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Ni J, Zhao J, Ung COL, Hu Y, Hu H, Wang Y. Obstacles and opportunities in Chinese pharmaceutical innovation. Global Health 2017; 13:21. [PMID: 28340579 PMCID: PMC5366105 DOI: 10.1186/s12992-017-0244-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Global healthcare innovation networks nowadays have expanded beyond developed countries with many developing countries joining the force and becoming important players. China, in particular, has seen a significant increase in the number of innovative firms and research organizations stepping up to the global network in recent years. Nevertheless, the intense Research and Development input has not brought about the expectable output. While China is ascending at a great speed to a leading position worldwide in terms of Research and Development investment, scientific publications and patents, the innovation capabilities in the pharmaceutical sector remain weak. DISCUSSION This study discusses the challenges and opportunities for pharmaceutical innovation in China. One hand, academic, industrial, institutional and financial constraints were found to be the major and inevitable barriers hindering the development of drug innovation. On the other hand, unique advantages had been observed which included growing pharmaceutical market, Research and Development funding, distinctive source, and international cooperation. The most important thing for China's pharmaceutical sector to leap forward is to break though innovation barriers and integrate own advantages into global value-chain of healthcare product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyun Ni
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Room 2053, N22, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau China
| | - Junrui Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Room 2053, N22, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau China
| | - Carolina Oi Lam Ung
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Room 2053, N22, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau China
| | - Yuanjia Hu
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Room 2053, N22, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau China
| | - Hao Hu
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Room 2053, N22, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau China
| | - Yitao Wang
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Room 2053, N22, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau China
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Prud’homme D. Dynamics of China’s provincial-level specialization in strategic emerging industries. RESEARCH POLICY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Lv Y, Tang B, Liu X, Xue C, Liu Y, Kang P, Zhang L. A Comparative Study of Scientific Publications in Health Care Sciences and Services from Mainland China, Taiwan, Japan, and India (2007-2014). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 13:79. [PMID: 26712774 PMCID: PMC4730470 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to compare the quantity and quality of publications in health care sciences and services journals from the Chinese mainland, Taiwan, Japan, and India. Journals in this category of the Science Citation Index Expanded were included in the study. Scientific papers were retrieved from the Web of Science online database. Quality was measured according to impact factor, citation of articles, number of articles published in top 10 journals, and the 10 most popular journals by country (area). In the field of health care sciences and services, the annual incremental rates of scientific articles published from 2007 to 2014 were higher than rates of published scientific articles in all fields. Researchers from the Chinese mainland published the most original articles and reviews and had the highest accumulated impact factors, highest total article citations, and highest average citation. Publications from India had the highest average impact factor. In the field of health care sciences and services, China has made remarkable progress during the past eight years in the annual number and percentage of scientific publications. Yet, there is room for improvement in the quantity and quality of such articles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Lv
- Institute of Military Health Management, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Bihan Tang
- Institute of Military Health Management, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xu Liu
- Institute of Military Health Management, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Chen Xue
- Institute of Military Health Management, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Yuan Liu
- Institute of Military Health Management, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Peng Kang
