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Bhendarkar M, Rodriguez-Ezpeleta N. Exploring uncharted territory: new frontiers in environmental DNA for tropical fisheries management. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:617. [PMID: 38874640 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12788-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Tropical ecosystems host a significant share of global fish diversity contributing substantially to the global fisheries sector. Yet their sustainable management is challenging due to their complexity, diverse life history traits of tropical fishes, and varied fishing techniques involved. Traditional monitoring techniques are often costly, labour-intensive, and/or difficult to apply in inaccessible sites. These limitations call for the adoption of innovative, sensitive, and cost-effective monitoring solutions, especially in a scenario of climate change. Environmental DNA (eDNA) emerges as a potential game changer for biodiversity monitoring and conservation, especially in aquatic ecosystems. However, its utility in tropical settings remains underexplored, primarily due to a series of challenges, including the need for a comprehensive barcode reference library, an understanding of eDNA behaviour in tropical aquatic environments, standardized procedures, and supportive biomonitoring policies. Despite these challenges, the potential of eDNA for sensitive species detection across varied habitats is evident, and its global use is accelerating in biodiversity conservation efforts. This review takes an in-depth look at the current state and prospects of eDNA-based monitoring in tropical fisheries management research. Additionally, a SWOT analysis is used to underscore the opportunities and threats, with the aim of bridging the knowledge gaps and guiding the more extensive and effective use of eDNA-based monitoring in tropical fisheries management. Although the discussion applies worldwide, some specific experiences and insights from Indian tropical fisheries are shared to illustrate the practical application and challenges of employing eDNA in a tropical context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Bhendarkar
- AZTI, Marine Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48395, Sukarrieta, Bizkaia, Spain.
- ICAR-National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, Baramati, 413 115, Maharashtra, India.
| | - Naiara Rodriguez-Ezpeleta
- AZTI, Marine Research, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48395, Sukarrieta, Bizkaia, Spain
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2
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Wong A, Frommel AY, Sumaila UR, Cheung WWL. A traits-based approach to assess aquaculture's contributions to food, climate change, and biodiversity goals. NPJ OCEAN SUSTAINABILITY 2024; 3:30. [PMID: 38828386 PMCID: PMC11142914 DOI: 10.1038/s44183-024-00065-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Aquaculture has the potential to support a sustainable and equitable food system in line with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) on food security, climate change, and biodiversity (FCB). Biological diversity amongst aquaculture organisms can drive diverse contributions to such goals. Existing studies have assessed the performance of a limited number of taxa in the general context of improving aquaculture production, but few explicitly consider the biological attributes of farmed aquatic taxa at the FCB nexus. Through a systematic literature review, we identify key traits associated with FCB and evaluate the potential of aquaculture to contribute to FCB goals using a fuzzy logic model. The majority of identified traits are associated with food security, and two-thirds of traits linked with food security are also associated with climate change or biodiversity, revealing potential co-benefits of optimizing a single trait. Correlations between FCB indices further suggest that challenges and opportunities in aquaculture are intertwined across FCB goals, but low mean FCB scores suggest that the focus of aquaculture research and development on food production is insufficient to address food security, much less climate or biodiversity issues. As expected, production-maximizing traits (absolute fecundity, the von Bertalanffy growth function coefficient K, macronutrient density, maximum size, and trophic level as a proxy for feed efficiency) highly influence a species' FCB potential, but so do species preferences for environmental conditions (tolerance to phosphates, nitrates, and pH levels, as well as latitudinal and geographic ranges). Many highly farmed species that are typically associated with food security, especially finfish, score poorly for food, climate, and biodiversity potential. Algae and mollusc species tend to perform well across FCB indices, revealing the importance of non-fish species in achieving FCB goals and potential synergies in integrated multi-trophic aquaculture systems. Overall, this study provides decision-makers with a biologically informed assessment of desirable aquaculture traits and species while illuminating possible strategies to increase support for FCB goals. Our findings can be used as a foundation for studying the socio-economic opportunities and barriers for aquaculture transitions to develop equitable pathways toward FCB-positive aquaculture across nuanced regional contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleah Wong
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Andrea Y. Frommel
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - U. Rashid Sumaila
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - William W. L. Cheung
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
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3
