- BIOMATCELL VINN Excellence Centre of Biomaterials and Cell Therapy, Göteborg, Sweden
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Mikšík I, Sedláková P, Pataridis S, Bortolotti F, Gottardo R. Proteins and their modifications in a medieval mummy. Protein Sci 2016; 25:2037-2044. [PMID: 27543755 PMCID: PMC5079257 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Proteins and their modifications of the natural mummy of Cangrande della Scala (Prince of Verona, Northern Italy, 1291-1329) were studied. The nano-LC-Q-TOF analysis of samples of rib bone and muscle from the mummy showed the presence of different proteins including Types I, III, IV, V, and XI collagen, hemoglobin (subunits alpha and beta), ferritin, biglycan, vitronectin, prothrombin, and osteocalcin. The structure of Type I and Type III collagen was deeply studied to evaluate the occurrence of modifications in comparison with Type I and Type III collagen coming from tissues of recently died people. This analysis showed high percentage of asparaginyl and glutaminyl deamidation, carbamylation and carboxymethylation of lysine, as well as oxidation and dioxidation of methionine. The most common reaction during the natural mummification process was oxidation-the majority of lysine and proline of collagen Type I was hydroxylated whereas methionine was oxidated (oxidated or dioxidated). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study which reports the protein profile of a natural mummified human tissue and the first one which describes the carbamylation and carboxymethylation of lysine in mummified tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Mikšík
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, 14220, Czech Republic.
| | - Pavla Sedláková
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Statis Pataridis
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, 14220, Czech Republic
| | - Federica Bortolotti
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Unit of Forensic Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Rossella Gottardo
- Department of Diagnostic and Public Health, Unit of Forensic Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Nalyanya KM, Rop RK, Onyuka A, Migunde PO, Ngumbu RG. Thermal and mechanical analysis of pickled and tanned cowhide: Effect of solar radiations. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kallen Mulilo Nalyanya
- Department of Physics; Faculty of Science, Egerton University; P.O. Box 536 Egerton 20115 Kenya
| | - Ronald K. Rop
- Department of Physics; Faculty of Science, Egerton University; P.O. Box 536 Egerton 20115 Kenya
| | - Arthur Onyuka
- Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute (KIRDI)-Leather Development Centre; Nairobi. P.O.BOX 30650-00100 NAIROBI Kenya
| | - Peter O. Migunde
- Department of Physics; Faculty of Science, Egerton University; P.O. Box 536 Egerton 20115 Kenya
| | - Richard G. Ngumbu
- Department of Physics; Faculty of Science, Egerton University; P.O. Box 536 Egerton 20115 Kenya
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Manssor NAS, Radzi Z, Yahya NA, Mohamad Yusof L, Hariri F, Khairuddin NH, Abu Kasim NH, Czernuszka JT. Characteristics and Young's Modulus of Collagen Fibrils from Expanded Skin Using Anisotropic Controlled Rate Self-Inflating Tissue Expander. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 29:55-62. [PMID: 26836267 DOI: 10.1159/000431328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical properties of expanded skin tissue are different from normal skin, which is dependent mainly on the structural and functional integrity of dermal collagen fibrils. In the present study, mechanical properties and surface topography of both expanded and nonexpanded skin collagen fibrils were evaluated. Anisotropic controlled rate self-inflating tissue expanders were placed beneath the skin of sheep's forelimbs. The tissue expanders gradually increased in height and reached equilibrium in 2 weeks. They were left in situ for another 2 weeks before explantation. Expanded and normal skin samples were surgically harvested from the sheep (n = 5). Young's modulus and surface topography of collagen fibrils were measured using an atomic force microscope. A surface topographic scan showed organized hierarchical structural levels: collagen molecules, fibrils and fibers. No significant difference was detected for the D-banding pattern: 63.5 ± 2.6 nm (normal skin) and 63.7 ± 2.7 nm (expanded skin). Fibrils from expanded tissues consisted of loosely packed collagen fibrils and the width of the fibrils was significantly narrower compared to those from normal skin: 153.9 ± 25.3 and 106.7 ± 28.5 nm, respectively. Young's modulus of the collagen fibrils in the expanded and normal skin was not statistically significant: 46.5 ± 19.4 and 35.2 ± 27.0 MPa, respectively. In conclusion, the anisotropic controlled rate self-inflating tissue expander produced a loosely packed collagen network and the fibrils exhibited similar D-banding characteristics as the control group in a sheep model. However, the fibrils from the expanded skin were significantly narrower. The stiffness of the fibrils from the expanded skin was higher but it was not statistically different.
