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Perevedentsev A, Stavrinou PN, Bradley DDC, Smith P. Solution-Crystallization and Related Phenomena in 9,9-Dialkyl-Fluorene Polymers. I. Crystalline Polymer-Solvent Compound Formation for Poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 53:1481-1491. [PMID: 26435576 PMCID: PMC4584509 DOI: 10.1002/polb.23798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polymer-solvent compound formation, occurring via co-crystallization of polymer chains and selected small-molecular species, is demonstrated for the conjugated polymer poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) (PFO) and a range of organic solvents. The resulting crystallization and gelation processes in PFO solutions are studied by differential scanning calorimetry, with X-ray diffraction providing additional information on the resulting microstructure. It is shown that PFO-solvent compounds comprise an ultra-regular molecular-level arrangement of the semiconducting polymer host and small-molecular solvent guest. Crystals form following adoption of the planar-zigzag β-phase chain conformation, which, due to its geometry, creates periodic cavities that accommodate the ordered inclusion of solvent molecules of matching volume. The findings are formalized in terms of nonequilibrium temperature–composition phase diagrams. The potential applications of these compounds and the new functionalities that they might enable are also discussed. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2015, 53, 1481–1491
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Perevedentsev
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul N Stavrinou
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Donal D C Bradley
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Smith
- Department of Materials, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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Perevedentsev A, Stavrinou PN, Smith P, Bradley DDC. Solution-crystallization and related phenomena in 9,9-dialkyl-fluorene polymers. II. Influence of side-chain structure. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE. PART B, POLYMER PHYSICS 2015; 53:1492-1506. [PMID: 27546983 PMCID: PMC4975719 DOI: 10.1002/polb.23797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Solution-crystallization is studied for two polyfluorene polymers possessing different side-chain structures. Thermal analysis and temperature-dependent optical spectroscopy are used to clarify the nature of the crystallization process, while X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy reveal important differences in the resulting microstructures. It is shown that the planar-zigzag chain conformation termed the β-phase, which is observed for certain linear-side-chain polyfluorenes, is necessary for the formation of so-called polymer-solvent compounds for these polymers. Introduction of alternating fluorene repeat units with branched side-chains prevents formation of the β-phase conformation and results in non-solvated, i.e. melt-crystallization-type, polymer crystals. Unlike non-solvated polymer crystals, for which the chain conformation is stabilized by its incorporation into a crystalline lattice, the β-phase conformation is stabilized by complexation with solvent molecules and, therefore, its formation does not require specific inter-chain interactions. The presented results clarify the fundamental differences between the β-phase and other conformational/crystalline forms of polyfluorenes. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2015, 53, 1492-1506.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandr Perevedentsev
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - Paul N Stavrinou
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
| | - Paul Smith
- Department of Materials Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Donal D C Bradley
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ United Kingdom
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Mochizuki J, Tokami T, Kusuki S, Sano T, Itagaki H. Physical Gels of Syndiotactic Polystyrene With Fragrant Molecules. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201300089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Itagaki H, Tokami T, Mochizuki J. A trial to clarify a cause of forming physical gels: Morphology of syndiotactic polystyrene in n-alkylbenzene. POLYMER 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2012.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Li T, Yang X, Nies E. A Replica Exchange Molecular Dynamics Simulation of a Single Polyethylene Chain: Temperature Dependence of Structural Properties and Chain Conformational Study at the Equilibrium Melting Temperature. J Chem Theory Comput 2011; 7:188-202. [PMID: 26606232 DOI: 10.1021/ct100513y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The conformational properties of a finite length polyethylene chain were explored over a wide range of temperatures using a replica exchange molecular dynamics simulation providing high quality simulation data representative for the equilibrium behavior of the chain molecule. The radial distribution function (RDF) and the structure factor S(q) of the chain as a function of temperature are analyzed in detail. The different characteristic peaks in the RDF and S(q) were assigned to specific distances in the chain and structural changes occurring with the temperature. In S(q), a peak characteristic for the order in the solid state was found and used to determine the equilibrium melting temperature. A detailed scaling analysis of the structure factor covering the full q range was performed according to the work of Hammouda. In the Θ region, a quantitative analysis of the full structure factor was done using the equivalent Kuhn chain, which enabled us to assign the Θ region of our chain and to demonstrate, in our particular case, the failure of the Gaussian chain approach. The chain conformational properties at the equilibrium melting temperature are discussed using conformational distribution