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Mordecai G, Bass AL, Routledge R, Di Cicco E, Teffer A, Deeg C, Bateman AW, Miller KM. Assessing the role of Piscine orthoreovirus in disease and the associated risk for wild Pacific salmon. BMC Biol 2023; 21:114. [PMID: 37208758 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01548-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper is a response to Polinski, M. P. et al. Innate antiviral defense demonstrates high energetic efficiency in a bony fish. BMC Biology 19, 138 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12915-021-01069-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Mordecai
- Institute for the Oceans and Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Arthur L Bass
- Pacific Salmon Ecology and Conservation Laboratory, Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
| | - Rick Routledge
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | | | - Amy Teffer
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Christoph Deeg
- Pacific Salmon Foundation, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Andrew W Bateman
- Pacific Salmon Foundation, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kristina M Miller
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, BC, Canada
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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4
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Bass AL, Bateman AW, Kaukinen KH, Li S, Ming T, Patterson DA, Hinch SG, Miller KM. The spatial distribution of infectious agents in wild Pacific salmon along the British Columbia coast. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5473. [PMID: 37016008 PMCID: PMC10071257 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32583-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although infectious agents can act as strong population regulators, knowledge of their spatial distributions in wild Pacific salmon is limited, especially in the marine environment. Characterizing pathogen distributions during early marine residence, a period considered a survival bottleneck for Pacific salmon, may reveal where salmon populations are exposed to potentially detrimental pathogens. Using high-throughput qPCR, we determined the prevalence of 56 infectious agents in 5719 Chinook, 2032 Coho and 4062 Sockeye salmon, sampled between 2008 and 2018, in their first year of marine residence along coastal Western Canada. We identified high prevalence clusters, which often shifted geographically with season, for most of the 41 detected agents. A high density of infection clusters was found in the Salish Sea along the east coast of Vancouver Island, an important migration route and residence area for many salmon populations, some experiencing chronically poor marine survival. Maps for each infectious agent taxa showing clusters across all host species are provided. Our novel documentation of salmon pathogen distributions in the marine environment contributes to the ecological knowledge regarding some lesser known pathogens, identifies salmon populations potentially impacted by specific pathogens, and pinpoints priority locations for future research and remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur L Bass
- Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Andrew W Bateman
- Pacific Salmon Foundation, Vancouver, V6J 4S6, Canada
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Karia H Kaukinen
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Shaorong Li
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - Tobi Ming
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, V9T 6N7, Canada
| | - David A Patterson
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Science Branch, Pacific Region, School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Scott G Hinch
- Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Kristina M Miller
- Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, V9T 6N7, Canada
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5
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Schuster CJ, Kent ML, Peterson JT, Sanders JL. MULTI-STATE OCCUPANCY MODEL ESTIMATES PROBABILITY OF DETECTION OF AN AQUATIC PARASITE USING ENVIRONMENTAL DNA: PSEUDOLOMA NEUROPHILIA IN ZEBRAFISH AQUARIA. J Parasitol 2022; 108:527-538. [PMID: 36326809 PMCID: PMC9811945 DOI: 10.1645/22-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Detecting the presence of important parasites within a host and its environment is critical to understanding the dynamics that influence a pathogen's ability to persist, while accurate detection is also essential for the implementation of effective control strategies. Pseudoloma neurophilia is the most common pathogen reported in zebrafish (Danio rerio) research facilities. The only assays currently available for P. neurophilia are through lethal sampling, often requiring euthanasia of the entire population for accurate estimates of prevalence in small populations. We present a non-lethal screening method to detect P. neurophilia in tank water based on the detection of environmental DNA (eDNA) from this microsporidium, using a previously developed qPCR assay that was adapted to the digital PCR (dPCR) platform to complement current surveillance protocols. Using the generated dPCR data, a multi-state occupancy model was also implemented to predict the probability of detecting the microsporidium in tank water under different flow regimes and pathogen prevalence. The occupancy model revealed that samples collected in static conditions were more informative than samples collected from flow-through conditions, with a probability of detection at 80% and 47%, respectively. There was also a positive correlation between the frequency of detection in water and prevalence in fish based on qPCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corbin J Schuster