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3D printed Ti6Al4V implant surface promotes bone maturation and retains a higher density of less aged osteocytes at the bone-implant interface. Acta Biomater 2016; 30:357-367. [PMID: 26577985 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
For load-bearing orthopaedic applications, metal implants having an interconnected pore structure exhibit the potential to facilitate bone ingrowth and the possibility for reducing the stiffness mismatch between the implant and bone, thus eliminating stress-shielding effects. 3D printed solid and macro-porous Ti6Al4V implants were evaluated after six-months healing in adult sheep femora. The ultrastructural composition of the bone-implant interface was investigated using Raman spectroscopy and electron microscopy, in a correlative manner. The mineral crystallinity and the mineral-to-matrix ratios of the interfacial tissue and the native bone were found to be similar. However, lower Ca/P ratios, lower carbonate content, but higher proline, phenylalanine and tyrosine levels indicated that the interfacial tissue remained less mature. Bone healing was more advanced at the porous implant surface (vs. the solid implant surface) based on the interfacial tissue ν1 CO3(2-)/ν2 PO4(3-) ratio, phenylalanine and tyrosine levels approaching those of the native bone. The mechanosensing infrastructure in bone, the osteocyte lacuno-canalicular network, retained ∼40% more canaliculi per osteocyte lacuna, i.e., a 'less aged' morphology at the interface. The osteocyte density per mineralised surface area was ∼36-71% higher at the interface after extended healing periods. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE In osseointegration research, the success of an implant surface or design is commonly determined by quantifying the amount of new bone, rather than its maturation, composition and structure. This work describes a novel correlative methodology to investigate the ultrastructure and composition of bone formed around and within 3D printed Ti6Al4V implants having an interconnected open-pore structure. Raman spectroscopy demonstrates that the molecular composition of the interfacial tissue at different implant surfaces may vary, suggesting differences in the extent to which bone maturation occurs even after long-term healing. Bone maturation corresponded well with the structural parameters associated with remodelling kinetics, for example, the osteocyte density and the average number of canaliculi per osteocyte lacuna.
