1
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Touchon JC, McMillan WO, Ibáñez R, Lessios HA. Flexible oviposition behavior enabled the evolution of terrestrial reproduction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2312371121. [PMID: 39042675 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2312371121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Among vertebrates, nearly all oviparous animals are considered to have either obligate aquatic or terrestrial oviposition, with eggs that are specialized for developing in those environments. The terrestrial environment has considerably more oxygen but is dry and thus presents both opportunities and challenges for developing embryos, particularly those adapted for aquatic development. Here, we present evidence from field experiments examining egg-laying behavior, egg size, and egg jelly function of 13 species of Central and South American treefrogs in the genus Dendropsophus, which demonstrates that flexible oviposition (individuals laying eggs both in and out of water) and eggs capable of both aquatic and terrestrial development are the likely factors which enable the transition from aquatic to terrestrial reproduction. Nearly half of the species we studied had previously undescribed degrees of flexible oviposition. Species with obligate terrestrial reproduction have larger eggs than species with aquatic reproduction, and species with flexible reproduction have eggs of intermediate sizes. Obligate terrestrial breeding frogs also have egg masses that absorb water more quickly than those with flexible oviposition. We also examined eight populations of a single species, Dendropsophus ebraccatus, and document substantial intraspecific variation in terrestrial oviposition; populations in rainy, stable climates lay fewer eggs in water than those in drier areas. However, no differences in egg size were found, supporting the idea that the behavioral component of oviposition evolves before other adaptations associated with obligate terrestrial reproduction. Collectively, these data demonstrate the key role that behavior can have in facilitating major evolutionary transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin C Touchon
- Biology Department, Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12604
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa 0843-03092, Panama
| | - W Owen McMillan
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa 0843-03092, Panama
| | - Roberto Ibáñez
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Balboa 0843-03092, Panama
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2
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Ringler E, Rojas B, Stynoski JL, Schulte LM. What Amphibians Can Teach Us About the Evolution of Parental Care. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY, EVOLUTION, AND SYSTEMATICS 2023; 54:43-62. [PMID: 38989250 PMCID: PMC7616154 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-102221-050519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Parenting is considered a key evolutionary innovation that contributed to the diversification and expansion of vertebrates. However, we know little about how such diversity evolved. Amphibians are an ideal group in which to identify the ecological factors that have facilitated or constrained the evolution of different forms of parental care. Among, but also within, the three amphibian orders-Anura, Caudata, and Gymnophiona-there is a high level of variation in habitat use, fertilization mode, mating systems, and parental sex roles. Recent work using broad phylogenetic, experimental, and physiological approaches has helped to uncover the factors that have selected for the evolution of care and transitions between different forms of parenting. Here, we highlight the exceptional diversity of amphibian parental care, emphasize the unique opportunities this group offers for addressing key questions about the evolution of parenting, and give insights into promising novel directions of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ringler
- Division of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Ecology and Evolution, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bibiana Rojas
- Department of Interdisciplinary Life Sciences, Konrad Lorenz Institute of Ethology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Lisa M Schulte
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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3
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Zanatta MF, Romero GQ, Villanueva-Bonilla GA, Vasconcellos-Neto J. Leaf and site selection for nest construction and oviposition in Aysha piassaguera Brescovit, 1992 (Araneae: Anyphaenidae). J NAT HIST 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2022.2043479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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4
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Méndez‐Narváez J, Warkentin KM. Reproductive colonization of land by frogs: Embryos and larvae excrete urea to avoid ammonia toxicity. