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Freitas L, Bezerra A, Boppre G, Amorim T, Fernandes RJ, Fonseca H. Does Swimming Exercise Impair Bone Health? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Comparing the Evidence in Humans and Rodent Models. Sports Med 2024:10.1007/s40279-024-02052-x. [PMID: 38900358 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-02052-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of swimming on bone health remains unclear, namely due to discrepant findings between studies in humans and animal models. OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to identify the available evidence on the effects of swimming on bone mass, geometry and microarchitecture at the lumbar spine, femur and tibia in both humans and rodent animal models. METHODS The study followed PRISMA guidelines and was registered at PROSPERO (CRD4202236347 and CRD42022363714 for human and animal studies). Two different systematic literature searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science, retrieving 36 and 16 reports for humans and animal models, respectively. RESULTS In humans, areal bone mineral density (aBMD) was similar between swimmers and non-athletic controls at the lumbar spine, hip and femoral neck. Swimmers' tibia diaphysis showed a higher cross-sectional area but lower cortical thickness. Inconsistent findings at the femoral neck cortical thickness were found. Due to the small number of studies, trabecular microarchitecture in human swimmers was not assessed. In rodent models, aBMD was found to be lower at the tibia, but similar at the femur. Inconsistent findings in femur diaphysis cross-sectional area were observed. No differences in femur and tibia trabecular microarchitecture were found. CONCLUSION Swimming seems to affect bone health differently according to anatomical region. Studies in both humans and rodent models suggest that tibia cortical bone is negatively affected by swimming. There was no evidence of a negative effect of swimming on other bone regions, both in humans and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Freitas
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal.
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal.
| | - Andrea Bezerra
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
| | - Giorjines Boppre
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
- Nucleus of Research in Human Movement Science, Universidad Adventista de Chile, Chillán, Chile
| | - Tânia Amorim
- Fame Laboratory, Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Ricardo J Fernandes
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Hélder Fonseca
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido Costa 91, 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), Porto, Portugal
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Wu C, Zhang Q, Zheng X, Han Q, Fu C, Liu X, Wu T. Electrical stimulation prevents condyle and subchondral degeneration following the masseter atrophy. Oral Dis 2023. [PMID: 37927162 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is a strong relationship between masticatory muscle atrophy and condyle degeneration. Although electrical stimulation (ES) is an effective treatment for muscle atrophy, its influence on the underlying condyle is unclear. This study aimed to investigate whether ES can prevent condyle degradation during the stage of masseter muscle atrophy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Six-week-old rats were randomly divided into the control, botulinum toxin (BTX), or BTX + ES group. BTX was injected into the bilateral masseters of rats to induce masseter atrophy. The left-side masseters without ES treatment were served as BTX group, and the right-side masseters received ES with different parameters (5 mA/10 Hz, 5 mA/50 Hz, 6 mA/10 Hz, 6 mA/50 Hz, 7 mA/10 Hz, and 7 mA/50 Hz) were served as BTX + ES groups. After 4 weeks, micro-CT and qualitative or quantitative analysis of osteogenesis, chondrogenesis, and angiogenesis-related genes in condyles were conducted. RESULTS ES, especially at 7 mA/50 Hz, significantly attenuated masseter atrophy, condyle degeneration, and subchondral bone loss. Moreover, the upregulation of related proteins, including collagen 1, osteocalcin, bone morphogenetic protein 2, collagen 2a, and vascular endothelial growth factor were observed. CONCLUSION ES partly rescued condylar degeneration and subchondral bone loss following masseter atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wu
- Department of Orthodontics, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Qunyan Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiuyun Zheng
- Department of Orthodontics, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Quancheng Han
- Department of Orthodontics, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Chunfeng Fu
- Department of Orthodontics, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- Department of Orthodontics, College & Hospital of Stomatology, Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Bezerra A, Freitas L, Maciel L, Fonseca H. Bone Tissue Responsiveness To Mechanical Loading-Possible Long-Term Implications of Swimming on Bone Health and Bone Development. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2022; 20:453-468. [PMID: 36401774 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-022-00758-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To revisit the bone tissue mechanotransduction mechanisms behind the bone tissue response to mechanical loading and, within this context, explore the possible negative influence of regular swimming practice on bone health, particularly during the growth and development period. RECENT FINDINGS Bone is a dynamic tissue, responsive to mechanical loading and unloading, being these adaptative responses more intense during the growth and development period. Cross-sectional studies usually report a lower bone mass in swimmers compared to athletes engaged in weigh-bearing sports. However, studies with animal models show contradictory findings about the effect of swimming on bone health, highlighting the need for longitudinal studies. Due to its microgravity characteristics, swimming seems to impair bone mass, but mostly at the lower limbs. It is unkown if there is a causal relationship between swimming and low BMD or if other confounding factors, such as a natural selection whithin the sport, are the cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Bezerra
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto (FADE/UP), 4200-450, Porto, Portugal.
