1
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Adibpour P, Hochmann JR. Infants' understanding of the causal power of agents and tools. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2309669120. [PMID: 38064512 PMCID: PMC10723150 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309669120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tools are objects that are manipulated by agents with the intention to cause an effect in the world. We show that the cognitive capacity to understand tools is present in young infants, even if these tools produce arbitrary, causally opaque effects. In experiments 1-2, we used pupillometry to show that 8-mo-old infants infer an invisible causal contact to account for the-otherwise unexplained-motion of a ball. In experiments 3, we probed 8-mo-old infants' account of a state change event (flickering of a cube) that lies outside of the explanatory power of intuitive physics. Infants repeatedly watched an intentional agent launch a ball behind an occluder. After a short delay, a cube, positioned at the other end of the occluder began flickering. Rare unoccluded events served to probe infants' representation of what happened behind the occluder. Infants exhibited larger pupil dilation, signaling more surprise, when the ball stopped before touching the cube, than when it contacted the cube, suggesting that infants inferred that the cause of the state change was contact between the ball and the cube. This effect was canceled in experiment 4, when an inanimate sphere replaced the intentional agent. Altogether, results suggest that, in the infants' eyes, a ball (an inanimate object) has the power to cause an arbitrary state change, but only if it inherits this power from an intentional agent. Eight-month-olds are thus capable of representing complex event structures, involving an intentional agent causing a change with a tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvaneh Adibpour
- Université Paris Cité, NeuroDiderot Unit UMR1141, INSERM, Paris75019, France
- Université Paris Saclay, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique, NeuroSpin, Unité de recherche en NeuroImagerie Applicative Clinique et Translationnelle, Gif-sur-YvetteF-91191, France
| | - Jean-Rémy Hochmann
- CNRSUMR5229–Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, Bron69675, France
- Université Lyon 1 Claude Bernard, Villeurbanne69100, France
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2
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Bryant KL, Hansen C, Hecht EE. Fermentation technology as a driver of human brain expansion. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1190. [PMID: 37996482 PMCID: PMC10667226 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05517-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain tissue is metabolically expensive. Consequently, the evolution of humans' large brains must have occurred via concomitant shifts in energy expenditure and intake. Proposed mechanisms include dietary shifts such as cooking. Importantly, though, any new food source must have been exploitable by hominids with brains a third the size of modern humans'. Here, we propose the initial metabolic trigger of hominid brain expansion was the consumption of externally fermented foods. We define "external fermentation" as occurring outside the body, as opposed to the internal fermentation in the gut. External fermentation could increase the bioavailability of macro- and micronutrients while reducing digestive energy expenditure and is supported by the relative reduction of the human colon. We discuss the explanatory power of our hypothesis and survey external fermentation practices across human cultures to demonstrate its viability across a range of environments and food sources. We close with suggestions for empirical tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Bryant
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
| | - Christi Hansen
- Hungry Heart Farm and Dietary Consulting, Conley, GA, USA
| | - Erin E Hecht
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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3
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Rosati AG, Thompson ME, Atencia R, Buckholtz JW. Distinct developmental trajectories for risky and impulsive decision-making in chimpanzees. J Exp Psychol Gen 2023; 152:1551-1564. [PMID: 36689365 PMCID: PMC10271938 DOI: 10.1037/xge0001347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Human adolescence is characterized by a suite of changes in decision-making and emotional regulation that promote risky and impulsive behavior. Accumulating evidence suggests that behavioral and physiological shifts seen in human adolescence are shared by some primates, yet it is unclear if the same cognitive mechanisms are recruited. We examined developmental changes in risky choice, intertemporal choice, and emotional responses to decision outcomes in chimpanzees, our closest-living relatives. We found that adolescent chimpanzees were more risk-seeking than adults, as in humans. However, chimpanzees showed no developmental change in intertemporal choice, unlike humans, although younger chimpanzees did exhibit elevated emotional reactivity to waiting compared to adults. Comparisons of cortisol and testosterone indicated robust age-related variation in these biomarkers, and patterns of individual differences in choices, emotional reactivity, and hormones also supported a developmental dissociation between risk and choice impulsivity. These results show that some but not all core features of human adolescent decision-making are shared with chimpanzees. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra G. Rosati
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan USA
| | | | - Rebeca Atencia
- Jane Goodall Institute Congo, Pointe Noire, Republic of Congo
| | - Joshua W. Buckholtz
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA USA
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4
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Garcia C, Bouret S, Druelle F, Prat S. Balancing costs and benefits in primates: ecological and palaeoanthropological views. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20190667. [PMID: 33423629 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining the balance between costs and benefits is challenging for species living in complex and dynamic socio-ecological environments, such as primates, but also crucial for shaping life history, reproductive and feeding strategies. Indeed, individuals must decide to invest time and energy to obtain food, services and partners, with little direct feedback on the success of their investments. Whereas decision-making relies heavily upon cognition in humans, the extent to which it also involves cognition in other species, based on their environmental constraints, has remained a challenging question. Building mental representations relating behaviours and their long-term outcome could be critical for other primates, but there are actually very little data relating cognition to real socio-ecological challenges in extant and extinct primates. Here, we review available data illustrating how specific cognitive processes enable(d) modern primates and extinct hominins to manage multiple resources (e.g. food, partners) and to organize their behaviour in space and time, both at the individual and at the group level. We particularly focus on how they overcome fluctuating and competing demands, and select courses of action corresponding to the best possible packages of potential costs and benefits in reproductive and foraging contexts. This article is part of the theme issue 'Existence and prevalence of economic behaviours among non-human primates'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Garcia