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8570. [PMID: 35222954 PMCID: PMC8843769 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate colonization of land has occurred multiple times, including over 50 origins of terrestrial eggs in frogs. Some environmental factors and phenotypic responses that facilitated these transitions are known, but responses to water constraints and risk of ammonia toxicity during early development are poorly understood. We tested if ammonia accumulation and dehydration risk induce a shift from ammonia to urea excretion during early stages of four anurans, from three origins of terrestrial development. We quantified ammonia and urea concentrations during early development on land, under well‐hydrated and dry conditions. Where we found urea excretion, we tested for a plastic increase under dry conditions and with ammonia accumulation in developmental environments. We assessed the potential adaptive role of urea excretion by comparing ammonia tolerance measured in 96h‐LC50 tests with ammonia levels in developmental environments. Ammonia accumulated in foam nests and perivitelline fluid, increasing over development and reaching higher concentrations under dry conditions. All four species showed high ammonia tolerance, compared to fishes and aquatic‐breeding frogs. Both nest‐dwelling larvae of Leptodactylus fragilis and late embryos of Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni excreted urea, showing a plastic increase under dry conditions. These two species can develop the longest on land and urea excretion appears adaptive, preventing their exposure to potentially lethal levels of ammonia. Neither late embryos of Agalychnis callidryas nor nest‐dwelling larvae of Engystomops pustulosus experienced toxic ammonia levels under dry conditions, and neither excreted urea. Our results suggest that an early onset of urea excretion, its increase under dry conditions, and elevated ammonia tolerance can all help prevent ammonia toxicity during terrestrial development. High ammonia represents a general risk for development which may be exacerbated as climate change increases dehydration risk for terrestrial‐breeding frogs. It may also be a cue that elicits adaptive physiological responses during early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Méndez‐Narváez
- Department of Biology Boston University Boston Massachusetts USA
- Calima Fundación para la Investigación de la Biodiversidad y Conservación en el Trópico Cali Colombia
| | - Karen M. Warkentin
- Department of Biology Boston University Boston Massachusetts USA
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Panama Republic of Panama
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5
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Furness AI, Venditti C, Capellini I. Terrestrial reproduction and parental care drive rapid evolution in the trade-off between offspring size and number across amphibians. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001495. [PMID: 34982764 PMCID: PMC8726499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The trade-off between offspring size and number is central to life history strategies. Both the evolutionary gain of parental care or more favorable habitats for offspring development are predicted to result in fewer, larger offspring. However, despite much research, it remains unclear whether and how different forms of care and habitats drive the evolution of the trade-off. Using data for over 800 amphibian species, we demonstrate that, after controlling for allometry, amphibians with direct development and those that lay eggs in terrestrial environments have larger eggs and smaller clutches, while different care behaviors and adaptations vary in their effects on the trade-off. Specifically, among the 11 care forms we considered at the egg, tadpole and juvenile stage, egg brooding, male egg attendance, and female egg attendance increase egg size; female tadpole attendance and tadpole feeding decrease egg size, while egg brooding, tadpole feeding, male tadpole attendance, and male tadpole transport decrease clutch size. Unlike egg size that shows exceptionally high rates of phenotypic change in just 19 branches of the amphibian phylogeny, clutch size has evolved at exceptionally high rates in 135 branches, indicating episodes of strong selection; egg and tadpole environment, direct development, egg brooding, tadpole feeding, male tadpole attendance, and tadpole transport explain 80% of these events. By explicitly considering diversity in parental care and offspring habitat by stage of offspring development, this study demonstrates that more favorable conditions for offspring development promote the evolution of larger offspring in smaller broods and reveals that the diversity of parental care forms influences the trade-off in more nuanced ways than previously appreciated. What selective pressures alter the tradeoff between offspring size and number? A phylogenetic comparative approach shows that amphibians with direct development and those that lay eggs in terrestrial environments have larger eggs and smaller clutches, while different care behaviours and adaptations vary in their effects on the tradeoff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew I. Furness
- Department of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
- Energy and Environment Institute, University of Hull, Hull, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (AIF); (IC)
| | - Chris Venditti
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - Isabella Capellini
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (AIF); (IC)
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6
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Serrano-Rojas SJ, Pašukonis A. Tadpole-transporting frogs use stagnant water odor to find pools in the rainforest. J Exp Biol 2021; 224:272393. [PMID: 34608492 PMCID: PMC8627569 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.243122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Breeding sites are often a limited and ephemeral resource for rainforest frogs. This resource limitation has driven the evolution of diverse reproductive strategies that increase offspring survival. For example, poison frogs shuttle their tadpoles from terrestrial clutches to aquatic rearing sites, using various cues to assess pool suitability. Yet, how frogs find new pools is unknown. We tested the role of odor cues in the process of finding tadpole deposition sites by the poison frog Allobates femoralis. We created 60 artificial pools grouped into three conditions: stagnant water, tadpole water and clean water control. Fifteen pools were discovered within 6 days, with more tadpoles and more frogs directly observed at pools with stagnant odor cues. Our findings suggest that frogs use odor cues associated with stagnant water for the initial discovery of new breeding pools. These cues may be good indicators of pool stability and increased likelihood of tadpole survival. Summary: Amphibians rely on water for reproduction; however, very little is known on how amphibians find water bodies. Experiments in Allobates femoralis suggest that frogs use stagnant odor cues to find breeding pools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley J Serrano-Rojas
