1
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Uc-Castillo JL, Cervantes-Martínez A, Gutiérrez-Aguirre MA. Evaluation of arsenic effects on Paracyclops novenarius Reid, 1987: a cyclopoid copepod in central-north of Mexico. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:61674-61684. [PMID: 35107733 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18959-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Description and morphological analysis of copepods inhabiting a water body with high arsenic concentrations (32.79 to 62.29 mg L-1) were performed to identify some effect on the development of individuals due to the arsenic concentrations. Detailed morphology of prosomal and urosomal appendages along the development of the specimens was considered. The results showed that the freshwater copepod Paracyclops novenarius Reid, 1987 inhabits this water body, and previously, it was recorded as Paracyclops chiltoni (Thomson GM, 1882) on this site. Moreover, this becomes the first record of P. novenarius in Mexico. Morphological analysis showed a normal and stable development along the different instars, different arsenic concentrations in the media, and different sampled dates between the analyzed specimens, suggesting that the high arsenic concentrations do not affect the morphology of P. novenarius, including all its development and adult instars, which differs from other copepods and other groups such as Cladocera and Rotifera, where morphological changes due to metals and metalloids have been observed but in low concentrations of these elements. The results of this study contribute to the existing reports of the genus Paracyclops (Claus 1893) in Mexico and could provide information for environmental impact assessments on aquatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Uc-Castillo
- Departamento de Ciencias Y Humanidades, Unidad Académica Cozumel, Universidad de Quintana Roo, Av. Andrés Quintana Roo, Calle 11 con calle 110 sur s/n, Cozumel, Quintana Roo, 77600, México.
| | - Adrián Cervantes-Martínez
- Departamento de Ciencias Y Humanidades, Unidad Académica Cozumel, Universidad de Quintana Roo, Av. Andrés Quintana Roo, Calle 11 con calle 110 sur s/n, Cozumel, Quintana Roo, 77600, México
| | - Martha Angélica Gutiérrez-Aguirre
- Departamento de Ciencias Y Humanidades, Unidad Académica Cozumel, Universidad de Quintana Roo, Av. Andrés Quintana Roo, Calle 11 con calle 110 sur s/n, Cozumel, Quintana Roo, 77600, México
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2
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Liker A, Bókony V, Pipoly I, Lemaître JF, Gaillard JM, Székely T, Freckleton RP. Evolution of large males is associated with female-skewed adult sex ratios in amniotes. Evolution 2021; 75:1636-1649. [PMID: 34021590 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Body size often differs between the sexes (leading to sexual size dimorphism, SSD), as a consequence of differential responses by males and females to selection pressures. Adult sex ratio (ASR, the proportion of males in the adult population) should influence SSD because ASR relates to both the number of competitors and available mates, which shape the intensity of mating competition and thereby promotes SSD evolution. However, whether ASR correlates with SSD variation among species has not been yet tested across a broad range of taxa. Using phylogenetic comparative analyses of 462 amniotes (i.e., reptiles, birds, and mammals), we fill this knowledge gap by showing that male bias in SSD increases with increasingly female-skewed ASRs in both mammals and birds. This relationship is not explained by the higher mortality of the larger sex because SSD is not associated with sex differences in either juvenile or adult mortality. Phylogenetic path analysis indicates that higher mortality in one sex leads to skewed ASR, which in turn may generate selection for SSD biased toward the rare sex. Taken together, our findings provide evidence that skewed ASRs in amniote populations can result in the rarer sex evolving large size to capitalize on enhanced mating opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Liker
- MTA-PE Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, H-8210, Hungary.,Behavioral Ecology Research Group, Center for Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, H-8210, Hungary
| | - Veronika Bókony
- Lendület Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Plant Protection Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Budapest, H-1022, Hungary
| | - Ivett Pipoly
- MTA-PE Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, H-8210, Hungary.,Behavioral Ecology Research Group, Center for Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, H-8210, Hungary
| | - Jean-Francois Lemaître
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive UMR 5558, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Jean-Michel Gaillard
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive UMR 5558, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Tamás Székely
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom.,Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Robert P Freckleton
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, Alfred Denny Building, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