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, 2820 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
- Zebrafish International Resource Center, University of Oregon, 1100 Johnson Lane, Eugene, Oregon 97403
| | - Michael L Kent
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, 2820 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 700 SW 30th St., Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - James T Peterson
- U.S. Geological Survey, Oregon Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Unit, Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Oregon State University, 2820 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Justin L Sanders
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Carlson College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, 700 SW 30th St., Corvallis, Oregon 97331
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6
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Krolicka A, Mæland Nilsen M, Klitgaard Hansen B, Wulf Jacobsen M, Provan F, Baussant T. Sea lice (Lepeophtherius salmonis) detection and quantification around aquaculture installations using environmental DNA. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274736. [PMID: 36129924 PMCID: PMC9491551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The naturally occurring ectoparasite salmon lice (Lepeophtherirus salmonis) poses a great challenge for the salmon farming industry, as well as for wild salmonids in the Northern hemisphere. To better control the infestation pressure and protect the production, there is a need to provide fish farmers with sensitive and efficient tools for rapid early detection and monitoring of the parasitic load. This can be achieved by targeting L. salmonis DNA in environmental samples. Here, we developed and tested a new L. salmonis specific DNA-based assay (qPCR assay) for detection and quantification from seawater samples using an analytical pipeline compatible with the Environmental Sample Processor (ESP) for autonomous water sample analysis of gene targets. Specificity of the L. salmonis qPCR assay was demonstrated through in-silico DNA analyses covering sequences of different L. salmonis isolates. Seawater was spiked with known numbers of nauplii and copepodite free-swimming (planktonic) stages of L. salmonis to investigate the relationship with the number of marker gene copies (MGC). Finally, field samples collected at different times of the year in the vicinity of a salmon production farm in Western Norway were analyzed for L. salmonis detection and quantification. The assay specificity was high and a high correlation between MGC and planktonic stages of L. salmonis was established in the laboratory conditions. In the field, L. salmonis DNA was consequently detected, but with MGC number below that expected for one copepodite or nauplii. We concluded that only L. salmonis tissue or eDNA residues were detected. This novel study opens for a fully automatized L. salmonis DNA quantification using ESP robotic to monitor the parasitic load, but challenges remain to exactly transfer information about eDNA quantities to decisions by the farmers and possible interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Magnus Wulf Jacobsen
- Danish Technical University, Section for Marine Living Resources, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Fiona Provan
- Norwegian Research Centre AS (NORCE), Stavanger, Norway
| | - Thierry Baussant
- Norwegian Research Centre AS (NORCE), Stavanger, Norway
- * E-mail:
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7
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Riborg A, Gulla S, Strand D, Wiik‐Nielsen J, Rønneseth A, Welch TJ, Spilsberg B, Colquhoun DJ. qPCR screening for Yersinia ruckeri clonal complex 1 against a background of putatively avirulent strains in Norwegian aquaculture. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2022; 45:1211-1224. [PMID: 35648597 PMCID: PMC9545435 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Although a number of genetically diverse Yersinia ruckeri strains are present in Norwegian aquaculture environments, most if not all outbreaks of yersiniosis in Atlantic salmon in Norway are associated with a single specific genetic lineage of serotype O1, termed clonal complex 1. To investigate the presence and spread of virulent and putatively avirulent strains in Norwegian salmon farms, PCR assays specific for Y. ruckeri (species level) and Y. ruckeri clonal complex 1 were developed. Following extensive screening of water and biofilm, the widespread prevalence of putatively avirulent Y. ruckeri strains was confirmed in freshwater salmon hatcheries, while Y. ruckeri clonal complex 1 was found in fewer farms. The formalin-killed bacterin yersiniosis vaccine was detected in environmental samples by both PCR assays for several weeks post-vaccination. It is thus important to interpret results from recently vaccinated fish with great care. Moreover, field studies and laboratory trials confirmed that stressful management procedures may result in increased shedding of Y. ruckeri by sub-clinically infected fish. Analysis of sea water sampled throughout thermal delousing procedures proved effective for detection of Y. ruckeri in sub-clinically infected populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Riborg
- Norwegian Veterinary InstituteÅsNorway
- Vaxxinova Norway ASBergenNorway
| | | | | | | | | | - Timothy J. Welch
- National Centre for Cool and Coldwater AquacultureLeetownWest VirginiaUSA
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8