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco (UNSAAC), Cusco 08000, Perú
| | - Andrius Pašukonis
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, 371 Jane Stanford Way, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,CEFE, Univ. Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, 34090, France
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7
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Resetarits WJ, Pintar MR, Bohenek JR. Complex multi‐predator effects on demographic habitat selection and community assembly in colonizing aquatic insects. ECOL MONOGR 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William J. Resetarits
- Department of Biology Centers for Water and Wetlands Resources, and Conservation and Biodiversity Research The University of Mississippi University Mississippi 38677‐1848 USA
| | - Matthew R. Pintar
- Department of Biology Centers for Water and Wetlands Resources, and Conservation and Biodiversity Research The University of Mississippi University Mississippi 38677‐1848 USA
| | - Jason R. Bohenek
- Department of Biology Centers for Water and Wetlands Resources, and Conservation and Biodiversity Research The University of Mississippi University Mississippi 38677‐1848 USA
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8
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Fouilloux CA, Serrano Rojas SJ, Carvajal‐Castro JD, Valkonen JK, Gaucher P, Fischer M, Pašukonis A, Rojas B. Pool choice in a vertical landscape: Tadpole-rearing site flexibility in phytotelm-breeding frogs. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:9021-9038. [PMID: 34257942 PMCID: PMC8258215 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many species of Neotropical frogs have evolved to deposit their tadpoles in small water bodies inside plant structures called phytotelmata. These pools are small enough to exclude large predators but have limited nutrients and high desiccation risk. Here, we explore phytotelm use by three common Neotropical species: Osteocephalus oophagus, an arboreal frog that periodically feeds eggs to its tadpoles; Dendrobates tinctorius, a tadpole-transporting poison frog with cannibalistic tadpoles; and Allobates femoralis, a terrestrial tadpole-transporting poison frog with omnivorous tadpoles. We found that D. tinctorius occupies pools across the chemical and vertical gradient, whereas A. femoralis and O. oophagus appear to have narrower deposition options that are restricted primarily by pool height, water capacity, alkalinity, and salinity. Dendrobates tinctorius tadpoles are particularly flexible and can survive in a wide range of chemical, physical, and biological conditions, whereas O. oophagus seems to prefer small, clear pools and A. femoralis occupies medium-sized pools with abundant leaf litter and low salinity. Together, these results show the possible niche partitioning of phytotelmata among frogs and provide insight into stressors and resilience of phytotelm breeders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe A. Fouilloux
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | | | - Juan David Carvajal‐Castro
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von HumboldtBogotáColombia
- Department of Biological SciencesSt. John’s UniversityQueensNYUSA
| | - Janne K. Valkonen
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
| | - Philippe Gaucher
- USR LEEISA—Laboratoire EcologieEvolution, Interactions des Systèmes AmazoniensCNRS‐GuyaneCayenneFrench Guiana
| | | | - Andrius Pašukonis
- Department of BiologyStanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionelle et EvolutiveCNRSMontpellier Cedex 5France
| | - Bibiana Rojas
- Department of Biological and Environmental ScienceUniversity of JyväskyläJyväskyläFinland
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9
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Resetarits WJ. Between a rock and a hard place: Ovipositing treefrogs navigate complex trade‐offs in the landscape of patch quality. Ecosphere 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- William J. Resetarits
- Department of Biology and Centers for Water and Wetlands Resources, and Biodiversity and Conservation Research University of Mississippi University Mississippi38677USA
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10
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Jiménez-Vargas GM, Atehortua-Vallejo MA, Arcila-Pérez LF, Carvajal-Castro JD, Vargas-Salinas F. Does abiotic noise promote segregation of functional diversity in Neotropical anuran assemblages? Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The abiotic noise of streams can mask the acoustic signals of anurans with a large body size calling at low frequencies, but not the signals emitted by anurans with a small body size calling at high frequencies. As a consequence, the body size of species in assemblages alongside streams is, on average, lower and less variable than that of assemblages away from streams. Given that the body size in anurans is frequently related to life-history traits, it is expected that functional diversity (FD) will be lower in anuran assemblages alongside streams than in assemblages away from streams. We calculated and compared FD, based on six functional traits, for anuran species in seven localities in different biogeographical regions in the Neotropics. In five lowland localities, FD was lower in assemblages alongside streams than in assemblages away from streams. However, the reverse trend was found in two Andean localities. Noise from streams, acting as an environmental filter, could promote low FD because taxa whose phenotype differs from an optimal type (high call frequency, small body size and associated traits) are excluded from riparian places. However, such habitat filtering could be stronger and affect more anurans in lowland assemblages than in those at medium elevation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Marcela Jiménez-Vargas
