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Yildirim E, Curtis R, Hwangbo DS. Roles of peripheral clocks: lessons from the fly. FEBS Lett 2022; 596:263-293. [PMID: 34862983 PMCID: PMC8844272 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
To adapt to and anticipate rhythmic changes in the environment such as daily light-dark and temperature cycles, internal timekeeping mechanisms called biological clocks evolved in a diverse set of organisms, from unicellular bacteria to humans. These biological clocks play critical roles in organisms' fitness and survival by temporally aligning physiological and behavioral processes to the external cues. The central clock is located in a small subset of neurons in the brain and drives daily activity rhythms, whereas most peripheral tissues harbor their own clock systems, which generate metabolic and physiological rhythms. Since the discovery of Drosophila melanogaster clock mutants in the early 1970s, the fruit fly has become an extensively studied model organism to investigate the mechanism and functions of circadian clocks. In this review, we primarily focus on D. melanogaster to survey key discoveries and progresses made over the past two decades in our understanding of peripheral clocks. We discuss physiological roles and molecular mechanisms of peripheral clocks in several different peripheral tissues of the fly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel Curtis
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Dae-Sung Hwangbo
- Department of Biology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
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2
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Rodrigues YK, van Bergen E, Alves F, Duneau D, Beldade P. Additive and non-additive effects of day and night temperatures on thermally plastic traits in a model for adaptive seasonal plasticity. Evolution 2021; 75:1805-1819. [PMID: 34097756 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Developmental plasticity can match organismal phenotypes to ecological conditions, helping populations to deal with the environmental heterogeneity of alternating seasons. In contrast to natural situations, experimental studies of plasticity often use environmental conditions that are held constant during development. To explore potential interactions between day and night temperatures, we tested effects of circadian temperature fluctuations on thermally plastic traits in a seasonally plastic butterfly, Bicyclus anynana. Comparing phenotypes for four treatments corresponding to a full-factorial analysis of cooler and warmer temperatures, we found evidence of significant interaction effects between day and night temperatures. We then focused on comparing phenotypes between individuals reared under two types of temperature fluctuations (warmer days with cooler nights, and cooler days with warmer nights) and individuals reared under a constant temperature of the same daily mean. We found evidence of additive-like effects (for body size), and different types of dominance-like effects, with one particular period of the light cycle (for development time) or one particular extreme temperature (for eyespot size) having a larger impact on phenotype. Differences between thermally plastic traits, which together underlie alternative seasonal strategies for survival and reproduction, revealed their independent responses to temperature. This study underscores the value of studying how organisms integrate complex environmental information toward a complete understanding of natural phenotypic variation and of the impact of environmental change thereon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Katia Rodrigues
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.,Current address: Atlantic Technical University (UTA), Mindelo, São Vicente island, Cabo Verde
| | - Erik van Bergen
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.,Current address: Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Filipa Alves
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - David Duneau
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.,UMR 5174 - CNRS, Evolution et Diversité Biologique, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrícia Beldade
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.,UMR 5174 - CNRS, Evolution et Diversité Biologique, University Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.,CE3C: Centre for Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Changes, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Portugal
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3
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Goh GH, Blache D, Mark PJ, Kennington WJ, Maloney SK. Daily temperature cycles prolong lifespan and have sex-specific effects on peripheral clock gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:237805. [PMID: 33758022 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.233213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms optimize health by coordinating the timing of physiological processes to match predictable daily environmental challenges. The circadian rhythm of body temperature is thought to be an important modulator of molecular clocks in peripheral tissues, but how daily temperature cycles affect physiological function is unclear. Here, we examined the effect of constant temperature (Tcon, 25°C) and cycling temperature (Tcyc, 28°C:22°C during light:dark) paradigms on lifespan of Drosophila melanogaster, and the expression of clock genes, heat shock protein 83 (Hsp83), Frost (Fst) and senescence marker protein-30 (smp-30). Male and female D. melanogaster housed at Tcyc had longer median lifespans than those housed at Tcon. Tcyc induced robust Hsp83 rhythms and rescued the age-related decrease in smp-30 expression that was observed in flies at Tcon, potentially indicating an increased capacity to cope with age-related cellular stress. Ageing under Tcon led to a decrease in the amplitude of expression of all clock genes in the bodies of male flies, except for cyc, which was non-rhythmic, and for per and cry in female flies. Strikingly, housing under Tcyc conditions rescued the age-related decrease in amplitude of all clock genes, and generated rhythmicity in cyc expression, in the male flies, but not the female flies. The results suggest that ambient temperature rhythms modulate D. melanogaster lifespan, and that the amplitude of clock gene expression in peripheral body clocks may be a potential link between temperature rhythms and longevity in male D. melanogaster. Longevity due to Tcyc appeared predominantly independent of clock gene amplitude in female D. melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace H Goh