- UMR 7206, CNRS-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle-Université de Paris, CNRS-Musfum national d'Histoire naturelle-UPVD, Musée de l'Homme, 17 Place du Trocadéro, 75016 Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Bouret
- Institut du Cerveau (ICM), CNRS UMR 7225-INSERM U1127-UPMC UMR S 1127, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière 47, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - François Druelle
- UMR 7194 (Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme Préhistorique), CNRS-Musfum national d'Histoire naturelle-UPVD, Musée de l'Homme, 17 Place du Trocadéro, 75016 Paris, France.,Functional Morphology Laboratory, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sandrine Prat
- UMR 7194 (Histoire Naturelle de l'Homme Préhistorique), CNRS-Musfum national d'Histoire naturelle-UPVD, Musée de l'Homme, 17 Place du Trocadéro, 75016 Paris, France
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5
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Sistiaga A, Husain F, Uribelarrea D, Martín-Perea DM, Ferland T, Freeman KH, Diez-Martín F, Baquedano E, Mabulla A, Domínguez-Rodrigo M, Summons RE. Microbial biomarkers reveal a hydrothermally active landscape at Olduvai Gorge at the dawn of the Acheulean, 1.7 Ma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:24720-24728. [PMID: 32934140 PMCID: PMC7547214 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2004532117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Landscape-scale reconstructions of ancient environments within the cradle of humanity may reveal insights into the relationship between early hominins and the changing resources around them. Many studies of Olduvai Gorge during Pliocene-Pleistocene times have revealed the presence of precession-driven wet-dry cycles atop a general aridification trend, though may underestimate the impact of local-scale conditions on early hominins, who likely experienced a varied and more dynamic landscape. Fossil lipid biomarkers from ancient plants and microbes encode information about their surroundings via their molecular structures and composition, and thus can shed light on past environments. Here, we employ fossil lipid biomarkers to study the paleolandscape at Olduvai Gorge at the emergence of the Acheulean technology, 1.7 Ma, through the Lower Augitic Sandstones layer. In the context of the expansion of savanna grasslands, our results represent a resource-rich mosaic ecosystem populated by groundwater-fed rivers, aquatic plants, angiosperm shrublands, and edible plants. Evidence of a geothermally active landscape is reported via an unusual biomarker distribution consistent with the presence of hydrothermal features seen today at Yellowstone National Park. The study of hydrothermalism in ancient settings and its impact on hominin evolution has not been addressed before, although the association of thermal springs in the proximity of archaeological sites documented here can also be found at other localities. The hydrothermal features and resources present at Olduvai Gorge may have allowed early hominins to thermally process edible plants and meat, supporting the possibility of a prefire stage of human evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ainara Sistiaga
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139;
- GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Fatima Husain
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - David Uribelarrea
- Institute of Evolution in Africa (IDEA), University of Alcalá, 28010, Madrid, Spain
- Geodynamics, Stratigraphy and Palaeontology Department, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - David M Martín-Perea
- Institute of Evolution in Africa (IDEA), University of Alcalá, 28010, Madrid, Spain
- Geodynamics, Stratigraphy and Palaeontology Department, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Paleobiology Department, National Natural Sciences Museum, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Troy Ferland
- Department of Geosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Katherine H Freeman
- Department of Geosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Fernando Diez-Martín
- Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, Universidad de Valladolid, 47002 Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Audax Mabulla
- Department of Archaeology and Heritage Studies, University of Dar es Salaam, 35050 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Manuel Domínguez-Rodrigo
- Institute of Evolution in Africa (IDEA), University of Alcalá, 28010, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Philosophy and History (Area of Prehistory), University of Alcalá, 28801 Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Roger E Summons
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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6
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Horschler DJ, MacLean EL, Santos LR. Do Non-Human Primates Really Represent Others' Beliefs? Trends Cogn Sci 2020; 24:594-605. [PMID: 32593501 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2020.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Over two decades of research have produced compelling evidence that non-human primates understand some psychological states in other individuals but are unable to represent others' beliefs. Recently, three studies employing anticipatory looking (AL) paradigms reported that non-human primates do show hints of implicitly understanding the beliefs of others. However, measures of AL have been increasingly scrutinized in the human literature owing to extensive replication problems. We argue that new reports of belief representation in non-human primates using AL should be interpreted cautiously because of methodological and theoretical challenges paralleling trends in the human literature. We explore how future work can address these challenges, and conclude by identifying new evolutionary questions raised by the prospect that non-human primates implicitly represent others' beliefs without an explicit belief representation system that guides fitness-relevant behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Horschler
- School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; Cognitive Science Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA.