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Laura Freitas
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto (FADE/UP), 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
| | - Leonardo Maciel
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto (FADE/UP), 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Sergipe, Campus Lagarto, Lagarto, Brazil
| | - Hélder Fonseca
- Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto (FADE/UP), 4200-450, Porto, Portugal
- Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health (ITR), 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
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Abitante TJ, Bouxsein ML, Duda KR, Newman DJ. Potential of Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation as a Bone Loss Countermeasure in Microgravity. Aerosp Med Hum Perform 2022; 93:774-782. [DOI: 10.3357/amhp.6101.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: For future long-duration spaceflight missions, additional methods of loading the skeleton may be required to supplement exercise to minimize bone loss. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) can elicit muscular contractions that create strain on bone. However,
the potential effectiveness of NMES on the proximal femur during disuse is not known.METHODS: We measured the maximum isometric force of NMES-induced contractions of the rectus femoris and the hamstrings of 10 subjects (5 male, 5 female), sitting with the hips and knees at 90 degrees
of flexion. We employed 2-D biomechanical models of the knee and hip to estimate the hip joint reaction forces, applied these forces to a generic femur finite element analysis model, and qualitatively compared the peak principal strains of the proximal femoral neck to the peak strains modeled
in previous studies for other forms of exercise.RESULTS: The average peak tensile/compressive strains were 1380 ± 719 µε/-2179 ± 1130 µε and 573 ± 345 µε/-900 ± 543 µε for the male and female subjects, respectively.
While results varied between studies, the strains achieved during NMES generally were comparable to those achieved during walking or stairs, with some individuals matching higher intensity activities.DISCUSSION: This study demonstrated that isometric NMES contractions of the thigh
muscles can create strain in the proximal femoral neck similar to that achieved during low impact activities. While NMES alone will unlikely create a sufficient daily strain stimulus to prevent bone loss, it will likely improve the current spaceflight countermeasures by adding more frequent
loading throughout the day.Abitante TJ, Bouxsein ML, Duda KR, Newman DJ. Potential of neuromuscular electrical stimulation as a bone loss countermeasure in microgravity. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2022; 93(11):774–782.
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MiniVStimA: A miniaturized easy to use implantable electrical stimulator for small laboratory animals. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241638. [PMID: 33125415 PMCID: PMC7598460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
According to PubMed, roughly 10% of the annually added publications are describing findings from the small animal model (mice and rats), including investigations in the field of muscle physiology and training. A subset of this research requires neural stimulation with flexible adjustments of stimulation parameters, highlighting the need for reliable implantable electrical stimulators, small enough (~1 cm3), that even mice can tolerate them without impairing their movement. The MiniVStimA is a battery-powered implant for nerve stimulation with an outer diameter of 15 mm and an encapsulated volume of 1.2 cm3 in its smallest variation. It can be pre-programmed according to the experimental protocol and controlled after implantation with a magnet. It delivers constant current charge-balanced monophasic rectangular pulses up to 2 mA and 1 ms phase width (1 kΩ load). The circuitry is optimized for small volume and energy efficiency. Due to the variation of the internal oscillator (31 kHz ± 10%), calibration measures must be implemented during the manufacturing process, which can reduce the deviation of the frequency related parameters down to ± 1%. The expected lifetime of the smaller (larger) version is 100 (480) days for stimulation with 7 Hz all day and 10 (48) days for stimulation with 100 Hz. Devices with complex stimulation patterns for nerve stimulation have been successfully used in two in-vivo studies, lasting up to nine weeks. The implant worked fully self-contained while the animal stayed in its familiar environment. External components are not required during the entire time.