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3
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Ohtsuka S, Nishida Y, Hirano K, Fuji T, Kaji T, Kondo Y, Komeda S, Tasumi S, Koike K, Boxshall GA. The cephalothoracic sucker of sea lice (Crustacea: Copepoda: Caligidae): The functional importance of cuticular membrane ultrastructure. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2021; 62:101046. [PMID: 33813213 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2021.101046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sea lice adhere to the body surface of host fish with a cephalothoracic sucker. Caligus adheres to this substrate using legs 2 and 3, and the action of cephalothoracic muscles. Lunules, small, paired, anterior sucker-like structures, have a vital function in the initial step of adhering and contain a unique endocuticule containing elements that may behave like active matter and serve as the actuating mechanism. Cuticular membranes bordering the cephalothorax have a unique endocuticule with an undulating dorsal surface and a smooth ventral surface. A high-speed camera revealed that this undulation likely facilitates rapid automatic application of the sucker to the substrate. The cuticular membranes on the posterior margin of the first exopodal segment of leg 2 have a specialized endocuticle with tubules each surrounded by fine fibers. This reinforcement helps them to generate a posteriorly-directed jet of water. Opening-closing of these membranes is controlled by postero-anterior motion of the distal exopodal segments of leg 2. The outer cuticular membrane of leg 3 is simple, presumably effected by powerful extrinsic muscles. The consistency of sucker morphology within Caligus implies a highly stereotyped attachment behavior that is effective across a remarkable variety of fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Ohtsuka
- Takehara Station, Setouchi Field Science Center, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, 5-8-1 Minato-machi, Takehara City, Hiroshima Prefecture 725-0024, Japan.
| | - Yusuke Nishida
- School of Applied Biological Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima Prefecture 739-8528, Japan
| | - Katsushi Hirano
- Takehara Station, Setouchi Field Science Center, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, 5-8-1 Minato-machi, Takehara City, Hiroshima Prefecture 725-0024, Japan
| | - Taiki Fuji
- Takehara Station, Setouchi Field Science Center, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, 5-8-1 Minato-machi, Takehara City, Hiroshima Prefecture 725-0024, Japan
| | - Tomonari Kaji
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G, 2E9, Canada
| | - Yusuke Kondo
- Takehara Station, Setouchi Field Science Center, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, 5-8-1 Minato-machi, Takehara City, Hiroshima Prefecture 725-0024, Japan
| | - Sota Komeda
- Takehara Station, Setouchi Field Science Center, Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, 5-8-1 Minato-machi, Takehara City, Hiroshima Prefecture 725-0024, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tasumi
- Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, 4-50-20 Shimoarata, Kagoshima Prefecture 890-0056, Japan
| | - Kanae Koike
- Natural Science Center for Basic Research and Development, 1-4-2 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima City, Hiroshima Prefecture 739-8526, Japan
| | - Geoffrey A Boxshall
- Department of Life Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, United Kingdom
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4
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Adams DC, Glynne E, Kaliontzopoulou A. Interspecific allometry for sexual shape dimorphism: Macroevolution of multivariate sexual phenotypes with application to Rensch's rule. Evolution 2020; 74:1908-1922. [PMID: 32578880 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Allometric trends in the degree of sexual dimorphism with body size have long fascinated evolutionary biologists. Many male-biased clades display more prominent sexual dimorphism in larger taxa (Rensch's rule), with most examples documenting this pattern for body size dimorphism. Although sexual dimorphism in traits other than body size is equally functionally relevant, characterizing allometric patterns of sexual dimorphism in such traits is hampered by lack of an analytical framework that can accommodate multivariate phenotypes. In this article, we derive a multivariate equivalency for investigating trends in sexual dimorphism-relative to overall body size-across taxa and provide a generalized test to determine whether such allometric patterns correspond with Rensch's rule. For univariate linear traits such as body size, our approach yields equivalent results to those from standard procedures, but our test is also capable of detecting trends in multivariate datasets such as shape. Computer simulations reveal that the method displays appropriate statistical properties, and an empirical example in Mediterranean lizards provides the first demonstration of Rensch's rule in a multivariate phenotype (head shape). Our generalized procedure substantially extends the analytical toolkit for investigating macroevolutionary patterns of sexual dimorphism and seeking a better understanding of the processes that underlie them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean C Adams