| | - Evan L MacLean
- School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; Cognitive Science Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA; College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85719, USA
| | - Laurie R Santos
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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7
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Abstract
While non-human primate studies have long been conducted in laboratories, and more recently at zoological parks, sanctuaries are increasingly considered a viable setting for research. Accredited sanctuaries in non-range countries house thousands of primates formerly used as subjects of medical research, trained performers or personal pets. In range countries, however, sanctuaries typically house orphaned primates confiscated from illegal poaching and the bushmeat and pet trafficking trades. Although the primary mission of these sanctuaries is to rescue and rehabilitate residents, many of these organizations are increasingly willing to participate in non-invasive research. Notably, from a scientific standpoint, most sanctuaries provide potential advantages over traditional settings, such as large, naturalistic physical and social environments which may result in more relevant models of primates' free-ranging wild counterparts than other captive settings. As a result, an impressive scope of research in the fields of primate behaviour, cognition, veterinary science, genetics and physiology have been studied in sanctuaries. In this review, we examine the range and form of research that has been conducted at accredited sanctuaries around the world. We also describe the potential challenges of sanctuary-based work and the considerations that external researchers may face when deciding to collaborate with primate sanctuaries on their research projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Ross
- Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, 2001 North Clark St., Chicago, IL 60614, USA
| | - Jesse G Leinwand
- Lester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, 2001 North Clark St., Chicago, IL 60614, USA
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8
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Arold ST. Intrinsic negative feedback as a limiting factor for the evolution of higher forms of intelligence. F1000Res 2020; 9:34. [PMID: 34504689 PMCID: PMC8408545 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.22039.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Longstanding scientific efforts have been dedicated to answer why and how our particular intelligence is generated by our brain but not by the brain of other species. However, surprisingly little effort has been made to ask why no other species ever developed an intelligence similar to ours. Here, I explore this question based on genetic and paleontologic evidence. Contrary to the established view, this review suggests that the developmental hurdles alone are not high enough to explain the uniqueness of human intelligence (HI). As an additional explanation I propose that HI is normally not retained by natural selection, because it is, under most conditions, an intrinsically unfavourable trait. This unfavourableness, however, cannot be explained by physical constraints alone; rather, it may also be rooted in the same emotional and social complexity that is necessary for the development of HI. Thus, a major obstacle towards HI may not be solely the development of the required physical assets, but also to cope with harmful individual, social and environmental feedback intrinsically associated with this trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan T Arold
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, MK, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.,Centre de Biologie Structurale, CNRS, INSERM, Université de Montpellier, 34090 Montpellier, France
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9
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Coricelli C, Toepel U, Notter ML, Murray MM, Rumiati RI. Distinct brain representations of processed and unprocessed foods. Eur J Neurosci 2019; 50:3389-3401. [PMID: 31228866 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Among all of the stimuli surrounding us, food is arguably the most rewarding for the essential role it plays in our survival. In previous visual recognition research, it has already been demonstrated that the brain not only differentiates edible stimuli from non-edible stimuli but also is endowed with the ability to detect foods' idiosyncratic properties such as energy content. Given the contribution of the cooked diet to human evolution, in the present study we investigated whether the brain is sensitive to the level of processing food underwent, based solely on its visual appearance. We thus recorded visual evoked potentials (VEPs) from normal-weight healthy volunteers who viewed color images of unprocessed and processed foods equated in caloric content. Results showed that VEPs and underlying neural sources differed as early as 130 ms post-image onset when participants viewed unprocessed versus processed foods, suggesting a within-category early discrimination of food stimuli. Responses to unprocessed foods engaged the inferior frontal and temporal regions and the premotor cortices. In contrast, viewing processed foods led to the recruitment of occipito-temporal cortices bilaterally, consistently with other motivationally relevant stimuli. This is the first evidence of diverging brain responses to food as a function of the transformation undergone during its preparation that provides insights on the spatiotemporal dynamics of food recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulrike Toepel