functions, using the largest principal component of the radius of gyration and shape parameters as order parameters. We demonstrate that for the system studied here, the Landau free energy expression based on this conformational distribution information leads to erroneous conclusions concerning the thermodynamic transition behavior. Finally, we focus on the instantaneous conformational properties at the equilibrium melting temperature and give a detailed analysis of the conformational shapes using different shape parameters and a simulation snapshot. We show that the chain does not only take the lamellar rod-like and globular conformational shapes, typical of the solid and liquid states, but can also explore many other conformational states, including the toroidal conformational state. It is the first demonstration that a flexible molecule like PE can also take a toroidal conformational state, which is normally linked to stiffer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Polymer Research Division, Department of Chemistry, The Leuven Mathematical Modeling and Computational Science Centre (LMCC) and the Leuven Materials Research Centre (LMRC), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics & Chemistry, Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100080, Peoples' Republic of China, Laboratory of Polymer Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Xiaozhen Yang
- Polymer Research Division, Department of Chemistry, The Leuven Mathematical Modeling and Computational Science Centre (LMCC) and the Leuven Materials Research Centre (LMRC), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics & Chemistry, Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100080, Peoples' Republic of China, Laboratory of Polymer Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Erik Nies
- Polymer Research Division, Department of Chemistry, The Leuven Mathematical Modeling and Computational Science Centre (LMCC) and the Leuven Materials Research Centre (LMRC), Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics & Chemistry, Center for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongguancun, Beijing 100080, Peoples' Republic of China, Laboratory of Polymer Technology, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Li T, Jiang Z, Yan D, Nies E. A polyethylene chain investigated with replica exchange molecular dynamics simulation: Equilibrium lamellar thickness and melting point, ordering and free energy. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Berghmans H, Aerts L, Buyse K, Deberdt F, Roels T, De Rudder J, Vereecke S. Reversible gels of synthetic polymers: Phase relations, formation mechanisms and structure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19981021127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Fang J, Kiran E. Thermoreversible Gelation and Polymorphic Transformations of Syndiotactic Polystyrene in Toluene and Toluene + Carbon Dioxide Fluid Mixtures at High Pressures. Macromolecules 2008. [DOI: 10.1021/ma801511c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Fang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Erdogan Kiran
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
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Irzhak VI, Korolev GV, Solov'ev ME. Intermolecular interaction in polymers and the physical network model. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc1997v066n02abeh000256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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van Hooy-Corstjens CSJ, Magusin PCMM, Rastogi S, Lemstra PJ. A Comparative Study on Gels and Clathrates of Syndiotactic Polystyrene: Solvent Mobility in Polymer−Solvent Compounds. Macromolecules 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ma012211+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rastogi S, Goossens JGP, Lemstra PJ. An In Situ SAXS/WAXS/Raman Spectroscopy Study on the Phase Behavior of Syndiotactic Polystyrene (sPS)/Solvent Systems: Compound Formation and Solvent (Dis)ordering. Macromolecules 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ma9712920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Rastogi
- Eindhoven Polymer Laboratories/The Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - J. G. P. Goossens
- Eindhoven Polymer Laboratories/The Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - P. J. Lemstra
- Eindhoven Polymer Laboratories/The Dutch Polymer Institute (DPI), Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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Moerkerke R, Meeussen F, Koningsveld R, Berghmans H, Mondelaers W, Schacht E, Dušek K, Šolc K. Phase Transitions in Swollen Networks. 3. Swelling Behavior of Radiation Cross-Linked Poly(vinyl methyl ether) in Water†. Macromolecules 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ma971512+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Vidts A, Schacht E, Moerkerke R, Berghmans H. Phase behaviour of the system estradiol/poly(ɛ-caprolactone). POLYMER 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(97)00538-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Philipsen H, Oestreich M, Klumperman B, German A. Characterization of low-molar-mass polymers by gradient polymer elution chromatography. J Chromatogr A 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)00208-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Schäfer-Soenen H, Moerkerke R, Berghmans H, Koningsveld R, Dušek K, Šolc K. Zero and Off-Zero Critical Concentrations in Systems Containing Polydisperse Polymers with Very High Molar Masses. 2. The System Water−Poly(vinyl methyl ether). Macromolecules 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ma960114o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Polymer drying, 11: Desorption studies using poly-(Styrene-co-divinylbenzene) samples that had been swelled to saturation in chloromethanes. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0001-8686(96)00299-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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