- Institute of Military Health Management, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Institute of Military Health Management, Second Military Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Rd, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Hu H, Chung CC. Biopharmaceutical Innovation System in China: System Evolution and Policy Transitions (Pre-1990s-2010s). Int J Health Policy Manag 2015; 4:823-9. [PMID: 26673466 DOI: 10.15171/ijhpm.2015.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This article sets up the initial discussion of the evolution of biopharmaceutical innovation in China through the perspective of sectoral innovation system (SIS). METHODS Two data sources including archival documentary data and field interviews were used in this study. Archival documentary data was collected from China Food and Drug Administration (CFDA) and Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). In addition, industrial practitioners and leading researchers in academia were interviewed. RESULTS Biopharmaceutical in China was established through international knowledge transfer. The firms played more active role in commercializing biopharmaceutical in China though universities and research institutes were starting to interact with local firms and make contribution to biopharmaceutical industrialization. The transition of the Chinese government's policies continuously shapes the evolution of biopharmaceutical sector. Policies have been dramatic changes before and after 1980s to encourage developing biopharmaceutical as a competitive industry for China. CONCLUSION A SIS for biopharmaceutical has been shaped in China. However, currently biopharmaceutical is still a small sector in China, and for the further growth of the industry more synthetic policies should be implemented. Not only the policy supports towards the research and innovation of biopharmaceuticals in the early stage of development should be attended, but also commercialization of biopharmaceutical products in the later stage of sales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hu
- Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau
| | - Chao-Chen Chung
- Department of Political Science, National Cheng- Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Batlang U, Tsurupe G, Segwagwe A, Obopile M. Development and application of modern agricultural biotechnology in Botswana: the potentials, opportunities and challenges. GM CROPS & FOOD 2014; 5:183-94. [PMID: 25437237 PMCID: PMC5033224 DOI: 10.4161/21645698.2014.945887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In Botswana, approximately 40% of the population live in rural areas and derive most of their livelihood from agriculture by keeping livestock and practising arable farming. Due to the nature of their farming practises livestock and crops are exposed to diseases and environmental stresses. These challenges offer opportunities for application of biotechnology to develop adaptable materials to the country's environment. On the other hand, the perceived risk of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) has dimmed the promise of the technology for its application in agriculture. This calls for a holistic approach to the application of biotechnology to address issues of biosafety of GMOs. We have therefore assessed the potentials, challenges and opportunities to apply biotechnology with specific emphasis on agriculture, taking cognisance of requirement for its research, development and application in research and teaching institutions. In order to achieve this, resource availability, infrastructure, human and laboratory requirements were analyzed. The analysis revealed that the country has the capacity to carry out research in biotechnology in the development and production of genetically modified crops for food and fodder crops. These will include gene discovery, genetic transformation and development of systems to comply with the world regulatory framework on biosafety. In view of the challenges facing the country in agriculture, first generation biotech crops could be released for production. Novel GM products for development may include disease diagnosis kits, animal disease vaccines, and nutrient use efficiency, drought, and pest and disease resistant food and fodder crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Utlwang Batlang
- Department of Crop Science and Production; Botswana College of Agriculture; Content Farm; Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Gorata Tsurupe
- Department of Crop Science and Production; Botswana College of Agriculture; Content Farm; Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Amogelang Segwagwe
- Department of Crop Science and Production; Botswana College of Agriculture; Content Farm; Gaborone, Botswana
| | - Motshwari Obopile
- Department of Crop Science and Production; Botswana College of Agriculture; Content Farm; Gaborone, Botswana
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Lao LF, Daubs MD, Phan KH, Wang JC. Comparative study of scientific publications in orthopedics journals originating from USA, Japan and China (2000-2012). Acta Cir Bras 2014; 28:800-6. [PMID: 24316749 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502013001100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare orthopedics publications from USA, Japan and China. METHODS Scientific papers belong to ''Orthopedics'' category of Science Citation Index Expanded subject categories were retrieved from the "PubMed'' and ''Web of Knowledge'' online databases. RESULTS In the field of orthopedics, the annual number increased significantly from 2000 to 2012 in the three countries (p<0.001). The share of articles increased significantly in China, but decreased significantly in Japan and USA (p<0.05). In 2012, USA contributed 35.3% of the total world output in orthopedics field and ranked 1st; Japan contributed 5.9% and ranked 4th; China contributed 5.2% and ranked 5th. Publications from USA had the highest accumulated IFs and the highest total citations of articles (USA > Japan > China, p<0.001). Average IF from USA was much higher than Japan and China (p<0.001). USA published the most articles in the top ten orthopedics journals (USA (14355) > Japan (1702) > China (487), p<0.01). CONCLUSION Although China has undergone significant increase in annual number and percentage of scientific publication in orthopedics journals, it still lags far behind USA and Japan in the field of orthopedics in terms of quantity and quality.