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Bell JL, Mandel R, Brainard AS, Altschuld J, Wenning RJ. Environmental monitoring tools and strategies in salmon net-pen aquaculture. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2022; 18:950-963. [PMID: 35438842 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As global salmon production accelerates in response to higher consumer demand for seafood, so does the need for sophisticated monitoring strategies to enable and maintain ethically sound, productive, and environmentally friendly production of fish. Innovative technologies are needed to ensure proper water quality, react to unfavorable hydrodynamic conditions, monitor for changes in fish health, and minimize ecological interactions with indigenous aquatic life, including fish escapes. Automated sensors connected wirelessly to data stations, visualization aids, and acoustic and physical tagging technologies are emerging tools capable of detecting environmental stress and its associated behavioral changes in farmed fish. Computer modeling of the monitoring data collected from a single salmon farm or collection of farms sharing a data network can be used to spot environmental trends vital for anticipating some of the consequences of climate change. Environmental regulations governing salmon farming in coastal areas are becoming more stringent in response to public pressures to protect coastal and ocean resources and to provide for multipurpose use of marine resources. As net-pen salmon aquaculture expands globally, new technologies will be essential to collect and interpret the anticipated larger volumes of data needed to meet these stringent regulatory requirements and to safeguard the high investment costs inherent in salmon farming. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2022;18:950-963. © SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jon Altschuld
- Chinook Landscape Architecture, LLC, Centennial, Colorado, USA
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9
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Giersch RM, Hart SFM, Reddy SG, Yonemitsu MA, Orellana Rosales MJ, Korn M, Geleta BM, Countway PD, Fernández Robledo JA, Metzger MJ. Survival and Detection of Bivalve Transmissible Neoplasia from the Soft-Shell Clam Mya arenaria (MarBTN) in Seawater. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11030283. [PMID: 35335607 PMCID: PMC8955499 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11030283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many pathogens can cause cancer, but cancer itself does not normally act as an infectious agent. However, transmissible cancers have been found in a few cases in nature: in Tasmanian devils, dogs, and several bivalve species. The transmissible cancers in dogs and devils are known to spread through direct physical contact, but the exact route of transmission of bivalve transmissible neoplasia (BTN) has not yet been confirmed. It has been hypothesized that cancer cells from bivalves could be released by diseased animals and spread through the water column to infect/engraft into other animals. To test the feasibility of this proposed mechanism of transmission, we tested the ability of BTN cells from the soft-shell clam (Mya arenaria BTN, or MarBTN) to survive in artificial seawater. We found that MarBTN cells are highly sensitive to salinity, with acute toxicity at salinity levels lower than those found in the native marine environment. BTN cells also survive longer at lower temperatures, with 50% of cells surviving greater than 12 days in seawater at 10 °C, and more than 19 days at 4 °C. With one clam donor, living cells were observed for more than eight weeks at 4 °C. We also used qPCR of environmental DNA (eDNA) to detect the presence of MarBTN-specific DNA in the environment. We observed release of MarBTN-specific DNA into the water of laboratory aquaria containing highly MarBTN-diseased clams, and we detected MarBTN-specific DNA in seawater samples collected from MarBTN-endemic areas in Maine, although the copy numbers detected in environmental samples were much lower than those found in aquaria. Overall, these data show that MarBTN cells can survive well in seawater, and they are released into the water by diseased animals. These findings support the hypothesis that BTN is spread from animal-to-animal by free cells through seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael M. Giersch
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98122, USA; (R.M.G.); (S.F.M.H.); (M.A.Y.); (M.K.); (B.M.G.)
| | - Samuel F. M. Hart
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98122, USA; (R.M.G.); (S.F.M.H.); (M.A.Y.); (M.K.); (B.M.G.)
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Satyatejas G. Reddy
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA; (S.G.R.); (M.J.O.R.); (P.D.C.); (J.A.F.R.)
- University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Marisa A. Yonemitsu
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98122, USA; (R.M.G.); (S.F.M.H.); (M.A.Y.); (M.K.); (B.M.G.)
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - María J. Orellana Rosales
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA; (S.G.R.); (M.J.O.R.); (P.D.C.); (J.A.F.R.)
- Southern Maine Community College, South Portland, ME 04106, USA
| | - Madelyn Korn
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98122, USA; (R.M.G.); (S.F.M.H.); (M.A.Y.); (M.K.); (B.M.G.)
- Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Brook M. Geleta
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98122, USA; (R.M.G.); (S.F.M.H.); (M.A.Y.); (M.K.); (B.M.G.)
- Macalester College, Saint Paul, MN 55105, USA
| | - Peter D. Countway
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA; (S.G.R.); (M.J.O.R.); (P.D.C.); (J.A.F.R.)
| | - José A. Fernández Robledo
- Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences, East Boothbay, ME 04544, USA; (S.G.R.); (M.J.O.R.); (P.D.C.); (J.A.F.R.)
| | - Michael J. Metzger
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98122, USA; (R.M.G.); (S.F.M.H.); (M.A.Y.); (M.K.); (B.M.G.)