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Alcântara ACS, Assis I, Prada D, Mehle K, Schwan S, Costa-Paiva L, Skaf MS, Wrobel LC, Sollero P. Patient-Specific Bone Multiscale Modelling, Fracture Simulation and Risk Analysis-A Survey. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 13:E106. [PMID: 31878356 PMCID: PMC6981613 DOI: 10.3390/ma13010106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides a starting point for researchers and practitioners from biology, medicine, physics and engineering who can benefit from an up-to-date literature survey on patient-specific bone fracture modelling, simulation and risk analysis. This survey hints at a framework for devising realistic patient-specific bone fracture simulations. This paper has 18 sections: Section 1 presents the main interested parties; Section 2 explains the organzation of the text; Section 3 motivates further work on patient-specific bone fracture simulation; Section 4 motivates this survey; Section 5 concerns the collection of bibliographical references; Section 6 motivates the physico-mathematical approach to bone fracture; Section 7 presents the modelling of bone as a continuum; Section 8 categorizes the surveyed literature into a continuum mechanics framework; Section 9 concerns the computational modelling of bone geometry; Section 10 concerns the estimation of bone mechanical properties; Section 11 concerns the selection of boundary conditions representative of bone trauma; Section 12 concerns bone fracture simulation; Section 13 presents the multiscale structure of bone; Section 14 concerns the multiscale mathematical modelling of bone; Section 15 concerns the experimental validation of bone fracture simulations; Section 16 concerns bone fracture risk assessment. Lastly, glossaries for symbols, acronyms, and physico-mathematical terms are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadeus C. S. Alcântara
- Department of Computational Mechanics, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-860, Brazil; (A.C.S.A.); (D.P.)
| | - Israel Assis
- Department of Integrated Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-860, Brazil;
| | - Daniel Prada
- Department of Computational Mechanics, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-860, Brazil; (A.C.S.A.); (D.P.)
| | - Konrad Mehle
- Department of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Merseburg, 06217 Merseburg, Germany;
| | - Stefan Schwan
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany;
| | - Lúcia Costa-Paiva
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-887, Brazil;
| | - Munir S. Skaf
- Institute of Chemistry and Center for Computing in Engineering and Sciences, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-860, Brazil;
| | - Luiz C. Wrobel
- Institute of Materials and Manufacturing, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK;
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 22451-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sollero
- Department of Computational Mechanics, School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Campinas—UNICAMP, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-860, Brazil; (A.C.S.A.); (D.P.)
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Karakostis FA, Wallace IJ, Konow N, Harvati K. Experimental evidence that physical activity affects the multivariate associations among muscle attachments (entheses). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 222:jeb.213058. [PMID: 31712353 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.213058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The morphology of entheses (muscle/tendon attachment sites) on bones is routinely used in paleontological and bioarcheological studies to infer the physical activity patterns of ancient vertebrate species including hominins. However, such inferences have often been disputed owing to limitations of the quantitative methods commonly employed and a lack of experimental evidence demonstrating direct effects of physical activity on entheseal morphology. Recently, we introduced a new and improved method of quantifying and analyzing entheseal morphology that involves repeatable three-dimensional measurements combined with multivariate statistics focused on associations among multiple entheses. Here, to assess the validity of our method for investigating variation in entheseal morphology related to physical activity patterns, we analyzed femora of growing turkeys that were experimentally exercised for 10 weeks on either an inclined or declined treadmill or served as controls (N=15 individuals, 5 per group). Our multivariate approach identified certain patterns involving three different entheses (associated with the gluteus primus, medial gastrocnemius, vastus medialis and adductor magnus muscles) that clearly differentiated controls from runners. Importantly, these differences were not observable when comparing groups within each of the three entheseal structures separately. Body mass was not correlated with the resulting multivariate patterns. These results provide the first experimental evidence that variation in physical activity patterns has a direct influence on entheseal morphology. Moreover, our findings highlight the promise of our newly developed quantitative methods for analyzing the morphology of entheses to reconstruct the behavior of extinct vertebrate species based on their skeletal remains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotios Alexandros Karakostis