- The Laboratory for Investigative Neurophysiology (The LINE), The Department of Radiology and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Laure Notter
- The Laboratory for Investigative Neurophysiology (The LINE), The Department of Radiology and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Micah M Murray
- The Laboratory for Investigative Neurophysiology (The LINE), The Department of Radiology and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University Hospital Center, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Electroencephalography Brain Mapping Core, Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM) of Lausanne and Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Raffaella I Rumiati
- Neuroscience and Society Laboratory, SISSA, Trieste, Italy.,ANVUR, Rome, Italy
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10
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Future-oriented objects. Behav Brain Sci 2019; 42:e252. [DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x19000608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Hoerl & McCormack suggest that saving tools does not require temporal reasoning. However, we identify a class of objects that are only possessed (i.e., saved) in anticipation of future needs. We propose that investigating these future-oriented objects may help identify temporal reasoning in populations where this ability is uncertain.
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11
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Abstract
A recent report suggested that chimpanzees demonstrate the cognitive capacities necessary to understand cooking (Warneken & Rosati, 2015). We offered alternative explanations and mechanisms that could account for the behavioral responses of those chimpanzees, and questioned the manner in which the data were used to examine human evolution (Beran, Hopper, de Waal, Sayers, & Brosnan, 2015). Two commentaries suggested either that we were overly critical of the original report's claims and methodology (Rosati & Warneken, 2016), or that, contrary to our statements, early biological thinkers contributed little to questions concerning the evolutionary importance of cooking (Wrangham, 2016). In addition, both commentaries took issue with our treatment of chimpanzee referential models in human evolutionary studies. Our response offers points of continued disagreement as well as points of conciliation. We view Warneken and Rosati's general conclusions as a case of affirming the consequent-a logical conundrum in which, in this case, a demonstration of a partial list of the underlying abilities required for a cognitive trait/suite (understanding of cooking) are suggested as evidence for that ability. And although we strongly concur with both Warneken and Rosati (2015) and Wrangham (2016) that chimpanzee research is invaluable and essential to understanding humanness, it can only achieve its potential via the holistic inclusion of all available evidence-including that from other animals, evolutionary theory, and the fossil and archaeological records.
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12
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Abstract
A recent report suggested that chimpanzees demonstrate the cognitive capacities necessary to understand cooking (Warneken & Rosati, 2015). We offer alternate explanations and mechanisms that could account for the behavioral responses of those chimpanzees, without invoking the understanding of cooking as a process. We discuss broader issues surrounding the use of chimpanzees in modeling hominid behavior and understanding aspects of human evolution.
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13
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How comparative psychology can shed light on human evolution: Response to Beran et al.'s discussion of "Cognitive capacities for cooking in chimpanzees". Learn Behav 2018; 44:109-15. [PMID: 27007910 DOI: 10.3758/s13420-016-0220-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported a study (Warneken & Rosati Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 282, 20150229, 2015) examining whether chimpanzees possess several cognitive capacities that are critical to engage in cooking. In a subsequent commentary, Beran, Hopper, de Waal, Sayers, and Brosnan Learning & Behavior (2015) asserted that our paper has several flaws. Their commentary (1) critiques some aspects of our methodology and argues that our work does not constitute evidence that chimpanzees can actually cook; (2) claims that these results are old news, as previous work had already demonstrated that chimpanzees possess most or all of these capacities; and, finally, (3) argues that comparative psychological studies of chimpanzees cannot adequately address questions about human evolution, anyway. However, their critique of the premise of our study simply reiterates several points we made in the original paper. To quote ourselves: "As chimpanzees neither control fire nor cook food in their natural behavior, these experiments therefore focus not on whether chimpanzees can actually cook food, but rather whether they can apply their cognitive skills to novel problems that emulate cooking" (Warneken & Rosati Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 282, 20150229, 2015, p. 2). Furthermore, the methodological issues they raise are standard points about psychological research with animals-many of which were addressed synthetically across our 9 experiments, or else are orthogonal to our claims. Finally, we argue that comparative studies of extant apes (and other nonhuman species) are a powerful and indispensable method for understanding human cognitive evolution.