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011
| | - Elizabeth Glynne
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, 50011
| | - Antigoni Kaliontzopoulou
- CIBIO Research Centre in Biodiversity and Genetic Resources, InBIO, Universidade do Porto, Campus de Vairão, Vila do Conde, Porto, 4099-002, Portugal
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5
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Hamilton S, Bartell S, Pierson J, Murphy D. Factors Controlling Calanoid Copepod Biomass and Distribution in the Upper San Francisco Estuary and Implications for Managing the Imperiled Delta Smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus). ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 65:587-601. [PMID: 32179969 PMCID: PMC7145783 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-020-01267-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Delta smelt struggle to persist in a dramatically altered estuarine environment. Complex and incompletely understood relationships between food availability, environmental stressors, other components of the species' habitat, and the abundance of delta smelt impede the effective management and recovery of the species. The empirical modeling presented in this study quantitatively describes spatial-temporal biomass values of calanoid copepods, a key prey item for delta smelt, in relation to multiple potential controlling factors. The results underscore the role that river flows through the estuary have in determining prey availability, and demonstrate contributions of water temperature, salinity, and macronutrients in determining copepod biomass. The analysis also shows the importance of non-native, invasive bivalves in determining copepod biomass. Importantly, the analysis describes spatial-temporal shifts in the relative importance of modeled covariates across sampling locations in the Delta. Model results indicate that increasing flows in the fall of wetter years adversely affected copepod biomass, while increases in flows in the spring of drier years provided regional increases in biomass. The results of this analysis can inform resource management decisions and contribute to a comprehensive model that can meaningfully guide efforts to recover the imperiled delta smelt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Hamilton
- Center for California Water Resources Policy and Management, 1017 L Street, Sacramento, CA, 95814-3805, USA.
| | - Steve Bartell
- Highwood, Inc, 7610 Morganton Road, Greenback, TN, 37742, USA
| | - James Pierson
- University of Maryland, 2020 Horns Point Road, Cambridge, MD, 21613, USA
| | - Dennis Murphy
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
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6
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Sivan J, Hadad S, Tesler I, Rosenstrauch A, Allan Degen A, Kam M. Relative tail length correlates with body condition in male but not in female crowned leafnose snakes (Lytorhynchus diadema). Sci Rep 2020; 10:4130. [PMID: 32139789 PMCID: PMC7058055 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61168-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive success is the ultimate measure of individual quality; however, it is difficult to determine in free-living animals. Therefore, indirect measures that are related to reproduction are generally employed. In snakes, males typically possess longer tails than females and this sexual size dimorphism in tail length (TL) has generally been attributed to the importance of the tail in mating and reproduction. Thus, intra-sexual differences in tail length, specifically within males, were hypothesized to reflect individual quality. We used a body condition index (BCI) as a measure of quality in snakes and predicted that tail length would be correlated with BCI in males. We tested our prediction by determining BCI in the free-ranging adult male and female crowned leafnose snake (Lytorhynchus diadema), a colubrid species that inhabits mainly desert sand dunes. The relative TL was correlated positively and significantly to BCI in males (F1,131 = 11.05; r2adj = 0.07; P < 0.01) but not in females, thus supporting our prediction. This is the first time that the relationship between TL and body condition was tested in a free-ranging species. In addition, sexual size dimorphism of TL increased intra-specifically with body size, which was also found in interspecific analyses following Rensch's rule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaim Sivan
- Department of Life Sciences, Achva Academic College, M. P. Shikmim, 79800, Israel
| | | | - Itay Tesler
- Negev Zoo, P. O. B, 4033, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Avi Rosenstrauch
- Department of Life Sciences, Achva Academic College, M. P. Shikmim, 79800, Israel
| | - Abraham Allan Degen
- Desert Animal Adaptations and Husbandry, Wyler Department of Dryland Agriculture, Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 8410500, Israel
| | - Michael Kam
- Desert Animal Adaptations and Husbandry, Wyler Department of Dryland Agriculture, Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, 8410500, Israel.