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +206-726-1220
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10
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Currie A, Cockerill D, Diez-Padrisa M, Haining H, Henriquez F, Quinn B. Anemia in salmon aquaculture: Scotland as a case study. AQUACULTURE (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 546:737313. [PMID: 35039692 PMCID: PMC8547259 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.737313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Anemia in salmonid aquaculture is a recognized blood disorder resulting from the reduction of hemoglobin concentration and/or erythrocyte count. Because of sub-optimal oxygen supply to the tissues, as a negative impact of anemia fish will experience reduced growth and poor health. This health challenge may be linked with several factors including anthropogenic changes in the marine environment, infectious etiology (viral, bacterial, and parasitic), nutritional deficiencies, or hemorrhaging. From the mid-late summer of 2017 to 2019, Scottish salmon farming companies began to report the occurrence of anemic events in open-net marine sites. At that time, the industry had little understanding of the pathogenesis and possible mechanisms of anemia and limited the ability to formulate effective mitigation strategies. Clinical examination of fish raised suspicion of anemia and this was confirmed by generating a packed cell volume value by centrifugation of a microhematocrit tube of whole anticoagulated blood. Company health team members, including vets and biologists, reported discoloration of gills and local hemorrhages. This paper reviews various commercially significant cases and lesser-known cases of anemia in cultured salmonid species induced by various biological factors. The current methods available to assess hematology are addressed and some future methods that could be adopted in modern day fish farming are identified. An account of the most recent anemic event in Scottish farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is presented and discussed as a case study from information provided by two major Scottish salmon producers. The percent of total marine sites (n = 80) included in this case study, that reported with suspected or clinical anemia covering the period mid-late summer 2017 to 2019, was between 1 and 13%. The findings from this case study suggest that anemia experienced in most cases was regenerative and most likely linked to blood loss from the gills.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.R. Currie
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, Scotland, UK
- WellFish Diagnostics Ltd, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, Scotland, UK
| | - D. Cockerill
- Scottish Salmon Company, 8 Melville Crescent, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - M. Diez-Padrisa
- Mowi Scotland Ltd, Blar Mhor Industrial Estate, Fort William, Scotland, UK
| | - H. Haining
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - F.L. Henriquez
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, Scotland, UK
| | - B. Quinn
- School of Health and Life Sciences, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, Scotland, UK
- WellFish Diagnostics Ltd, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley, Scotland, UK
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11
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Shea D, Bateman A, Li S, Tabata A, Schulze A, Mordecai G, Ogston L, Volpe JP, Neil Frazer L, Connors B, Miller KM, Short S, Krkošek M. Environmental DNA from multiple pathogens is elevated near active Atlantic salmon farms. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20202010. [PMID: 33081614 PMCID: PMC7661312 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The spread of infection from reservoir host populations is a key mechanism for disease emergence and extinction risk and is a management concern for salmon aquaculture and fisheries. Using a quantitative environmental DNA methodology, we assessed pathogen environmental DNA in relation to salmon farms in coastal British Columbia, Canada, by testing for 39 species of salmon pathogens (viral, bacterial, and eukaryotic) in 134 marine environmental samples at 58 salmon farm sites (both active and inactive) over 3 years. Environmental DNA from 22 pathogen species was detected 496 times and species varied in their occurrence among years and sites, likely reflecting variation in environmental factors, other native host species, and strength of association with domesticated Atlantic salmon. Overall, we found that the probability of detecting pathogen environmental DNA (eDNA) was 2.72 (95% CI: 1.48, 5.02) times higher at active versus inactive salmon farm sites and 1.76 (95% CI: 1.28, 2.42) times higher per standard deviation increase in domesticated Atlantic salmon eDNA concentration at a site. If the distribution of pathogen eDNA accurately reflects the distribution of viable pathogens, our findings suggest that salmon farms serve as a potential reservoir for a number of infectious agents; thereby elevating the risk of exposure for wild salmon and other fish species that share the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Shea
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew Bateman
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Salmon Coast Field Station, Simoom Sound, British Columbia, Canada.,Pacific Salmon Foundation, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shaorong Li
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Amy Tabata
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Angela Schulze
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Gideon Mordecai
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lindsey Ogston
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John P Volpe
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
| | - L Neil Frazer
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, Canada
| | - Brendan Connors
- Institute of Ocean Sciences, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Sidney, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kristina M Miller
- Pacific Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Steven Short
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Martin Krkošek
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Salmon Coast Field Station, Simoom Sound, British Columbia, Canada
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