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14
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Abstract
Beran et al. (2015, p. 1) characterized the idea that "cooked food was integral in human evolution" as a "long-held hypothesis" favored by Darwin and Engels. In fact, however, although Darwin and Engels considered the use of cooked food to be an important influence on behavior and society, neither of them suggested that its effects were evolutionary in the sense of affecting biology. Explicit discussion of the possible evolutionary impacts of cooking did not begin until the twentieth century.
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15
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Padulo C, Carlucci L, Marzoli D, Manippa V, Tommasi L, Saggino A, Puglisi-Allegra S, Brancucci A. Affective evaluation of food images according to stimulus and subject characteristics. J Hum Nutr Diet 2018; 31:715-724. [DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Padulo
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Health and Territory; University ‘G. d'Annunzio’ of Chieti-Pescara; Chieti Italy
| | - L. Carlucci
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Health and Territory; University ‘G. d'Annunzio’ of Chieti-Pescara; Chieti Italy
| | - D. Marzoli
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Health and Territory; University ‘G. d'Annunzio’ of Chieti-Pescara; Chieti Italy
| | - V. Manippa
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Health and Territory; University ‘G. d'Annunzio’ of Chieti-Pescara; Chieti Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences; University ‘G. d'Annunzio’ of Chieti-Pescara; Chieti Italy
| | - L. Tommasi
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Health and Territory; University ‘G. d'Annunzio’ of Chieti-Pescara; Chieti Italy
| | - A. Saggino
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Health and Territory; University ‘G. d'Annunzio’ of Chieti-Pescara; Chieti Italy
| | | | - A. Brancucci
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Health and Territory; University ‘G. d'Annunzio’ of Chieti-Pescara; Chieti Italy
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16
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Pergola G, Foroni F, Mengotti P, Argiris G, Rumiati RI. A neural signature of food semantics is associated with body-mass index. Biol Psychol 2017; 129:282-292. [PMID: 28899747 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Visual recognition of objects may rely on different features depending on the category to which they belong. Recognizing natural objects, such as fruits and plants, weighs more on their perceptual attributes, whereas recognizing man-made objects, such as tools or vehicles, weighs more upon the functions and actions they enable. Edible objects are perceptually rich but also prepared for specific functions, therefore it is unclear how perceptual and functional attributes affect their recognition. Two event-related potentials experiments investigated: (i) whether food categorization in the brain is differentially modulated by sensory and functional attributes, depending on whether the food is natural or transformed; (ii) whether these processes are modulated by participants' body mass index. In experiment 1, healthy normal-weight participants were presented with a sentence (prime) and a photograph of a food. Primes described either a sensory feature ('It tastes sweet') or a functional feature ('It is suitable for a wedding party') of the food, while photographs depicted either a natural (e.g., cherry) or a transformed food (e.g., pizza). Prime-feature pairs were either congruent or incongruent. This design aimed at modulating N400-like components elicited by semantic processing. In experiment 1, N400-like amplitude was significantly larger for transformed food than for natural food with sensory primes, and vice versa with functional primes. In experiment 2, underweight and obese women performed the same semantic task. We found that, while the N400-like component in obese participants was modulated by sensory-functional primes only for transformed food, the same modulation was found in underweight participants only for natural food. These findings suggest that the level of food transformation interacts with participants' body mass index in modulating food perception and the underlying brain processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Pergola
- Area of Neuroscience, SISSA, via Bonomea 265, I-34136 Trieste, Italy; Department of Basic Medical Science, Neuroscience and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza Giulio Cesare, 11, I-70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Foroni
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, NSW, 2135, Australia; Area of Neuroscience, SISSA, via Bonomea 265, I-34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Paola Mengotti
- Area of Neuroscience, SISSA, via Bonomea 265, I-34136 Trieste, Italy; Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience & Medicine (INM-3), Research Centre Juelich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Juelich, Germany
| | - Georgette Argiris
- Area of Neuroscience, SISSA, via Bonomea 265, I-34136 Trieste, Italy
| | - Raffaella Ida Rumiati
- Area of Neuroscience, SISSA, via Bonomea 265, I-34136 Trieste, Italy; ANVUR, Via Ippolito Nievo, 35, 00153 Rome, Italy.
