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Chen YD, Liu C, Moles A, Jassey VEJ, Bu ZJ. A hidden herbivory effect on Sphagnum reproduction. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2024; 26:214-222. [PMID: 38192088 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Defence theories provide predictions about trade-offs in the allocation of resources to defence and growth. However, very little is known about how pressure from herbivores influences the allocation of resources during reproduction. Two common peatland bryophyte species, Sphagnum angustifolium and S. capillifolium, were chosen as study species. Vegetative and reproductive shoots of both Sphagnum species were subjected to treatments with and without herbivores in a lab experiment. After 4 weeks of exposure to herbivores in a growth chamber, we measured biomass production, net photosynthesis rate, defence traits (phenolics in leachate and phenolics in extract), nonstructural carbohydrates (soluble sugar and starch), and reproductive traits (capsule number, weight and diameter, and spore germination) of both Sphagnum species. Reproductive shoots had higher constitutive defence than vegetative shoots in S. angustifolium, and a similar pattern was observed in S. capillifolium. With herbivory, reproductive shoots showed stronger induced defence (released more phenolics) than vegetative shoots in S. capillifolium, but not in S. angustifolium. Herbivory had no effect on capsule number, weight, or diameter, but reduced spore germination percentage by more than half in both species. Our study highlights the hidden effects of herbivory on reproduction of Sphagnum and indicates the presence of maternal effects in bryophytes. Ecologists will benefit from examining both quality- and quantity-based traits when attempting to estimate the herbivory effect on plant fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-D Chen
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Institute for Peat and Mire Research, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Wetland Ecological Processes and Environmental Change in the Changbai Mountains, Changchun, China
| | - C Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Peatland Ecology Research Group and Centre for Northern Studies, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - A Moles
- Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Sydney, Kensington, NSW, Australia
| | - V E J Jassey
- Laboratoire Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Environnement (LEFE), Université Paul Sabatier, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Z-J Bu
- Key Laboratory of Geographical Processes and Ecological Security in Changbai Mountains, Ministry of Education, School of Geographical Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Institute for Peat and Mire Research, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory for Wetland Ecological Processes and Environmental Change in the Changbai Mountains, Changchun, China
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Bessho K, Sasaki A. Evolution of parental care in haploid-diploid plants. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20232351. [PMID: 38351800 PMCID: PMC10865002 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
In bryophytes that alternate between haploid gametophytes and diploid sporophytes through sexual reproduction, sporophytes are often attached to and nurtured on the female gametophyte. A similar phenomenon is seen in Florideophyceae (a group of red algae). These systems in which a gametophyte (mother) invests nutrients in sporophytes (offspring) are ideal for studying the evolution of 'parental care' in non-animal organisms. Here, we propose a model of a haploid-diploid life cycle and examine the evolution of maternal investment in sporophytes focusing on two effects: the degree of paternal or maternal control of investment and the number of sporophytes. We find that when the female dominantly controls the investment, the evolutionarily stable level of investment is that which maximizes the expected reproductive success of the female gametophyte. The genomic conflict between maternal and paternal alleles complicates the evolutionary outcome; however, a greater male allelic effect and a higher number of sporophytes favour a higher energy investment, which may lead to evolutionary branching or run-away escalation of the investment level. This suggests that the selfishness of the paternal gene is the evolutionary driver of parental care and that complex structures such as fusion cells in red algae may have evolved to suppress it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Bessho
- Medical Research Center, Saitama Medical University, 38 Morohongo Moroyama-machi, Iruma-gun, Saitama 350-0495, Japan
| | - Akira Sasaki
- Research Center for Integrative Evolutionary Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
- Evolution and Ecology Program, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Schlosplatz 1, Laxenburg 2361, Austria
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Neubauer A, Aros-Mualin D, Mariscal V, Szövényi P. Challenging the term symbiosis in plant-microbe associations to create an understanding across sciences. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:7-11. [PMID: 38038369 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Scientific progress relies on clear and consistent definitions for effective communication and collaboration. The term "symbiosis" in the context of plant-microbe associations suffers from diverse interpretations, leading to ambiguity in classification of these associations. This review elaborates on the issue, proposing an inclusive definition as well as a keyword.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Neubauer
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Aros-Mualin