- Evolución, Ecología y Conservación (EECO), Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Nuevas Tecnologías, Programa de Biología, Universidad del Quindío, Carrera 15 Calle 12N Armenia, Quindío, Colombia
| | - Michelle Andrea Atehortua-Vallejo
- Evolución, Ecología y Conservación (EECO), Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Nuevas Tecnologías, Programa de Biología, Universidad del Quindío, Carrera 15 Calle 12N Armenia, Quindío, Colombia
| | - Luisa F Arcila-Pérez
- Evolución, Ecología y Conservación (EECO), Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Nuevas Tecnologías, Programa de Biología, Universidad del Quindío, Carrera 15 Calle 12N Armenia, Quindío, Colombia
| | - Juan D Carvajal-Castro
- Evolución, Ecología y Conservación (EECO), Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Nuevas Tecnologías, Programa de Biología, Universidad del Quindío, Carrera 15 Calle 12N Armenia, Quindío, Colombia
| | - Fernando Vargas-Salinas
- Evolución, Ecología y Conservación (EECO), Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Nuevas Tecnologías, Programa de Biología, Universidad del Quindío, Carrera 15 Calle 12N Armenia, Quindío, Colombia
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11
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Malagoli LR, Pezzuti TL, Bang DL, Faivovich J, Lyra ML, Giovanelli JGR, Garcia PCDA, Sawaya RJ, Haddad CFB. A new reproductive mode in anurans: Natural history of Bokermannohyla astartea (Anura: Hylidae) with the description of its tadpole and vocal repertoire. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246401. [PMID: 33596209 PMCID: PMC7888631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anurans have the greatest diversity of reproductive modes among tetrapod vertebrates, with at least 41 being currently recognized. We describe a new reproductive mode for anurans, as exhibited by the Paranapiacaba Treefrog, Bokermannohyla astartea, an endemic and poorly known species of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest belonging to the B. circumdata group. We also describe other aspects of its reproductive biology, that are relevant to understanding the new reproductive mode, such as courtship behavior, spawning, and tadpoles. Additionally, we redescribe its advertisement call and extend its vocal repertoire by describing three additional call types: courtship, amplectant, and presumed territorial. The new reproductive mode exhibited by B. astartea consists of: (1) deposition of aquatic eggs in leaf-tanks of terrestrial or epiphytic bromeliads located on or over the banks of temporary or permanent streams; (2) exotrophic tadpoles remain in the leaf-tanks during initial stages of development (until Gosner stage 26), after which they presumably jump or are transported to streams after heavy rains that flood their bromeliad tanks; and (3) tadpole development completes in streams. The tadpoles of B. astartea are similar to those of other species of the B. circumdata group, although with differences in the spiracle, eyes, and oral disc. The vocal repertoire of B. astartea exhibits previously unreported acoustic complexity for the genus. Bokermannohyla astartea is the only bromeligenous species known to date among the 187 known species within the tribe Cophomantini. We further discuss evolutionary hypotheses for the origin of this novel reproductive mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Ramos Malagoli
- Núcleo São Sebastião, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Fundação para a Conservação e a Produção Florestal do Estado de São Paulo, São Sebastião, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago Leite Pezzuti
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Davi Lee Bang
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Comparada, Departamento de Biologia/FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julián Faivovich
- División Herpetología, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariana Lúcio Lyra
- Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Gabriel Ribeiro Giovanelli
- Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Christiano de Anchietta Garcia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Jannini Sawaya
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), São Bernardo do Campo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Célio Fernando Baptista Haddad
- Departamento de Biodiversidade e Centro de Aquicultura (CAUNESP), Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Brown NAW, Houpt NSB, Yee NL, Curtis JEM, Bolker BM, Juanes F, Balshine S. Consequences of nest site selection vary along a tidal gradient. J Anim Ecol 2020; 90:528-541. [PMID: 33159687 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Parents providing care must sometimes choose between rearing locations that are most favourable for offspring versus those that are most favourable for themselves. Here, we measured how both parental and offspring performance varied in nest sites distributed along an environmental gradient. The plainfin midshipman fish Porichthys notatus nests along a tidal gradient. When ascending from the subtidal to the high intertidal at low tide, both nest temperature and frequency of air exposure increase. We used one lab and two field experiments to investigate how parental nest site choices across tidal elevations are linked to the physiological costs incurred by parents and the developmental benefits accrued by offspring. Under warmer incubation conditions, simulating high intertidal nests, offspring developed faster but had higher mortality rates compared to those incubated in cooler conditions that mimicked subtidal nests. In the field, males in higher intertidal nests were more active caregivers, but their young still died at the fastest rates. Larger males claimed and retained low intertidal nests, where offspring survival and development rates were also highest. Our results suggest that males compete more intensively for nest sites in the low intertidal, where they can raise their young quickly and with lower per-offspring investments. Smaller, less-competitive males forced into higher intertidal sites nest earlier in the season and provide more active parental care, possibly to bolster brood survival under harsh environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A W Brown