- Paleoanthropology, Department of Geosciences, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany
| | - Ian J Wallace
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Nicolai Konow
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Katerina Harvati
- Paleoanthropology, Department of Geosciences, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, University of Tübingen, Tübingen 72070, Germany.,DFG Center for Advanced Studies "Words, Bones, Genes, Tools", Department of Geosciences, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Rümelinstrasse 23, D-72070 Tübingen, Germany
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Karakostis FA, Jeffery N, Harvati K. Experimental proof that multivariate patterns among muscle attachments (entheses) can reflect repetitive muscle use. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16577. [PMID: 31719626 PMCID: PMC6851080 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Reconstructions of habitual activity in past populations and extinct human groups is a primary goal of paleoanthropological research. Muscle attachment scars (entheses) are widely considered as indicators of habitual activity and many attempts have been made to use them for this purpose. However, their interpretation remains equivocal due to methodological limitations and a paucity of empirical data supporting an interaction between systematic muscle forces and entheseal morphology. We have recently addressed the first issue with precise three-dimensional measuring protocols and rigorous multivariate analysis focusing on the patterns among different entheses rather than comparing each entheseal structure separately. In a previous study, the resulting entheseal correlations reflected synergistic muscle groups that separated individuals according to their lifelong occupational activities. Here we address the second issue by applying this methodology to existing micro-computed tomography data from rats that have undergone muscle stimulation under experimental conditions. In contrast to previous animal studies, we relied on blind analytical procedures across two research institutions and controlled for most factors of interindividual variability. Results demonstrated that the multivariate associations among different entheseal surfaces can directly reflect repetitive muscle recruitment and provide essential information on muscle use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fotios Alexandros Karakostis
- Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72070, Germany.
| | - Nathan Jeffery
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 3GE, United Kingdom
| | - Katerina Harvati
- Paleoanthropology, Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72070, Germany.,DFG (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) Center for Advanced Studies "Words, Bones, Genes, Tools," Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Ruemelinstrasse 23, D-72070, Tübingen, Germany
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LU YONGTAO, ZHAO WENYING, LI JUNYAN, WU CHENGWEI. EVALUATING THE THEORY OF BONE MECHANOREGULATION IN THE PHYSIOLOGICAL LOADING SCENARIO. J MECH MED BIOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s0219519418500112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the theory of bone mechanoregulation under physiological loading was evaluated. The entire right tibiae of wild type (WT, [Formula: see text]) and parathyroid hormone (PTH, [Formula: see text]) treated C57BL/6J female mice were scanned using an in vivo [Formula: see text]CT imaging system at 14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, and 22 weeks. The PTH intervention started from week 18 until week 22. Subject-specific finite element (FE) models were created from the [Formula: see text]CT images and physiological loading condition was defined in the FE models. The rates of changes in bone mineral content (BMC), bone mineral density (BMD), and bone tissue density (TMD) were quantified over 40 anatomical compartments across the entire mouse tibia. The resulting values were then correlated to the average 1st principal tensile strain ([Formula: see text]) and the strain energy density (SED) for every compartment at weeks 18, 20, and 22. It was found that: in both groups, [Formula: see text] had a minimal effect on the variability of [Formula: see text]BMC ([Formula: see text]); SED had a significant effect on the variability of [Formula: see text]BMC only in the WT group ([Formula: see text]); [Formula: see text] had a significant effect on the variability of [Formula: see text]BMD only in the PTH group ([Formula: see text]); SED had a significant effect on the variability of [Formula: see text]BMD in both groups ([Formula: see text]); neither SED nor [Formula: see text] had a significant effect on the variability of [Formula: see text]TMD ([Formula: see text]). These results are the first to reveal the mechanism of bone mechanoregulation in the physiological loading scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- YONGTAO LU