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
| | - Vicente Mariscal
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, CSIC y Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, 41092, Spain
| | - Péter Szövényi
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, 8008, Switzerland
- Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
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Sandler G, Agrawal AF, Wright SI. Population Genomics of the Facultatively Sexual Liverwort Marchantia polymorpha. Genome Biol Evol 2023; 15:evad196. [PMID: 37883717 PMCID: PMC10667032 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evad196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The population genomics of facultatively sexual organisms are understudied compared with their abundance across the tree of life. We explore patterns of genetic diversity in two subspecies of the facultatively sexual liverwort Marchantia polymorpha using samples from across Southern Ontario, Canada. Despite the ease with which M. polymorpha should be able to propagate asexually, we find no evidence of strictly clonal descent among our samples and little to no signal of isolation by distance. Patterns of identity-by-descent tract sharing further showed evidence of recent recombination and close relatedness between geographically distant isolates, suggesting long distance gene flow and at least a modest frequency of sexual reproduction. However, the M. polymorpha genome contains overall very low levels of nucleotide diversity and signs of inefficient selection evidenced by a relatively high fraction of segregating deleterious variants. We interpret these patterns as possible evidence of the action of linked selection and a small effective population size due to past generations of asexual propagation. Overall, the M. polymorpha genome harbors signals of a complex history of both sexual and asexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Sandler
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aneil F Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Center for Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen I Wright
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Center for Analysis of Genome Evolution and Function, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Abstract
Plants have characteristic features that affect the expression of sexual function, notably the existence of a haploid organism in the life cycle, and in their development, which is modular, iterative and environmentally reactive. For instance, primary selection (the first filtering of the products of meiosis) is via gametes in diplontic animals, but via gametophyte organisms in plants. Intragametophytic selfing produces double haploid sporophytes which is in effect a form of clonal reproduction mediated by sexual mechanisms. In homosporous plants, the diploid sporophyte is sexless, sex being only expressed in the haploid gametophyte. However, in seed plants, the timing and location of gamete production is determined by the sporophyte, which therefore has a sexual role, and in dioecious plants has genetic sex, while the seed plant gametophyte has lost genetic sex. This evolutionary transition is one that E.J.H. Corner called 'the transference of sexuality'. The iterative development characteristic of plants can lead to a wide variety of patterns in the distribution of sexual function, and in dioecious plants poor canalization of reproductive development can lead to intrasexual mating and the production of YY supermales or WW superfemales. Finally, plant modes of asexual reproduction (agamospermy/apogamy) are also distinctive by subverting gametophytic processes. This article is part of the theme issue 'Sex determination and sex chromosome evolution in land plants'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Cronk
- Department of Botany and Beaty Biodiversity Museum, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
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Brennan DL, Kollar LM, Kiel S, Deakova T, Laguerre A, McDaniel SF, Eppley SM, Gall ET, Rosenstiel TN. Measuring volatile emissions from moss gametophytes: A review of methodologies and new applications. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2022; 10:e11468. [PMID: 35495197 PMCID: PMC9039793 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mosses inhabit nearly all terrestrial ecosystems and engage in important interactions with nitrogen-fixing microbes, sperm-dispersing arthropods, and other plants. It is hypothesized that these interactions could be mediated by biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs). Moss BVOCs may play fundamental roles in influencing local ecologies, such as biosphere-atmosphere-hydrosphere communications, physiological and evolutionary dynamics, plant-microbe interactions, and gametophyte stress physiology. Further progress in quantifying the composition, magnitude, and variability of moss BVOC emissions, and their response to environmental drivers and metabolic requirements, is limited by methodological and analytical challenges. We review several sampling techniques with various analytical approaches and describe best practices in generating moss gametophyte BVOC measures. We emphasize the importance of characterizing the composition and magnitude of moss BVOC emissions across a variety of species to better inform and stimulate important cross-disciplinary studies. We conclude by highlighting how current methods could be employed, as well as best practices for choosing methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danlyn L. Brennan
- Maseeh College of Engineering and Computer SciencePortland State UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Leslie M. Kollar
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingMichiganUSA
| | - Scott Kiel