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Noah S B Houpt
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Nicole L Yee
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | | | - Benjamin M Bolker
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics and Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Francis Juanes
- Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Sigal Balshine
- Department of Psychology, Neuroscience, and Behaviour, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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13
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Schulte LM, Ringler E, Rojas B, Stynoski JL. Developments in Amphibian Parental Care Research: History, Present Advances, and Future Perspectives. HERPETOLOGICAL MONOGRAPH 2020; 34:71-97. [PMID: 38989507 PMCID: PMC7616153 DOI: 10.1655/herpmonographs-d-19-00002.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Despite rising interest among scientists for over two centuries, parental care behavior has not been as thoroughly studied in amphibians as it has in other taxa. The first reports of amphibian parental care date from the early 18th century, when Maria Sibylla Merian went on a field expedition in Suriname and reported frog metamorphs emerging from their mother's dorsal skin. Reports of this and other parental behaviors in amphibians remained descriptive for decades, often as side notes during expeditions with another purpose. However, since the 1980s, experimental approaches have proliferated, providing detailed knowledge about the adaptive value of observed behaviors. Today, we recognize more than 30 types of parental care in amphibians, but most studies focus on just a few families and have favored anurans over urodeles and caecilians. Here, we provide a synthesis of the last three centuries of parental care research in the three orders comprising the amphibians. We draw attention to the progress from the very first descriptions to the most recent experimental studies, and highlight the importance of natural history observations as a source of new hypotheses and necessary context to interpret experimental findings. We encourage amphibian parental care researchers to diversify their study systems to allow for a more comprehensive perspective of the behaviors that amphibians exhibit. Finally, we uncover knowledge gaps and suggest new avenues of research using a variety of disciplines and approaches that will allow us to better understand the function and evolution of parental care behaviors in this diverse group of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Schulte
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 13, 60438Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Eva Ringler
- Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, University of Vienna, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Department of Integrative Zoology, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090Vienna, Austria
| | - Bibiana Rojas
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Biology and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jennifer L. Stynoski
- Colorado State University, Department of Biology, 200 W. Lake Street, Fort Collins, CO, 48823USA
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Universidad de Costa Rica, Dulce Nombre de Coronado, San José, Costa Rica
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14
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Sánchez-Ochoa DJ, Pérez-Mendoza HA, Charruau P. Oviposition Site Selection and Conservation Insights of Two Tree Frogs (Agalychnis moreletii and A. callidryas
). SOUTH AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HERPETOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.2994/sajh-d-17-00103.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Joaquín Sánchez-Ochoa
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Conservación de Anfibios y Reptiles, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Autónoma de México, Av. De Los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, 54090 Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Hibraim Adán Pérez-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Ecología Evolutiva y Conservación de Anfibios y Reptiles, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Autónoma de México, Av. De Los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, 54090 Tlalnepantla, Mexico
| | - Pierre Charruau
- Departamento de Investigación, Centro de Cambio Global y la Sustentabilidad en el Sureste, Calle Centenario del Instituto Juárez, Col. Reforma, C.P. 86080 Villahermosa, Tabasco, Mexico
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15
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Fort H. Combining niche and game theories to address interspecific cooperation in ecological communities. COMMUNITY ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42974-020-00006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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16