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Smith RJ. Explanations for adaptations, just-so stories, and limitations on evidence in evolutionary biology. Evol Anthropol 2016; 25:276-287. [DOI: 10.1002/evan.21495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Abstract
The challenge of studying human cognitive evolution is identifying unique features of our intelligence while explaining the processes by which they arose. Comparisons with nonhuman apes point to our early-emerging cooperative-communicative abilities as crucial to the evolution of all forms of human cultural cognition, including language. The human self-domestication hypothesis proposes that these early-emerging social skills evolved when natural selection favored increased in-group prosociality over aggression in late human evolution. As a by-product of this selection, humans are predicted to show traits of the domestication syndrome observed in other domestic animals. In reviewing comparative, developmental, neurobiological, and paleoanthropological research, compelling evidence emerges for the predicted relationship between unique human mentalizing abilities, tolerance, and the domestication syndrome in humans. This synthesis includes a review of the first a priori test of the self-domestication hypothesis as well as predictions for future tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Hare
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology and Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708;
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Fagnani J, Barrera G, Carballo F, Bentosela M. Tolerance to delayed reward tasks in social and non-social contexts. Behav Processes 2016; 130:19-30. [PMID: 27343621 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Domestic dogs have demonstrated striking social skills towards humans, however, there are few studies investigating impulsivity with delay-choice tasks in communicative contexts. In Study 1 we introduced a novel social delay-choice task in which subjects had to choose between one human cueing an immediate, low quality reward and another human signaling a delayed, high quality reward. In Study 2 we evaluated the tolerance to increasing delays using social and non-social cues. We also explored if more self-controlled dogs show any distinct behaviours during delays. Finally, we correlated all results with the Dog Impulsivity Assessment Scale (Wright et al., 2011). In Study 1 dogs reached an average maximum delay of 11.55s. In Study 2 that average was 52.14s with social cues and 40.2s with non-social, but differences were not significant. Tolerance to delays showed high interindividual variation. Dogs remained mostly standing and near the delayed experimenter in the social tasks although we could not to find any distinct coping strategies. No significant correlations were found between the delay reached and behaviours, neither with the scale. These results show the relevance of the parameters and methods used to investigate tolerance to delay of reinforcements. More investigations are required, especially an assessment of the same subjects performing the same tasks using different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Fagnani
- Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET Litoral), UNL-CONICET, Argentina; Grupo de Investigación del Comportamiento en Cánidos (ICOC), Argentina
| | - G Barrera
- Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET Litoral), UNL-CONICET, Argentina; Grupo de Investigación del Comportamiento en Cánidos (ICOC), Argentina
| | - F Carballo
- Grupo de Investigación del Comportamiento en Cánidos (ICOC), Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR; CONICET-UNS), Argentina
| | - M Bentosela
- Grupo de Investigación del Comportamiento en Cánidos (ICOC), Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas (IDIM-CONICET), Argentina.
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Carmody RN, Dannemann M, Briggs AW, Nickel B, Groopman EE, Wrangham RW, Kelso J. Genetic Evidence of Human Adaptation to a Cooked Diet. Genome Biol Evol 2016; 8:1091-103. [PMID: 26979798 PMCID: PMC4860691 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans have been argued to be biologically adapted to a cooked diet, but this hypothesis has not been tested at the molecular level. Here, we combine controlled feeding experiments in mice with comparative primate genomics to show that consumption of a cooked diet influences gene expression and that affected genes bear signals of positive selection in the human lineage. Liver gene expression profiles in mice fed standardized diets of meat or tuber were affected by food type and cooking, but not by caloric intake or consumer energy balance. Genes affected by cooking were highly correlated with genes known to be differentially expressed in liver between humans and other primates, and more genes in this overlap set show signals of positive selection in humans than would be expected by chance. Sequence changes in the genes under selection appear before the split between modern humans and two archaic human groups, Neandertals and Denisovans, supporting the idea that human adaptation to a cooked diet had begun by at least 275,000 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Dannemann
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Adrian W Briggs
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University AbVitro Inc, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Birgit Nickel
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Emily E Groopman
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University Columbia College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York
| | | | - Janet Kelso
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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Chimps' mental capacity to cook. Nature 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/522131e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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