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Papageorgopoulou C, Shved N, Wanek J, Rühli FJ. Modeling Ancient Egyptian Mummification on Fresh Human Tissue: Macroscopic and Histological Aspects. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 298:974-87. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Papageorgopoulou
- Department of History and Ethnology; Laboratory of Anthropology; Demokritus University of Thrace; Komotini Greece
| | - Natallia Shved
- Swiss Mummy Project, Centre for Evolutionary Medicine, Institute of Anatomy; University of Zurich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - Johann Wanek
- Swiss Mummy Project, Centre for Evolutionary Medicine, Institute of Anatomy; University of Zurich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - Frank J. Rühli
- Swiss Mummy Project, Centre for Evolutionary Medicine, Institute of Anatomy; University of Zurich; Zürich Switzerland
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Sydler C, Öhrström L, Rosendahl W, Woitek U, Rühli F. CT-Based Assessment of Relative Soft-Tissue Alteration in Different Types of Ancient Mummies. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 298:1162-74. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Sydler
- Centre for Evolutionary Medicine; Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich; Winterthurerstr 190 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Lena Öhrström
- Centre for Evolutionary Medicine; Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich; Winterthurerstr 190 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Wilfried Rosendahl
- German Mummy Project; Reiss-Engelhorn-Museen; Zeughaus C5 Mannheim Germany
| | - Ulrich Woitek
- Department of Economics; University of Zurich; Zürichbergstr 14 Zurich Switzerland and CESifo, Munich Germany
| | - Frank Rühli
- Centre for Evolutionary Medicine; Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich; Winterthurerstr 190 Zurich Switzerland
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20
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Kontomaris SV, Yova D, Stylianou A, Balogiannis G. The effects of UV irradiation on collagen D-band revealed by atomic force microscopy. SCANNING 2015; 37:101-11. [PMID: 25521598 DOI: 10.1002/sca.21185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this paper was to investigate the influence of UV irradiation on collagen D-band periodicity by using the AFM imaging and nanoindentation methods. It is well known than UV irradiation is one of the main factors inducing destabilization of collagen molecules. Due to the human's skin chronic exposure to sun light, the research concerning the influence of UV radiation on collagen is of great interest. The impact of UV irradiation on collagen can be studied in nanoscale using Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). AFM is a powerful tool as far as surface characterization is concerned, due to its ability to relate high resolution imaging with mechanical properties. Hence, high resolution images of individual collagen fibrils and load-displacement curves on the overlapping and gap regions, under various time intervals of UV exposure, were obtained. The results demonstrated that the UV rays affect the height level differences between the overlapping and gap regions. Under various time intervals of UV exposure, the height difference between overlaps and gaps reduced from ~3.7 nm to ~0.8 nm and the fibril diameters showed an average of 8-10% reduction. In addition, the irradiation influenced the mechanical properties of collagen fibrils. The Young's modulus values were reduced per 66% (overlaps) and 61% (gaps) compared to their initial values. The observed alterations on the structural and the mechanical properties of collagen fibrils are probably a consequence of the polypeptide chain scission due to the impact of the UV irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos V Kontomaris
- Biomedical Optics & Applied Biophysics Lab, Division of Electromagnetics, Electrooptics & Electronic Materials, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Iroon Polytechniou, Athens, Greece; Interuniversity Postgraduate Programme on Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Patras, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the School of Mechanical Engineering of the National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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21
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Prince Cangrande’s Collagen: Study of Protein Modification on the Mummy of the Lord of Verona, Italy (1291–1329 AD). Chromatographia 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-014-2710-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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22
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Abstract
Changes in elasticity and structures of red blood cells (RBCs) are important indicators of disease, and this makes them interesting for medical studies. In forensics, blood analyses represent a crucial part of crime scene investigations. For these reasons, the recovery and analysis of blood cells from ancient tissues is of major interest. In this study, we show that RBCs were preserved in Iceman tissue samples for more than 5000 years. The morphological and molecular composition of the blood corpuscle is verified by atomic force microscope and Raman spectroscopy measurements. The cell size and shape approximated those of healthy, dried, recent RBCs. Raman spectra of the ancient corpuscle revealed bands that are characteristic of haemoglobin. Additional vibrational modes typical for other proteinaceous fragments, possibly fibrin, suggested the formation of a blood clot. The band intensities, however, were approximately an order of magnitude weaker than those of recent RBCs. This fact points to a decrease in the RBC-specific metalloprotein haemoglobin and, thus, to a degradation of the cells. Together, the results show the preservation of RBCs in the 5000 year old mummy tissue and give the first insights into their degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Janko