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Ishimatsu A, Mai HV, Martin KLM. Patterns of Fish Reproduction at the Interface between Air and Water. Integr Comp Biol 2019; 58:1064-1085. [PMID: 30107418 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icy108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although fishes by nature are aquatic, many species reproduce in such a way that their embryos are exposed to air either occasionally or constantly during incubation. We examine the ecological context and review specific examples of reproduction by fishes at the air-water interface, including fishes that do and do not breathe air. Four modes of reproduction at the air-water interface are described across 18 teleost orders, from fresh water, estuaries, and sea water. Mode 1, the most common type of reproduction by fishes at the air-water interface, includes 21 families of mostly marine teleosts that spawn in water onto a substrate surface, on vegetation, or into hollow objects such as shells that will later be continuously or occasionally exposed to air. Although the eggs are emerged into air, many of these species do not emerge into air as adults, and only about half of them breathe air. Mode 2 involves six families of freshwater fishes setting up and guarding a nest and guarding on the water surface, either with bubbles or in vegetation. Most of these species breathe air. In Mode 3, annual killifishes in at least two families in seasonally dry habitats bury eggs in mud in temporary pools, then die before the next generation emerges. These species neither guard nests nor breathe air. Mudskippers (Gobiidae) breathe air and use Mode 4, excavating burrows in a soft substrate and then storing air in a subterranean chamber. In a variation of Mode 4, eggs are placed on bubbles within a nesting burrow by swamp eels (Synbranchidae). No fishes from basal taxa are known to place their embryos where they will be exposed to air, although most of these species breathe air as adults. The widespread but still rare, diverse forms of fish reproduction at the air-water interface across a broad taxonomic spectrum suggest repeated independent evolutionary events and strong selection pressure for adult fishes to protect their embryos from hypoxic waters, aquatic predators, pathogens, and UV radiation. Air-breathing by adult fishes appears to be de-coupled from air exposure of developing embryos or aerial emersion of adults during spawning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Ishimatsu
- Organization for Marine Science and Technology, Nagasaki University, 1551-7 Tairamachi, Nagasaki 851-2213, Japan
| | - Hieu Van Mai
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyomachi, Nagasaki 851-8521, Japan
| | - Karen L M Martin
- Department of Biology, Natural Science Division, Pepperdine University, 24255 Pacific Coast Highway, Malibu, CA 90263-4321, USA
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17
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Ip JCH, Mu H, Zhang Y, Sun J, Heras H, Chu KH, Qiu JW. Understanding the transition from water to land: Insights from multi-omic analyses of the perivitelline fluid of apple snail eggs. J Proteomics 2018; 194:79-88. [PMID: 30557667 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Unlike most of the freshwater gastropod families, the family Ampullariidae includes members that exhibit both underwater and aerial oviposition, making it an ideal model for understanding mechanisms underlying the evolutionary transition from water to land. We applied SDS-PAGE and LC-MS/MS to analyse the proteome of the egg perivitelline fluid (PVF) of Marisa cornuarietis - an aquatic ovipositing ampullariid. Comparison with the reported PVF proteomes of two aerial ovipositing ampullariids (Pomacea canaliculata and P. maculata) showed that the three species all contain several major perivitellins that nourish the embryos. However, M. cornuarietis invests more heavily on immune-related proteins, which might be due to exposure to aquatic pathogens. Interestingly, only the PVF of out-of-water egg laying species have PV2 - a neurotoxin lethal to mice, and a calcium-binding protein which might be involved in the formation of calcareous eggshell. Integrated phylogenetic, evolutionary and gene expressional analyses detected the involvement of gene duplication, positive selection and neofunctionalisation in the formation of several major PVF proteins. Overall, our study provides multiple lines of evidence of adaptive evolution in the PVF proteins, and contributes to a better understanding of how aquatic gastropod ancestors invaded terrestrial habitats. SIGNIFICANCE: Aerial egg deposition has evolved in several groups of animals, but except for Vertebrata little is known about the mechanisms underlying this critical evolution process. We compared aquatic and aerial egg laying apple snails to understand the molecular mechanisms enabling such a transition in egg laying habitat. We found that the composition of perivitelline fluid proteomes of underwater and aerial egg depositors was remarkably different, and then gene duplication and positive selection were responsible for the formation of such novel proteins than enabled the evolutionary transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack C H Ip
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huawei Mu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230071, China
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jin Sun
- Department of Ocean Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Horacio Heras
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata (INIBIOLP), Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP)-CONICET CCT-La Plata, La Plata, Argentina; Cátedra de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo, UNLP, Argentina
| | - Ka Hou Chu
- Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jian-Wen Qiu
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China; HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China.