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7
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López-Cortegano E, Carpena-Catoira C, Carvajal-Rodríguez A, Rolán-Alvarez E. Mate choice based on body size similarity in sexually dimorphic populations causes strong sexual selection. Anim Behav 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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8
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Horne CR, Hirst AG, Atkinson D. Selection for increased male size predicts variation in sexual size dimorphism among fish species. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20192640. [PMID: 31937230 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.2640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Variation in the degree of sexual size dimorphism (SSD) among taxa is generally considered to arise from differences in the relative intensity of male-male competition and fecundity selection. One might predict, therefore, that SSD will vary systematically with (1) the intensity of sexual selection for increased male size, and (2) the intensity of fecundity selection for increased female size. To test these two fundamental hypotheses, we conducted a phylogenetic comparative analysis of SSD in fish. Specifically, using records of body length at first sexual maturity from FishBase, we quantified variation in the magnitude and direction of SSD in more than 600 diverse freshwater and marine fish species, from sticklebacks to sharks. Although female-biased SSD was common, and thought to be driven primarily by fecundity selection, variation in SSD was not dependent on either the allometric scaling of reproductive energy output or fecundity in female fish. Instead, systematic patterns based on habitat and life-history characteristics associated with varying degrees of male-male competition and paternal care strongly suggest that adaptive variation in SSD is driven by the intensity of sexual selection for increased male size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis R Horne
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GP, UK
| | - Andrew G Hirst
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GP, UK.,Centre for Ocean Life, National Institute for Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - David Atkinson
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
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9
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Wrozyna C, Meyer J, Gross M, Ramos MIF, Piller WE. Sexual, ontogenetic, and geographic variation of the Neotropical freshwater ostracod Cytheridella ilosvayi. BMC ZOOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1186/s40850-019-0042-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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10
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Wu H, Jiang T, Huang X, Feng J. Patterns of sexual size dimorphism in horseshoe bats: Testing Rensch's rule and potential causes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2616. [PMID: 29422495 PMCID: PMC5805768 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21077-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Rensch's rule, stating that sexual size dimorphism (SSD) becomes more evident and male-biased with increasing body size, has been well supported for taxa that exhibit male-biased SSD. Bats, primarily having female-biased SSD, have so far been tested for whether SSD allometry conforms to Rensch's rule in only three studies. However, these studies did not consider phylogeny, and thus the mechanisms underlying SSD variations in bats remain unclear. Thus, the present study reviewed published and original data, including body size, baculum size, and habitat types in 45 bats of the family Rhinolophidae to determine whether horseshoe bats follow Rensch's rule using a phylogenetic comparative framework. We also investigated the potential effect of postcopulatory sexual selection and habitat type on SSD. Our findings indicated that Rensch's rule did not apply to Rhinolophidae, suggesting that SSD did not significantly vary with increasing size. This pattern may be attributable interactions between weak sexual selection to male body size and strong fecundity selection for on female body size. The degree of SSD among horseshoe bats may be attributed to a phylogenetic effect rather than to the intersexual competition for food or to baculum length. Interestingly, we observed that species in open habitats exhibited greater SSD than those in dense forests, suggesting that habitat types may be associated with variations in SSD in horseshoe bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng ST 2888, Changchun, 130118, China
- Jilin Provincal Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Jingyue St 2555, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Tinglei Jiang
- Jilin Provincal Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Jingyue St 2555, Changchun, 130117, China.