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P. R. China
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - WENYING ZHAO
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - JUNYAN LI
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - CHENGWEI WU
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Analysis for Industrial Equipment, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P. R. China
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Middlesex University, London, UK
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Lu Y, Liu Y, Wu C, Li J. Investigating the Longitudinal Effect of Ovariectomy on Bone Properties Using a Novel Spatiotemporal Approach. Ann Biomed Eng 2018; 46:749-761. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-018-1994-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Effect of integration time on the morphometric, densitometric and mechanical properties of the mouse tibia. J Biomech 2017; 65:203-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Ortinau LC, Linden MA, Dirkes RK, Rector RS, Hinton PS. Exercise initiated after the onset of insulin resistance improves trabecular microarchitecture and cortical bone biomechanics of the tibia in hyperphagic Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty rats. Bone 2017; 103:188-199. [PMID: 28711659 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study extends our previous findings that exercise, which prevents the onset of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D), also prevents the detrimental effects of T2D on whole-bone and tissue-level strength. Our objective was to determine whether exercise improves bone's structural and material properties if insulin resistance is already present in the Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rat. The OLETF rat is hyperphagic due to a loss-of-function mutation in cholecystokinin-1 receptor (CCK-1 receptor), which leads to progressive obesity, insulin resistance and T2D after the majority of skeletal growth is complete. Because exercise reduces body mass, which is a significant determinant of bone strength, we used a body-mass-matched caloric-restricted control to isolate body-mass-independent effects of exercise on bone. Eight-wk old, male OLETF rats were fed ad libitum until onset of hyperglycemia (20weeks of age), at which time they were randomly assigned to three groups: ad libitum fed, sedentary (O-SED); ad libitum fed, treadmill running (O-EX); or, sedentary, mild caloric restriction to match body mass of O-EX (O-CR). Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka rats served as the normophagic, normoglycemic controls (L-SED). At 32weeks of age, O-SED rats had T2D as evidenced by hyperglycemia and a significant reduction in fasting insulin compared to OLETFs at 20weeks of age. O-SED rats also had reduced total body bone mineral content (BMC), increased C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTx)/tartrate resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b (TRAP5b), decreased N-terminal propeptide of type I procollagen (P1NP), reduced percent cancellous bone volume (BV/TV), trabecular number (Tb.N) and increased trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) and structural model index (SMI) of the proximal tibia compared to L-SED. T2D also adversely affected biomechanical properties of the tibial diaphysis, and serum sclerostin was increased and β-catenin, runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) protein expression in bone were reduced in O-SED vs. L-SED. O-EX or O-CR had greater total body bone mineral density (BMD) and BMC, and BV/TV, Tb.N, Tb.Sp, and SMI compared to O-SED. O-EX had lower CTx and CR greater P1NP relative to O-SED. O-EX, not O-CR, had greater cortical thickness and area, and improved whole-bone and tissue-level biomechanical properties associated with a 4-fold increase in cortical bone β-catenin protein expression vs. O-SED. In summary, EX or CR initiated after the onset of insulin resistance preserved cancellous bone volume and structure, and EX elicited additional benefits in cortical bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura C Ortinau
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Melissa A Linden
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States; Research Service-Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Rebecca K Dirkes
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - R Scott Rector
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States; Department of Medicine, Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States; Research Service-Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Medical Center, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Pamela S Hinton
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States.