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18
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Goyes Vallejos J, Grafe TU, Wells KD. Factors influencing tadpole deposition site choice in a frog with male parental care: An experimental field study. Ethology 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/eth.12820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johana Goyes Vallejos
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut
| | - T. Ulmar Grafe
- Department of Biology, Faculty of ScienceUniversiti Brunei Darussalam Gadong Brunei Darussalam
| | - Kentwood D. Wells
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of Connecticut Storrs Connecticut
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19
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Touchon JC, Robertson JM. You cannot have it all: Heritability and constraints of predator‐induced developmental plasticity in a Neotropical treefrog. Evolution 2018; 72:2758-2772. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Charles Touchon
- Biology Department Boston University Boston Massachusetts 02215
- Current Address: Biology Department Vassar College Poughkeepsie New York 12604
| | - Jeanne Marie Robertson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Cornell University Ithaca New York 14853
- Current Address: Department of Biology California State University Northridge California 91330
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20
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Ringler E, Szipl G, Harrigan RJ, Bartl-Binder P, Mangione R, Ringler M. Hierarchical decision-making balances current and future reproductive success. Mol Ecol 2018; 27:2289-2301. [PMID: 29633409 PMCID: PMC5969290 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Parental decisions in animals are often context‐dependent and shaped by fitness trade‐offs between parents and offspring. For example, the selection of breeding habitats can considerably impact the fitness of both offspring and parents, and therefore, parents should carefully weigh the costs and benefits of available options for their current and future reproductive success. Here, we show that resource‐use preferences are shaped by a trade‐off between parental effort and offspring safety in a tadpole‐transporting frog. In a large‐scale in situ experiment, we investigated decision strategies across an entire population of poison frogs that distribute their tadpoles across multiple water bodies. Pool use followed a dynamic and sequential selection process, and transportation became more efficient over time. Our results point to a complex suite of environmental variables that are considered during offspring deposition, which necessitates a highly dynamic and flexible decision‐making process in tadpole‐transporting frogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Ringler
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.,Messerli Research Institute, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georgine Szipl
- Core Facility KLF for Behaviour and Cognition, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ryan J Harrigan
- Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Perta Bartl-Binder
- Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rosanna Mangione
- Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Haus des Meeres Aqua Terra Zoo GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Max Ringler
- Department of Integrative Zoology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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21
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Wood CW, Wice EW, Del Sol J, Paul S, Sanderson BJ, Brodie ED. Constraints Imposed by a Natural Landscape Override Offspring Fitness Effects to Shape Oviposition Decisions in Wild Forked Fungus Beetles. Am Nat 2018; 191:524-538. [PMID: 29570398 DOI: 10.1086/696218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Oviposition site decisions often maximize offspring fitness, but costs constraining choice can cause females to oviposit in poor developmental environments. It is unclear whether these constraints cumulatively outweigh offspring fitness to determine oviposition decisions in wild populations. Understanding how constraints shape oviposition in natural landscapes is a critical step toward revealing how maternal behavior influences fundamental phenomena like the evolution of specialization and the use of sink environments. Here, we used a genetic capture-recapture technique to reconstruct the oviposition decisions of individual females in a natural metapopulation of a beetle (Bolitotherus cornutus) that oviposits on three fungus species. We measured larval fitness-related traits (mass, development time, survival) on each fungus and compared the oviposition preferences of females in laboratory versus field tests. Larval fitness differed substantially among fungi, and females preferred a high-quality (high larval fitness) fungus in laboratory trials. However, females frequently laid eggs on the lowest-quality fungus in the wild. They preferred high-quality fungi when moving between oviposition sites, but this preference disappeared as the distance between sites increased and was inconsistent between study plots. Our results suggest that constraints on oviposition preferences in natural landscapes are sufficiently large to drive oviposition in poor developmental environments even when offspring fitness consequences are severe.
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22
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Paul SC, Stevens M, Burton J, Pell JK, Birkett MA, Blount JD. Invasive Egg Predators and Food Availability Interactively Affect Maternal Investment in Egg Chemical Defense. Front Ecol Evol 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2018.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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23
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Noronha JDCD, Rodrigues DDJ. Reproductive behaviour of the glass frog Hyalinobatrachium cappellei (Anura: Centrolenidae) in the Southern Amazon. J NAT HIST 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00222933.2017.1414324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Janaina da Costa de Noronha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Instituto de Biociências, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Acervo Biológico da Amazônia Meridional – ABAM, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Instituto de Ciências Naturais, Humanas e Sociais, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Domingos de Jesus Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação da Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Instituto de Biociências, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Acervo Biológico da Amazônia Meridional – ABAM, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Instituto de Ciências Naturais, Humanas e Sociais, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Instituto de Ciências Naturais, Humanas e Sociais, Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Estudos Integrados da Biodiversidade Amazônica – CENBAM/INPA/CNPq/MCT/UFMT/UNEMAT