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Education Ministry, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China.
| | - Xiaobin Huang
- Jilin Provincal Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Jingyue St 2555, Changchun, 130117, China
| | - Jiang Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Xincheng ST 2888, Changchun, 130118, China.
- Jilin Provincal Key Laboratory of Animal Resource Conservation and Utilization, Northeast Normal University, Jingyue St 2555, Changchun, 130117, China.
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology of Education Ministry, Institute of Grassland Science, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, China.
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11
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Martin OY, Michalczyk Ł, Millard AL, Emerson BC, Gage MJG. Lack of support for Rensch's rule in an intraspecific test using red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) populations. INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 24:133-140. [PMID: 26299521 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Rensch's rule proposes a universal allometric scaling phenomenon across species where sexual size dimorphism (SSD) has evolved: in taxa with male-biased dimorphism, degree of SSD should increase with overall body size, and in taxa with female-biased dimorphism, degree of SSD should decrease with increasing average body size. Rensch's rule appears to hold widely across taxa where SSD is male-biased, but not consistently when SSD is female-biased. Furthermore, studies addressing this question within species are rare, so it remains unclear whether this rule applies at the intraspecific level. We assess body size and SSD within Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), a species where females are larger than males, using 21 populations derived from separate locations across the world, and maintained in isolated laboratory culture for at least 20 years. Body size, and hence SSD patterns, are highly susceptible to variations in temperature, diet quality and other environmental factors. Crucially, here we nullify interference of such confounds as all populations were maintained under identical conditions (similar densities, standard diet and exposed to identical temperature, relative humidity and photoperiod). We measured thirty beetles of each sex for all populations, and found body size variation across populations, and (as expected) female-biased SSD in all populations. We test whether Rensch's rule holds for our populations, but find isometry, i.e. no allometry for SSD. Our results thus show that Rensch's rule does not hold across populations within this species. Our intraspecific test matches previous interspecific studies showing that Rensch's rule fails in species with female-biased SSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Y Martin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
- ETH Zürich, Experimental Ecology, Institute of Integrative Biology, D-USYS, Universitätsstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Łukasz Michalczyk
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
- Department of Entomology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna L Millard
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Brent C Emerson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
- Island Ecology and Evolution Research Group (IPNA-CSIC), C/Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Matthew J G Gage
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
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12
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Hirst AG, Horne CR, Atkinson D. Equal temperature-size responses of the sexes are widespread within arthropod species. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 282:20152475. [PMID: 26645202 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.2475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is often affected by environmental conditions, but the effect of temperature on SSD in ectotherms still requires rigorous investigation. We compared the plastic responses of size-at-maturity to temperature between males and females within 85 diverse arthropod species, in which individuals of both sexes were reared through ontogeny under identical conditions with excess food. We find that the sexes show similar relative (proportional) temperature-body size (T-S) responses on average. The high degree of similarity occurs despite an analysis that includes a wide range of animal body sizes, variation in degree of SSD and differences in the sign of the T-S response. We find no support for Rensch's rule, which predicts greater variation in male size, or indeed the reverse, greater female size variation. SSD shows no systematic temperature dependence in any of the 17 arthropod orders examined, five of which (Diptera, Orthoptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Calanoida) include more than six thermal responses. We suggest that the same proportional T-S response may generally have equivalent fitness costs and benefits in both sexes. This contrasts with effects of juvenile density, and food quantity/quality, which commonly result in greater size plasticity in females, suggesting these variables have different adaptive effects on SSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G Hirst
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK Centre for Ocean Life, National Institute for Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kavalergården 6, Charlottenlund 2920, Denmark
| | - Curtis R Horne
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK
| | - David Atkinson
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK
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13
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The challenges of asymmetric mating - the influence of male and female size on the reproductive output of Acanthochondria cornuta (Chondracanthidae). Parasitology 2016; 143:1945-1953. [PMID: 27640302 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182016001578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The reproductive strategy of Acanthochondria cornuta, a parasitic copepod with dwarf, hyperparasitic males, is described in detail. The potential impact of male parasitism on the reproductive output was evaluated by determining the size of each sex and the female's fecundity, egg size and total reproductive effort for each pair/trio throughout the four seasons of the year. Marked seasonal differences were observed in female size and reproductive output, suggesting two distinct generations, but no differences were observed for male size. No statistically significant correlations were observed between male size and any measure of reproductive effort, but females with larger males had lower fecundity. A trade-off between egg number and egg size was recorded. Overall, the reproductive effort in A. cornuta seems to be determined mostly by female size, and larger females do not hold smaller males.