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Schmoll M, Unger E, Bijak M, Stoiber M, Lanmüller H, Jarvis JC. A novel miniature in-line load-cell to measure in-situ tensile forces in the tibialis anterior tendon of rats. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185209. [PMID: 28934327 PMCID: PMC5608493 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Direct measurements of muscular forces usually require a substantial rearrangement of the biomechanical system. To circumvent this problem, various indirect techniques have been used in the past. We introduce a novel direct method, using a lightweight (~0.5 g) miniature (3 x 3 x 7 mm) in-line load-cell to measure tension in the tibialis anterior tendon of rats. A linear motor was used to produce force-profiles to assess linearity, step-response, hysteresis and frequency behavior under controlled conditions. Sensor responses to a series of rectangular force-pulses correlated linearly (R2 = 0.999) within the range of 0–20 N. The maximal relative error at full scale (20 N) was 0.07% of the average measured signal. The standard deviation of the mean response to repeated 20 N force pulses was ± 0.04% of the mean response. The step-response of the load-cell showed the behavior of a PD2T2-element in control-engineering terminology. The maximal hysteretic error was 5.4% of the full-scale signal. Sinusoidal signals were attenuated maximally (-4 dB) at 200 Hz, within a measured range of 0.01–200 Hz. When measuring muscular forces this should be of minor concern as the fusion-frequency of muscles is generally much lower. The newly developed load-cell measured tensile forces of up to 20 N, without inelastic deformation of the sensor. It qualifies for various applications in which it is of interest directly to measure forces within a particular tendon causing only minimal disturbance to the biomechanical system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schmoll
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel, Vienna, Austria
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MS); (JCJ)
| | - Ewald Unger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manfred Bijak
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Stoiber
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Lanmüller
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jonathan Charles Jarvis
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MS); (JCJ)
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Schmoll M, Unger E, Sutherland H, Haller M, Bijak M, Lanmüller H, Jarvis JC. In-situ measurements of tensile forces in the tibialis anterior tendon of the rat in concentric, isometric, and resisted co-contractions. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:e13245. [PMID: 28420761 PMCID: PMC5408282 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tensile-force transmitted by the tibialis anterior (TA) tendon of 11 anesthetized adult male Wistar rats (body-mass: 360.6 ± 66.3 g) was measured in-situ within the intact biomechanical system of the hind-limb using a novel miniature in-line load-cell. The aim was to demonstrate the dependence of the loading-profile experienced by the muscle, on stimulation-frequency and the resistance to shortening in a group of control-animals. Data from these acute-experiments shows the type of loading achievable by means of implantable electrical stimulators activating agonists or agonist/antagonist groups of muscles during programmed resistance-training in freely moving healthy subjects. Force-responses to electrical stimulation of the common peroneal nerve for single pulses and short bursts were measured in unloaded and isometric contractions. A less time-consuming approach to measure the force-frequency relationship was investigated by applying single bursts containing a series of escalating stimulus-frequencies. We also measured the range of loading attainable by programmed co-contraction of the TA-muscle with the plantar-flexor muscles for various combinations of stimulation-frequencies. The maximal average peak-force of single twitches was 179% higher for isometric than for unloaded twitches. Average maximal isometric tetanic-force per gramme muscle-mass was 16.5 ± 3.0 N g-1, which agrees well with other studies. The standard and time-saving approaches to measure the force-frequency relationship gave similar results. Plantar-flexor co-activation produced greatly increased tension in the TA-tendon, similar to isometric contractions. Our results suggest that unloaded contractions may not be adequate for studies of resistance-training. Plantar-flexor co-contractions produced considerably higher force-levels that may be better suited to investigate the physiology and cell-biology of resistance-training in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Schmoll
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ewald Unger
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hazel Sutherland
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Haller
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Manfred Bijak
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Lanmüller
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jonathan C Jarvis
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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15
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Noble P, Singer ER, Jeffery NS. Does subchondral bone of the equine proximal phalanx adapt to race training? J Anat 2016; 229:104-13. [PMID: 27075139 PMCID: PMC5341590 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sagittal fractures of the first phalanx are a common, potentially catastrophic injury in racehorses. These fractures are often linked to an acute, one time, biomechanical event; however, recent evidence implies that chronic exposure to stress can lead to the accumulation of bony changes that affect the structural integrity of the bone and increase the likelihood of fracture. The aim of the study was to compare variations of two common metrics of bone adaptation - subchondral bone density and thickness across the proximal articular surface of the first phalanx in Thoroughbred horses that (1) raced but never experienced a first phalanx fracture (Raced Control); (2) raced