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Dominique Blache
- School of Agriculture and Environment, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Peter J Mark
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - W Jason Kennington
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Shane K Maloney
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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4
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George R, Stanewsky R. Peripheral Sensory Organs Contribute to Temperature Synchronization of the Circadian Clock in Drosophila melanogaster. Front Physiol 2021; 12:622545. [PMID: 33603678 PMCID: PMC7884628 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.622545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks are cell-autonomous endogenous oscillators, generated and maintained by self-sustained 24-h rhythms of clock gene expression. In the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, these daily rhythms of gene expression regulate the activity of approximately 150 clock neurons in the fly brain, which are responsible for driving the daily rest/activity cycles of these insects. Despite their endogenous character, circadian clocks communicate with the environment in order to synchronize their self-sustained molecular oscillations and neuronal activity rhythms (internal time) with the daily changes of light and temperature dictated by the Earth's rotation around its axis (external time). Light and temperature changes are reliable time cues (Zeitgeber) used by many organisms to synchronize their circadian clock to the external time. In Drosophila, both light and temperature fluctuations robustly synchronize the circadian clock in the absence of the other Zeitgeber. The complex mechanisms for synchronization to the daily light-dark cycles are understood with impressive detail. In contrast, our knowledge about how the daily temperature fluctuations synchronize the fly clock is rather limited. Whereas light synchronization relies on peripheral and clock-cell autonomous photoreceptors, temperature input to the clock appears to rely mainly on sensory cells located in the peripheral nervous system of the fly. Recent studies suggest that sensory structures located in body and head appendages are able to detect temperature fluctuations and to signal this information to the brain clock. This review will summarize these studies and their implications about the mechanisms underlying temperature synchronization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralf Stanewsky
- Institute of Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
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5
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Damulewicz M, Mazzotta GM. One Actor, Multiple Roles: The Performances of Cryptochrome in Drosophila. Front Physiol 2020; 11:99. [PMID: 32194430 PMCID: PMC7066326 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Cryptochromes (CRYs) are flavoproteins that are sensitive to blue light, first identified in Arabidopsis and then in Drosophila and mice. They are evolutionarily conserved and play fundamental roles in the circadian clock of living organisms, enabling them to adapt to the daily 24-h cycles. The role of CRYs in circadian clocks differs among different species: in plants, they have a blue light-sensing activity whereas in mammals they act as light-independent transcriptional repressors within the circadian clock. These two different functions are accomplished by two principal types of CRYs, the light-sensitive plant/insect type 1 CRY and the mammalian type 2 CRY acting as a negative autoregulator in the molecular circadian clockwork. Drosophila melanogaster possesses just one CRY, belonging to type 1 CRYs. Nevertheless, this single CRY appears to have different functions, specific to different organs, tissues, and even subset of cells in which it is expressed. In this review, we will dissect the multiple roles of this single CRY in Drosophila, focusing on the regulatory mechanisms that make its pleiotropy possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Damulewicz
- Department of Cell Biology and Imaging, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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6
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Chen C, Xu M, Anantaprakorn Y, Rosing M, Stanewsky R. nocte Is Required for Integrating Light and Temperature Inputs in Circadian Clock Neurons of Drosophila. Curr Biol 2018; 28:1595-1605.e3. [PMID: 29754901 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Circadian clocks organize biological processes to occur at optimized times of day and thereby contribute to overall fitness. While the regular daily changes of environmental light and temperature synchronize circadian clocks, extreme external conditions can bypass the temporal constraints dictated by the clock. Despite advanced knowledge about how the daily light-dark changes synchronize the clock, relatively little is known with regard to how the daily temperature changes influence daily timing and how temperature and light signals are integrated. In Drosophila, a network of ∼150 brain clock neurons exhibit 24-hr oscillations of clock gene expression to regulate daily activity and sleep. We show here that a temperature input pathway from peripheral sensory organs, which depends on the gene nocte, targets specific subsets of these clock neurons to synchronize molecular and behavioral rhythms to temperature cycles. Strikingly, while nocte1 mutant flies synchronize normally to light-dark cycles at constant temperatures, the combined presence of light-dark and temperature cycles inhibits synchronization. nocte1 flies exhibit altered siesta sleep, suggesting that the sleep-regulating clock neurons are an important target for nocte-dependent temperature input, which dominates a parallel light input into these cells. In conclusion, we reveal a nocte-dependent temperature input pathway to central clock neurons and show that this pathway and its target neurons are important for the integration of sensory light and temperature information in order to temporally regulate activity and sleep during daily light and temperature cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghao Chen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK; Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK; Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Yuto Anantaprakorn