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14
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Motani R, Jiang DY, Rieppel O, Xue YF, Tintori A. Adult sex ratio, sexual dimorphism and sexual selection in a Mesozoic reptile. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:rspb.2015.1658. [PMID: 26378218 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.1658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary history of sexual selection in the geologic past is poorly documented based on quantification, largely because of difficulty in sexing fossil specimens. Even such essential ecological parameters as adult sex ratio (ASR) and sexual size dimorphism (SSD) are rarely quantified, despite their implications for sexual selection. To enable their estimation, we propose a method for unbiased sex identification based on sexual shape dimorphism, using size-independent principal components of phenotypic data. We applied the method to test sexual selection in Keichousaurus hui, a Middle Triassic (about 237 Ma) sauropterygian with an unusually large sample size for a fossil reptile. Keichousaurus hui exhibited SSD biased towards males, as in the majority of extant reptiles, to a minor degree (sexual dimorphism index -0.087). The ASR is about 60% females, suggesting higher mortality of males over females. Both values support sexual selection of males in this species. The method may be applied to other fossil species. We also used the Gompertz allometric equation to study the sexual shape dimorphism of K. hui and found that two sexes had largely homogeneous phenotypes at birth except in the humeral width, contrary to previous suggestions derived from the standard allometric equation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Motani
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Da-yong Jiang
- Laboratory of Orogenic Belt and Crustal Evolution, Ministry of Education; Department of Geology and Geological Museum, Peking University, Yiheyuan Street 5, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Olivier Rieppel
- Center of Integrative Research, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL 60605-2496, USA
| | - Yi-fan Xue
- Laboratory of Orogenic Belt and Crustal Evolution, Ministry of Education; Department of Geology and Geological Museum, Peking University, Yiheyuan Street 5, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Andrea Tintori
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli, Milan 34-20133, Italy
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15
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Rohner PT, Blanckenhorn WU, Puniamoorthy N. Sexual selection on male size drives the evolution of male-biased sexual size dimorphism via the prolongation of male development. Evolution 2016; 70:1189-99. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick T. Rohner
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Wolf U. Blanckenhorn
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies; University of Zurich; Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich Switzerland
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16
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Patterns of secondary sexual size dimorphism in New WorldMyotisand a test of Rensch’s rule. J Mammal 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyv120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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17
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Jonsson B, Jonsson N. Sexual size dimorphism in anadromous brown trout Salmo trutta. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2015; 87:187-193. [PMID: 25959597 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Anadromous trout Salmo trutta exhibits sexual size dimorphism (SSD ); females were larger than males in populations where male mean total length (LT ) at maturity was below 49 cm and females were smaller than males when mean male LT was above 49 cm, the slope of the regression of female on male LT was 0·59. In streams with mean annual discharge below 41 m(3) s(-1) , flow added significantly to a model with SSD as the dependent variable and male mean LT at maturity as the first predictor variable. There was a slight increase in SSD with increasing latitude, which may result from an increase in male size with increasing latitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Jonsson
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - N Jonsson
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
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