and had experienced fracture of the contralateral first phalanx (Contralateral to Fracture); (3) had never raced or experienced a first phalanx fracture (Unraced Control). A total of 22 first phalangeal bones were sampled post-mortem and imaged using micro-computed tomography calibrated for mineral density measures. Measurements of volumetric subchondral bone mineral density and thickness were taken from images at five sites from medial to lateral, in three coronal planes (25, 50 and 75% dorsal-palmar). At each of the 15 sites, measurements were repeated and averaged across 10 adjacent micro-computed tomography slices of bone, spanning 0.75 mm. The magnitude and variance of these measurements were compared between sites and between cohorts with non-parametric statistical tests. Across the proximal osteochondral surface of the first phalanx, the pattern of subchondral bone volumetric bone mineral density and thickness varied with each coronal section studied. The subchondral bone thickness was greater for the central and dorsal coronal sections, compared with the palmar section. For the race-fit groups (Raced Control and Contralateral to Fracture), the highest volumetric bone mineral density was in the central sagittal groove. The volumetric bone mineral density was significantly greater in the sagittal groove in the central coronal section in the raced than the unraced group. The Contralateral to Fracture group demonstrated significantly greater variance of volumetric bone mineral density compared with the Raced Control and Unraced Control (P < 0.0001), with no difference in variance noted between the Raced Control and Unraced Control groups. There was a small (R rank = 0.3) but significant correlation between subchondral bone volumetric bone mineral density and thickness in the Contralateral to Fracture group (P = 0.005). The findings demonstrate that differences exist in subchondral bone volumetric bone mineral density and thickness across the proximal osteochondral surface of the equine first phalanx in horses with different training histories. The findings also demonstrate that the subchondral bone of the sagittal groove of the equine first phalanx adapts to race-training in the race-fit groups (Raced Control and Contralateral to Fracture) with an increase in volumetric bone mineral density relative to unraced controls. Within the race-trained groups, the Contralateral to Fracture bones had a greater variance of volumetric bone mineral density, suggesting that stress-induced bone adaptation had become more erratic, potentially contributing to the aetiology of sagittal fractures of the first phalanx in the Thoroughbred racehorse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillipa Noble
- School of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Ellen R. Singer
- Department of Musculoskeletal BiologyInstitute of Ageing and Chronic DiseaseNestonUK
| | - Nathan S. Jeffery
- Department of Musculoskeletal BiologyInstitute of Ageing and Chronic DiseaseNestonUK
- Human Anatomy Resource CentreUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
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16
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Gignac PM, Kley NJ, Clarke JA, Colbert MW, Morhardt AC, Cerio D, Cost IN, Cox PG, Daza JD, Early CM, Echols MS, Henkelman RM, Herdina AN, Holliday CM, Li Z, Mahlow K, Merchant S, Müller J, Orsbon CP, Paluh DJ, Thies ML, Tsai HP, Witmer LM. Diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography (diceCT): an emerging tool for rapid, high-resolution, 3-D imaging of metazoan soft tissues. J Anat 2016; 228:889-909. [PMID: 26970556 PMCID: PMC5341577 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphologists have historically had to rely on destructive procedures to visualize the three‐dimensional (3‐D) anatomy of animals. More recently, however, non‐destructive techniques have come to the forefront. These include X‐ray computed tomography (CT), which has been used most commonly to examine the mineralized, hard‐tissue anatomy of living and fossil metazoans. One relatively new and potentially transformative aspect of current CT‐based research is the use of chemical agents to render visible, and differentiate between, soft‐tissue structures in X‐ray images. Specifically, iodine has emerged as one of the most widely used of these contrast agents among animal morphologists due to its ease of handling, cost effectiveness, and differential affinities for major types of soft tissues. The rapid adoption of iodine‐based contrast agents has resulted in a proliferation of distinct specimen preparations and scanning parameter choices, as well as an increasing variety of imaging hardware and software preferences. Here we provide a critical review of the recent contributions to iodine‐based, contrast‐enhanced CT research to enable researchers just beginning to employ contrast enhancement to make sense of this complex new landscape of methodologies. We provide a detailed summary of recent case studies, assess factors that govern success at each step of the specimen storage, preparation, and imaging processes, and make recommendations for standardizing both techniques and reporting practices. Finally, we discuss potential cutting‐edge applications of diffusible iodine‐based contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (diceCT) and the issues that must still be overcome to facilitate the broader adoption of diceCT going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Gignac
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Oklahoma State University Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Nathan J Kley
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Julia A Clarke
- Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Matthew W Colbert
- Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | | | - Donald Cerio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Ian N Cost
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Philip G Cox
- Department of Archaeology, University of York and Hull York Medical School, York, UK
| | - Juan D Daza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | | | | | - R Mark Henkelman
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A Nele Herdina