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24
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Oyamaguchi HM, Vo P, Grewal K, Do R, Erwin E, Jeong N, Tse K, Chen C, Miyake M, Lin A, Gridi-Papp M. Thermal sensitivity of a Neotropical amphibian (Engystomops pustulosus
) and its vulnerability to climate change. Biotropica 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hilton M. Oyamaguchi
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of the Pacific; 3601 Pacific Ave Stockton CA 95211 USA
| | - Pacific Vo
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of the Pacific; 3601 Pacific Ave Stockton CA 95211 USA
| | - Kiran Grewal
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of the Pacific; 3601 Pacific Ave Stockton CA 95211 USA
| | - Robert Do
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of the Pacific; 3601 Pacific Ave Stockton CA 95211 USA
| | - Eugene Erwin
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of the Pacific; 3601 Pacific Ave Stockton CA 95211 USA
| | - Narin Jeong
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of the Pacific; 3601 Pacific Ave Stockton CA 95211 USA
| | - Katherine Tse
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of the Pacific; 3601 Pacific Ave Stockton CA 95211 USA
| | - Chantelle Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of the Pacific; 3601 Pacific Ave Stockton CA 95211 USA
| | - Morgan Miyake
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of the Pacific; 3601 Pacific Ave Stockton CA 95211 USA
| | - Alice Lin
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of the Pacific; 3601 Pacific Ave Stockton CA 95211 USA
| | - Marcos Gridi-Papp
- Department of Biological Sciences; University of the Pacific; 3601 Pacific Ave Stockton CA 95211 USA
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25
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Pereira EB, Pinto-Ledezma JN, de Freitas CG, Villalobos F, Collevatti RG, Maciel NM. Evolution of the anuran foam nest: trait conservatism and lineage diversification. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blx110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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26
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Wells MW, Turko AJ, Wright PA. Fish embryos on land: terrestrial embryo deposition lowers oxygen uptake without altering growth or survival in the amphibious fish Kryptolebias marmoratus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 218:3249-56. [PMID: 26491194 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.127399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Few teleost fishes incubate embryos out of water, but the oxygen-rich terrestrial environment could provide advantages for early growth and development. We tested the hypothesis that embryonic oxygen uptake is limited in aquatic environments relative to air using the self-fertilizing amphibious mangrove rivulus, Kryptolebias marmoratus, which typically inhabits hypoxic, water-filled crab burrows. We found that adult mangrove rivulus released twice as many embryos in terrestrial versus aquatic environments and that air-reared embryos had accelerated developmental rates. Surprisingly, air-reared embryos consumed 44% less oxygen and possessed larger yolk reserves, but attained the same mass, length and chorion thickness. Water-reared embryos moved their opercula ∼2.5 more times per minute compared with air-reared embryos at 7 days post-release, which probably contributed to the higher rates of oxygen uptake and yolk utilization we observed. Genetically identical air- and water-reared embryos from the same parent were raised to maturity, but the embryonic environment did not affect growth, reproduction or emersion ability in adults. Therefore, although aspects of early development were plastic, these early differences were not sustained into adulthood. Kryptolebias marmoratus embryos hatched out of water when exposed to aerial hypoxia. We conclude that exposure to a terrestrial environment reduces the energetic costs of development partly by reducing the necessity of embryonic movements to dispel stagnant boundary layers. Terrestrial incubation of young would be especially beneficial to amphibious fishes that occupy aquatic habitats of poor water quality, assuming low terrestrial predation and desiccation risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Wells
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 488 Gordon Street, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Andy J Turko
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 488 Gordon Street, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Patricia A Wright
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 488 Gordon Street, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
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27
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Reproductive Decisions in Anurans: A Review of How Predation and Competition Affects the Deposition of Eggs And Tadpoles. Bioscience 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biw149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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28
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Zamudio KR, Bell RC, Nali RC, Haddad CFB, Prado CPA. Polyandry, Predation, and the Evolution of Frog Reproductive Modes. Am Nat 2016; 188 Suppl 1:S41-61. [PMID: 27513910 DOI: 10.1086/687547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Frog reproductive modes are complex phenotypes that include egg/clutch characteristics, oviposition site, larval development, and sometimes, parental care. Two evident patterns in the evolution of these traits are the higher diversity of reproductive modes in the tropics and the apparent progression from aquatic to terrestrial reproduction, often attributed to higher fitness resulting from decreased predation on terrestrial eggs and tadpoles. Here, we propose that sexual selection-and not only natural selection due to predation-favors terrestrial breeding by reducing the loss of fitness due to polyandry. To examine this novel selective mechanism, we reconstructed the evolution of reproductive diversity in two frog families (Hylidae and Leptodactylidae) and tested for concerted evolution of egg and tadpole development sites with specific mating behaviors. We found that oviposition and tadpole development sites are evolving independently, do not show the same diversity and/or directionality in terms of terrestriality, and thus may be diversifying due to different selective mechanisms. In both families, terrestrial egg deposition is correlated with amplexus that is hidden from competing males, and in hylids, testes mass was significantly larger and more variable in males with exposed amplexus that are vulnerable to polyandry. Our results indicate that intrasexual selection has been an underappreciated mechanism promoting diversification of frog reproductive modes.
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