- Center for Life in Extreme EnvironmentsPortland State UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Timea Deakova
- Center for Life in Extreme EnvironmentsPortland State UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Aurélie Laguerre
- Maseeh College of Engineering and Computer SciencePortland State UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | | | - Sarah M. Eppley
- Center for Life in Extreme EnvironmentsPortland State UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Elliott T. Gall
- Maseeh College of Engineering and Computer SciencePortland State UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
| | - Todd N. Rosenstiel
- Center for Life in Extreme EnvironmentsPortland State UniversityPortlandOregonUSA
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Ekwealor JTB, Benjamin SD, Jomsky JZ, Bowker MA, Stark LR, McLetchie DN, Mishler BD, Fisher KM. Genotypic confirmation of a biased phenotypic sex ratio in a dryland moss using restriction fragment length polymorphisms. APPLICATIONS IN PLANT SCIENCES 2022; 10:e11467. [PMID: 35495199 PMCID: PMC9039795 DOI: 10.1002/aps3.11467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE In dioicous mosses, sex is determined by a single U (female, ♀) or V (male, ♂) chromosome. Although a 1 : 1 sex ratio is expected following meiosis, phenotypic sex ratios based on the production of gametangia are often female-biased. The dryland moss Syntrichia caninervis (Pottiaceae) is notable for its low frequency of sex expression and strong phenotypic female bias. Here we present a technique to determine genotypic sex in a single shoot of S. caninervis, and report results of a case study examining genotypic and phenotypic sex ratios. METHODS We reanalyzed 271 non-expressing gametophyte shoots from a previous study on S. caninervis sex expression across microhabitats using a restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method. RESULTS We recovered a genotypic sex ratio in non-expressing shoots of 18.4♀ : 1♂, which exceeds the female bias of the phenotypic ratio (5.3♀ : 1♂; P = 0.013). We also found that the distribution of male and female genotypes across microsites with different levels of sun exposure was not predicted by patterns of sex expression in these microsites. DISCUSSION These findings contribute to our understanding of how the environment may modulate sex ratios in S. caninervis, either through its direct influence on sex expression or through selection on genotypes with particular sex expression phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna T. B. Ekwealor
- Department of Integrative Biology and University and Jepson HerbariaUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyUSA
- Data Science Lab, Office of the Chief Information OfficerSmithsonian InstitutionWashingtonD.C.USA
| | - Simone D. Benjamin
- Department of Biological SciencesCalifornia State UniversityLos Angeles, CaliforniaUSA
| | - Jordan Z. Jomsky
- Department of Integrative Biology and University and Jepson HerbariaUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyUSA
| | | | - Lloyd R. Stark
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of NevadaLas VegasNevadaUSA
| | | | - Brent D. Mishler
- Department of Integrative Biology and University and Jepson HerbariaUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeleyUSA
| | - Kirsten M. Fisher
- Department of Biological SciencesCalifornia State UniversityLos Angeles, CaliforniaUSA
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Shortlidge EE, Carey SB, Payton AC, McDaniel SF, Rosenstiel TN, Eppley SM. Microarthropod contributions to fitness variation in the common moss Ceratodon purpureus. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20210119. [PMID: 33784868 PMCID: PMC8059975 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of sustained plant–animal interactions depends critically upon genetic variation in the fitness benefits from the interaction. Genetic analyses of such interactions are limited to a few model systems, in part because genetic variation may be absent or the interacting species may be experimentally intractable. Here, we examine the role of sperm-dispersing microarthropods in shaping reproduction and genetic variation in mosses. We established experimental mesocosms with known moss genotypes and inferred the parents of progeny from mesocosms with and without microarthropods, using a pooled sequencing approach. Moss reproductive rates increased fivefold in the presence of microarthropods, relative to control mesocosms. Furthermore, the presence of microarthropods increased the total number of reproducing moss genotypes, and changed the rank-order of fitness of male and female moss genotypes. Interestingly, the genotypes that reproduced most frequently did not produce sporophytes with the most spores, highlighting the challenge of defining fitness in mosses. These results demonstrate that microarthropods provide a fitness benefit for mosses, and highlight the potential for biotic dispersal agents to alter fitness among moss genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Shortlidge
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, PO Box 751, Portland, OR 97202-0751, USA
| | - Sarah B Carey
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, PO Box 118525, Gainesville, FL 32611-8525, USA
| | - Adam C Payton
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, PO Box 118525, Gainesville, FL 32611-8525, USA
| | - Stuart F McDaniel
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, PO Box 118525, Gainesville, FL 32611-8525, USA
| | - Todd N Rosenstiel
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, PO Box 751, Portland, OR 97202-0751, USA
| | - Sarah M Eppley
- Department of Biology, Portland State University, PO Box 751, Portland, OR 97202-0751, USA
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