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstraße 41, 80333 Munich, Germany
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23
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Cersoy S, Richardin P, Walter P, Brunelle A. Cluster TOF-SIMS imaging of human skin remains: analysis of a South-Andean mummy sample. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2012; 47:338-346. [PMID: 22431460 DOI: 10.1002/jms.2979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A skin sample from a South-Andean mummy dating back from the XI(th) century was analyzed using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry imaging using cluster primary ion beams (cluster-TOF-SIMS). For the first time on a mummy, skin dermis and epidermis could be chemically differentiated using mass spectrometry imaging. Differences in amino-acid composition between keratin and collagen, the two major proteins of skin tissue, could indeed be exploited. A surprising lipid composition of hypodermis was also revealed and seems to result from fatty acids damage by bacteria. Using cluster-TOF-SIMS imaging skills, traces of bio-mineralization could be identified at the micrometer scale, especially formation of calcium phosphate at the skin surface. Mineral deposits at the surface were characterized using both scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in combination with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and mass spectrometry imaging. The stratigraphy of such a sample was revealed for the first time using this technique. More precise molecular maps were also recorded at higher spatial resolution, below 1 µm. This was achieved using a non-bunched mode of the primary ion source, while keeping intact the mass resolution thanks to a delayed extraction of the secondary ions. Details from biological structure as can be seen on SEM images are observable on chemical maps at this sub-micrometer scale. Thus, this work illustrates the interesting possibilities of chemical imaging by cluster-TOF-SIMS concerning ancient biological tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Cersoy
- Centre de Recherche et de Restauration des Musées de France (C2RMF), Palais du Louvre, Porte des Lions, 14 quai François Mitterrand, 75001, Paris, France
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Polak R, Pitombo RN. Care during freeze-drying of bovine pericardium tissue to be used as a biomaterial: A comparative study. Cryobiology 2011; 63:61-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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25
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Micro- and nanoengineering approaches to control stem cell-biomaterial interactions. J Funct Biomater 2011; 2:88-106. [PMID: 24956299 PMCID: PMC4030934 DOI: 10.3390/jfb2030088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
As our population ages, there is a greater need for a suitable supply of engineered tissues to address a range of debilitating ailments. Stem cell based therapies are envisioned to meet this emerging need. Despite significant progress in controlling stem cell differentiation, it is still difficult to engineer human tissue constructs for transplantation. Recent advances in micro- and nanofabrication techniques have enabled the design of more biomimetic biomaterials that may be used to direct the fate of stem cells. These biomaterials could have a significant impact on the next generation of stem cell based therapies. Here, we highlight the recent progress made by micro- and nanoengineering techniques in the biomaterials field in the context of directing stem cell differentiation. Particular attention is given to the effect of surface topography, chemistry, mechanics and micro- and nanopatterns on the differentiation of embryonic, mesenchymal and neural stem cells.
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S. Sundar R, Gopalakrishnan R, Wade RC, Subramanian V. Structural Basis for the Varying Propensities of Different Amino Acids To Adopt the Collagen Conformation. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:2593-607. [DOI: 10.1021/jp109133v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raman S. Sundar
- Chemical Laboratory, Central Leather Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India
- Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS) gGmbH, Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R. Gopalakrishnan
- Chemical Laboratory, Central Leather Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India
| | - R. C. Wade
- Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS) gGmbH, Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - V. Subramanian
- Chemical Laboratory, Central Leather Research Institute, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Adyar, Chennai 600 020, India
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Janko M, Davydovskaya P, Bauer M, Zink A, Stark RW. Anisotropic Raman scattering in collagen bundles. OPTICS LETTERS 2010; 35:2765-2767. [PMID: 20717450 DOI: 10.1364/ol.35.002765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Collagen is the main connective tissue protein of vertebrates and shows exceptional mechanical and optical properties. The alignment of collagen fibrils correlates to the function of a specific tissue and leads to optical anisotropy. The effect of the molecular alignment on Raman scattering, however, has barely been investigated. We found that the peak intensities of the C-C, C=O, and N-H vibrational modes, which are typical for the Raman bands of the protein backbone, change with the orientation of the collagen fibrils. These observations demonstrate that Raman spectra contain specific information regarding molecular and fiber alignment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Janko
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstrasse 41, 80333 Munich, Germany.
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