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Redhead D, Gervais M, Kajokaite K, Koster J, Hurtado Manyoma A, Hurtado Manyoma D, McElreath R, Ross CT. Evidence of direct and indirect reciprocity in network-structured economic games. COMMUNICATIONS PSYCHOLOGY 2024; 2:44. [PMID: 39242753 PMCID: PMC11332088 DOI: 10.1038/s44271-024-00098-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Formal theoretical models propose that cooperative networks can be maintained when individuals condition behavior on social standing. Here, we empirically examine the predictions of such models of positive and negative indirect reciprocity using a suite of network-structured economic games in four rural Colombian communities (Nind = 496 individuals, Nobs = 53,876 ratings/transfers). We observe that, at a dyadic-level, individuals have a strong tendency to exploit and punish others in bad standing (e.g., those perceived as selfish), and allocate resources to those in good standing (e.g., those perceived as generous). These dyadic findings scale to a more generalized, community level, where reputations for being generous are associated with receipt of allocations, and reputations for being selfish are associated with receipt of punishment. These empirical results illustrate the roles that both positive and negative reciprocity, and costly punishment, play in sustaining community-wide cooperation networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Redhead
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
- Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Inter-University Center for Social Science Theory and Methodology (ICS), University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Matthew Gervais
- Division of Psychology, Department of Life Science, Brunel University, London, UK
| | - Kotrina Kajokaite
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jeremy Koster
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arlenys Hurtado Manyoma
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Danier Hurtado Manyoma
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Richard McElreath
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cody T Ross
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany.
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2
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Scott TW, Wild G. How to make an inclusive-fitness model. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231310. [PMID: 37788701 PMCID: PMC10547548 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Social behaviours are typically modelled using neighbour-modulated fitness, which focuses on individuals having their fitness altered by neighbours. However, these models are either interpreted using inclusive fitness, which focuses on individuals altering the fitness of neighbours, or not interpreted at all. This disconnect leads to interpretational mistakes and obscures the adaptive significance of behaviour. We bridge this gap by presenting a systematic methodology for constructing inclusive-fitness models. We find a behaviour's 'inclusive-fitness effect' by summing primary and secondary deviations in reproductive value. Primary deviations are the immediate result of a social interaction; for example, the cost and benefit of an altruistic act. Secondary deviations are compensatory effects that arise because the total reproductive value of the population is fixed; for example, the increased competition that follows an altruistic act. Compared to neighbour-modulated fitness methodologies, our approach is often simpler and reveals the model's inclusive-fitness narrative clearly. We implement our methodology first in a homogeneous population, with supplementary examples of help under synergy, help in a viscous population and Creel's paradox. We then implement our methodology in a class-structured population, where the advantages of our approach are most evident, with supplementary examples of altruism between age classes, and sex-ratio evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. Scott
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, 11a Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Geoff Wild
- Department of Mathematics, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B7
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3
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Patten MM, Schenkel MA, Ågren JA. Adaptation in the face of internal conflict: the paradox of the organism revisited. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2023; 98:1796-1811. [PMID: 37203364 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The paradox of the organism refers to the observation that organisms appear to function as coherent purposeful entities, despite the potential for within-organismal components like selfish genetic elements and cancer cells to erode them from within. While it is commonly accepted that organisms may pursue fitness maximisation and can be thought to hold particular agendas, there is a growing recognition that genes and cells do so as well. This can lead to evolutionary conflicts between an organism and the parts that reside within it. Here, we revisit the paradox of the organism. We first outline its conception and relationship to debates about adaptation in evolutionary biology. Second, we review the ways selfish elements may exploit organisms, and the extent to which this threatens organismal integrity. To this end, we introduce a novel classification scheme that distinguishes between selfish elements that seek to distort transmission versus those that seek to distort phenotypic traits. Our classification scheme also highlights how some selfish elements elude a multi-level selection decomposition using the Price equation. Third, we discuss how the organism can retain its status as the primary fitness-maximising agent in the face of selfish elements. The success of selfish elements is often constrained by their strategy and further limited by a combination of fitness alignment and enforcement mechanisms controlled by the organism. Finally, we argue for the need for quantitative measures of both internal conflicts and organismality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manus M Patten
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, 37th and O St. NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Martijn A Schenkel
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, 37th and O St. NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
- Groningen Institute of Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J Arvid Ågren
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, Uppsala, 752 36, Sweden
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
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Koenig WD, Barve S, Haydock J, Dugdale HL, Oli MK, Walters EL. Lifetime inclusive fitness effects of cooperative polygamy in the acorn woodpecker. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2219345120. [PMID: 37126712 PMCID: PMC10175847 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2219345120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Although over 50 y have passed since W. D. Hamilton articulated kin selection and inclusive fitness as evolutionary explanations for altruistic behavior, quantifying inclusive fitness continues to be challenging. Here, using 30 y of data and two alternative methods, we outline an approach to measure lifetime inclusive fitness effects of cooperative polygamy (mate-sharing or cobreeding) in the cooperatively breeding acorn woodpecker Melanerpes formicivorus. For both sexes, the number of offspring (observed direct fitness) declined while the number of young parented by related cobreeders (observed indirect fitness effect) increased with cobreeding coalition size. Combining these two factors, the observed inclusive fitness effect of cobreeding was greater than breeding singly for males, while the pattern for females depended on whether fitness was age-weighted, as females breeding singly accrued greater fitness at younger ages than cobreeding females. Accounting for the fitness birds would have obtained by breeding singly, however, lifetime inclusive fitness effects declined with coalition size for males, but were greater for females breeding as duos compared to breeding singly, due largely to indirect fitness effects of kin. Our analyses provide a road map for, and demonstrate the importance of, quantifying indirect fitness as a powerful evolutionary force contributing to the costs and benefits of social behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter D. Koenig
- Hastings Natural History Reservation, University of California Berkeley, Carmel Valley, CA93924
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14850
| | - Sahas Barve
- Avian Ecology Program, Archbold Biological Station, Venus, FL33960
- Division of Birds, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC20560
| | - Joseph Haydock
- Biology Department, Gonzaga University, Spokane, WA99258
| | - Hannah L. Dugdale
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, LeedsLS2 9JT, UK
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen9747 AG, The Netherlands
| | - Madan K. Oli
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL32611
| | - Eric L. Walters
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA23529
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Wild G. Pillars of Biology: 'The genetical evolution of social behaviour, I and II'. J Theor Biol 2023; 562:111430. [PMID: 36731718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Geoff Wild
- Department of Mathematics, Western University, 1151 Richmond Street, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada.