- Department of Theoretical Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Casey M Holliday
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Zhiheng Li
- Department of Geological Sciences, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Kristin Mahlow
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätforschung an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Samer Merchant
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Johannes Müller
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätforschung an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Courtney P Orsbon
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Daniel J Paluh
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA
| | - Monte L Thies
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA
| | - Henry P Tsai
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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17
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Gallagher JA, Russell RGG. Editorial overview: Musculoskeletal: Are there common targets to prevent age-related changes in muscle, cartilage and bone? Curr Opin Pharmacol 2015; 22:v-viii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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18
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Galea GL, Hannuna S, Meakin LB, Delisser PJ, Lanyon LE, Price JS. Quantification of Alterations in Cortical Bone Geometry Using Site Specificity Software in Mouse models of Aging and the Responses to Ovariectomy and Altered Loading. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2015; 6:52. [PMID: 25954246 PMCID: PMC4407614 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2015.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigations into the effect of (re)modeling stimuli on cortical bone in rodents normally rely on analysis of changes in bone mass and architecture at a narrow cross-sectional site. However, it is well established that the effects of axial loading produce site-specific changes throughout bones' structure. Non-mechanical influences (e.g., hormones) can be additional to or oppose locally controlled adaptive responses and may have more generalized effects. Tools currently available to study site-specific cortical bone adaptation are limited. Here, we applied novel site specificity software to measure bone mass and architecture at each 1% site along the length of the mouse tibia from standard micro-computed tomography (μCT) images. Resulting measures are directly comparable to those obtained through μCT analysis (R (2) > 0.96). Site Specificity analysis was used to compare a number of parameters in tibiae from young adult (19-week-old) versus aged (19-month-old) mice; ovariectomized and entire mice; limbs subjected to short periods of axial loading or disuse induced by sciatic neurectomy. Age was associated with uniformly reduced cortical thickness and site-specific decreases in cortical area most apparent in the proximal tibia. Mechanical loading site-specifically increased cortical area and thickness in the proximal tibia. Disuse uniformly decreased cortical thickness and decreased cortical area in the proximal tibia. Ovariectomy uniformly reduced cortical area without altering cortical thickness. Differences in polar moment of inertia between experimental groups were only observed in the proximal tibia. Aging and ovariectomy also altered eccentricity in the distal tibia. In summary, site specificity analysis provides a valuable tool for measuring changes in cortical bone mass and architecture along the entire length of a bone. Changes in the (re)modeling response determined at a single site may not reflect the response at different locations within the same bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel L. Galea
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- *Correspondence: Gabriel L. Galea, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Southwell Street, Bristol BS2 8EJ, UK
| | - Sion Hannuna
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Lee B. Meakin
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Lance E. Lanyon
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Joanna S. Price
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Lecocq M, Félix MS, Linares JM, Chaves-Jacob J, Decherchi P, Dousset E. Titanium implant impairment and surrounding muscle cell death following neuro-myoelectrostimulation: Anin vivostudy. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2014; 103:1594-601. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Lecocq
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS; Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY (UMR 7287), Equipe «Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire» (PSNM); Faculté des Sciences du Sport de Marseille CC910 13288 Marseille Cedex 09 France
| | - Marie-Solenne Félix
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS; Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY (UMR 7287), Equipe «Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire» (PSNM); Faculté des Sciences du Sport de Marseille CC910 13288 Marseille Cedex 09 France
| | - Jean-Marc Linares
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS; Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY (UMR 7287), Equipe «Conception Bio-Inspirée» (CBI); IUT d'Aix-Marseille 413 13625 Aix-en-Provence Cedex France
| | - Julien Chaves-Jacob
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS; Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY (UMR 7287), Equipe «Conception Bio-Inspirée» (CBI); IUT d'Aix-Marseille 413 13625 Aix-en-Provence Cedex France
| | - Patrick Decherchi
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS; Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY (UMR 7287), Equipe «Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire» (PSNM); Faculté des Sciences du Sport de Marseille CC910 13288 Marseille Cedex 09 France
| | - Erick Dousset
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS; Institut des Sciences du Mouvement: Etienne-Jules MAREY (UMR 7287), Equipe «Plasticité des Systèmes Nerveux et Musculaire» (PSNM); Faculté des Sciences du Sport de Marseille CC910 13288 Marseille Cedex 09 France
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