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Mechthild Rosing
- Institute for Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ralf Stanewsky
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, UK; Institute for Neuro- and Behavioral Biology, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Sharp B, Paquet E, Naef F, Bafna A, Wijnen H. A new promoter element associated with daily time keeping in Drosophila. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:6459-6470. [PMID: 28407113 PMCID: PMC5499816 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks are autonomous daily timekeeping mechanisms that allow organisms to adapt to environmental rhythms as well as temporally organize biological functions. Clock-controlled timekeeping involves extensive regulation of rhythmic gene expression. To date, relatively few clock-associated promoter elements have been identified and characterized. In an unbiased search of core clock gene promoters from 12 species of Drosophila, we discovered a 29-bp consensus sequence that we designated as the Clock-Associated Transcriptional Activation Cassette or 'CATAC'. To experimentally address the spatiotemporal expression information associated with this element, we generated constructs with four separate native CATAC elements upstream of a basal promoter driving expression of either the yeast Gal4 or firefly luciferase reporter genes. Reporter assays showed that presence of wild-type, but not mutated CATAC elements, imparted increased expression levels as well as rhythmic regulation. Part of the CATAC consensus sequence resembles the E-box binding site for the core circadian transcription factor CLOCK/CYCLE (CLK/CYC), and CATAC-mediated expression rhythms are lost in the presence of null mutations in either cyc or the gene encoding the CLK/CYC inhibitor, period (per). Nevertheless, our results indicate that CATAC's enhancer function persists in the absence of CLK/CYC. Thus, CATAC represents a novel cis-regulatory element encoding clock-controlled regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi Sharp
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Eric Paquet
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Felix Naef
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Akanksha Bafna
- Biological Sciences and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Herman Wijnen
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA.,Biological Sciences and Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
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8
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Tataroglu O, Zhao X, Busza A, Ling J, O’Neill J, Emery P. Calcium and SOL Protease Mediate Temperature Resetting of Circadian Clocks. Cell 2015; 163:1214-1224. [PMID: 26590423 PMCID: PMC4675327 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Circadian clocks integrate light and temperature input to remain synchronized with the day/night cycle. Although light input to the clock is well studied, the molecular mechanisms by which circadian clocks respond to temperature remain poorly understood. We found that temperature phase shifts Drosophila circadian clocks through degradation of the pacemaker protein TIM. This degradation is mechanistically distinct from photic CRY-dependent TIM degradation. Thermal TIM degradation is triggered by cytosolic calcium increase and CALMODULIN binding to TIM and is mediated by the atypical calpain protease SOL. This thermal input pathway and CRY-dependent light input thus converge on TIM, providing a molecular mechanism for the integration of circadian light and temperature inputs. Mammals use body temperature cycles to keep peripheral clocks synchronized with their brain pacemaker. Interestingly, downregulating the mammalian SOL homolog SOLH blocks thermal mPER2 degradation and phase shifts. Thus, we propose that circadian thermosensation in insects and mammals share common principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur Tataroglu
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Xiaohu Zhao
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ania Busza
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Jinli Ling
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | | | - Patrick Emery
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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9
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Ki Y, Ri H, Lee H, Yoo E, Choe J, Lim C. Warming Up Your Tick-Tock: Temperature-Dependent Regulation of Circadian Clocks. Neuroscientist 2015; 21:503-18. [PMID: 25782890 DOI: 10.1177/1073858415577083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Circadian clocks are endogenous time-keeping mechanisms to adaptively coordinate animal behaviors and physiology with daily environmental changes. So far many circadian studies in model organisms have identified evolutionarily conserved molecular frames of circadian clock genes in the context of transcription-translation feedback loops. The molecular clockwork drives cell-autonomously cycling gene expression with ~24-hour periodicity, which is fundamental to circadian rhythms. Light and temperature are two of the most potent external time cues to reset the circadian phase of the internal clocks, yet relatively little is known about temperature-relevant clock regulation. In this review, we describe recent findings on temperature-dependent clock mechanisms in homeothermic mammals as compared with poikilothermic Drosophila at molecular, neural, and organismal levels. We propose thermodynamic transitions in RNA secondary structures might have been potent substrates for the molecular evolution of temperature-relevant post-transcriptional mechanisms. Future works should thus validate the potential involvement of specific post-transcriptional steps in temperature-dependent plasticity of circadian clocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonhee Ki
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwajung Ri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoyeon Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunseok Yoo
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonho Choe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chunghun Lim
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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