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Garcia-Costoya G, Fromhage L. Realistic genetic architecture enables organismal adaptation as predicted under the folk definition of inclusive fitness. J Evol Biol 2021; 34:1087-1094. [PMID: 33934419 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental task of evolutionary biology is to explain the pervasive impression of organismal design in nature, including traits benefiting kin. Inclusive fitness is considered by many to be a crucial piece in this puzzle, despite ongoing discussion about its scope and limitations. Here, we use individual-based simulations to study what quantity (if any) individual organisms become adapted to maximize when genetic architectures are more or less suitable for the presumed main driver of biological adaptation, namely cumulative multi-locus evolution. As an expository device, we focus on a hypothetical situation called Charlesworth's paradox, in which altruism is seemingly predicted to evolve, yet altruists immediately perish along with their altruistic genes. Our results support a recently proposed re-definition of inclusive fitness, which is concerned with the adaptive design of whole organisms as shaped by multi-locus evolution, rather than with selection for any focal gene. They also illustrate how our conceptual understanding of adaptation at the phenotypic level should inform our choice of genetic assumptions in abstract simplified models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Garcia-Costoya
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland.,Department of Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Lutz Fromhage
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
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Redhead D, Dhaliwal N, Cheng JT. Taking charge and stepping in: Individuals who punish are rewarded with prestige and dominance. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Redhead
- Department of Human Behaviour Ecology and Culture Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology Leipzig Germany
| | - Nathan Dhaliwal
- Sauder School of Business University of British Columbia Vancouver Canada
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9
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Henshaw JM, Morrissey MB, Jones AG. Quantifying the causal pathways contributing to natural selection. Evolution 2020; 74:2560-2574. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.14091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M. Henshaw
- Institute of Biology I University of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau 79104 Germany
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Idaho Moscow Idaho 83844
| | | | - Adam G. Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences University of Idaho Moscow Idaho 83844
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10
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Lehtonen J. The Price equation and the unity of social evolution theory. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190362. [PMID: 32146892 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Price equation has been entangled with social evolution theory from the start. It has been used to derive the most general versions of kin selection theory, and Price himself produced a multilevel equation that provides an alternative formulation of social evolution theory, dividing selection into components between and within groups. In this sense, the Price equation forms a basis for both kin and group selection, so often pitted against each other in the literature. Contextual analysis and the neighbour approach are prominent alternatives for analysing group selection. I discuss these four approaches to social evolution theory and their connections to the Price equation, focusing on their similarities and common mathematical structure. Despite different notations and modelling traditions, all four approaches are ultimately linked by a common set of mathematical components, revealing their underlying unity in a transparent way. The Price equation can similarly be used in the derivation of streamlined, weak selection social evolution modelling methods. These weak selection models are practical and powerful methods for constructing models in evolutionary and behavioural ecology; they can clarify the causal structure of models, and can be easily converted between the four social evolution approaches just like their regression counterparts. This article is part of the theme issue 'Fifty years of the Price equation'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Lehtonen
- Faculty of Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- David Queller
- 1 Department of Biology, Washington University in St Louis , St Louis, MO 63130 , USA.,2 Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin , Berlin , Germany
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12
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Fromhage L, Jennions MD. The strategic reference gene: an organismal theory of inclusive fitness. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20190459. [PMID: 31185857 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
How to define and use the concept of inclusive fitness is a contentious topic in evolutionary theory. Inclusive fitness can be used to calculate selection on a focal gene, but it is also applied to whole organisms. Individuals are then predicted to appear designed as if to maximize their inclusive fitness, provided that certain conditions are met (formally when interactions between individuals are 'additive'). Here we argue that applying the concept of inclusive fitness to organisms is justified under far broader conditions than previously shown, but only if it is appropriately defined. Specifically, we propose that organisms should maximize the sum of their offspring ( including any accrued due to the behaviour/phenotype of relatives), plus any effects on their relatives' offspring production, weighted by relatedness. By contrast, most theoreticians have argued that a focal individual's inclusive fitness should exclude any offspring accrued due to the behaviour of relatives. Our approach is based on the notion that long-term evolution follows the genome's 'majority interest' of building coherent bodies that are efficient 'vehicles' for gene propagation. A gene favoured by selection that reduces the propagation of unlinked genes at other loci (e.g. meiotic segregation distorters that lower sperm production) is eventually neutralized by counter-selection throughout the rest of the genome. Most phenotypes will therefore appear as if designed to maximize the propagation of any given gene in a focal individual and its relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Fromhage
- 1 Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä , PO Box 35, 40014 Jyväskylä , Finland
| | - Michael D Jennions
- 2 Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University , Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601 , Australia
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