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Abstract
The Human Liver Proteome Project (HLPP) is the largest international scientific research project ever headquartered in China. At the same time, the HLPP is one component of the global Human Proteome Project (HPP), which in 2001–2002 began dividing the organs and systems of the human body between different national laboratories and institutes. Research on the kidney was assigned to Japan, brain research to Germany, liver research to China, etc. Only in China, however, did the project take on the character of ‘big science’, successfully competing with other scientific initiatives for funding and prestige at the highest level, and developing ‘national’ characteristics similar to that of genomics research in the United States. Our article considers this flagship Chinese bioscience project from two complementary angles: as ‘big science’ at the cutting edge of biomedical research, and as a discursive and practice-oriented meeting ground between modern and ‘traditional’ Chinese medicine. We also discuss how these strands are politically and philosophically convergent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liz P.Y. Chee
- Liz P.Y. Chee, Department of History, BLK
AS1, Level 5, 11 Arts Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117570
| | - Gregory Clancey
- Gregory Clancey, Asia Research Institute and
Tembusu College, 28 College Ave. East, #B1-01, National University of Singapore,
Singapore 138598
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Comparative study of scientific publications in urology and nephrology journals originating from USA, China and Japan (2001-2010). PLoS One 2012; 7:e42200. [PMID: 22870301 PMCID: PMC3411650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the past decade, scientific research has developed rapidly in China, but the growth seems to vary widely between different disciplines. In this study, we aimed to compare the quantity and quality of publications in urology and nephrology journals from USA, China and Japan. Methods Journals listed in the “Urology and Nephrology” category of Science Citation Index Expanded subject categories were included. Scientific papers in these journals written by researchers from USA, Japan and China were retrieved from the “PubMed” and “Web of Knowledge” online databases. Results The annual number of total scientific articles increased significantly from 2001 to 2010 in China, and has ranked second in the world since 2006. In the field of urology and nephrology, the annual number increased significantly from 2001 to 2010 in USA and China; but not in Japan. The share of articles increased significantly over time in China, decreased significantly in Japan, and remained unchanged in USA. In 2010, USA contributed 32.17% of the total world output in urology and nephrology field and ranked 1st; Japan contributed 5.19% and ranked 5th; China contributed 3.83% and ranked 9th. Publications from USA had the highest accumulated IFs and the highest total citations of articles (USA>Japan>China, p<0.001). No significant difference was found in average IF among the three countries. USA published the most articles in the top 10 urology and nephrology journals (USA(35165)>Japan(6704)>China(2233), p<0.001). Researchers from USA published more clinical trials and randomized controlled trials than Japan and China (USA>Japan>China, p<0.001). Conclusion Although China has undergone significant increase in annual number and percentage of scientific publication in urology and nephrology journals in the past decade, it still lags far behind USA and Japan in the field of urology and nephrology in terms of quantity and quality.
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Pei L, Schmidt M, Wei W. Synthetic biology: an emerging research field in China. Biotechnol Adv 2011; 29:804-14. [PMID: 21729747 PMCID: PMC3197886 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic biology is considered as an emerging research field that will bring new opportunities to biotechnology. There is an expectation that synthetic biology will not only enhance knowledge in basic science, but will also have great potential for practical applications. Synthetic biology is still in an early developmental stage in China. We provide here a review of current Chinese research activities in synthetic biology and its different subfields, such as research on genetic circuits, minimal genomes, chemical synthetic biology, protocells and DNA synthesis, using literature reviews and personal communications with Chinese researchers. To meet the increasing demand for a sustainable development, research on genetic circuits to harness biomass is the most pursed research within Chinese researchers. The environmental concerns are driven force of research on the genetic circuits for bioremediation. The research on minimal genomes is carried on identifying the smallest number of genomes needed for engineering minimal cell factories and research on chemical synthetic biology is focused on artificial proteins and expanded genetic code. The research on protocells is more in combination with the research on molecular-scale motors. The research on DNA synthesis and its commercialisation are also reviewed. As for the perspective on potential future Chinese R&D activities, it will be discussed based on the research capacity and governmental policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Pei
- Organisation for International Dialogue and Conflict Management, Vienna, Austria.
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Zhang JY. Is the cosmopolitanization of science emerging in China? ETUDES INTERNATIONALES 2010; 41:10.7202/045563ar. [PMID: 24244045 PMCID: PMC3827742 DOI: 10.7202/045563ar] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
China is one among many other countries that have recognised the necessity in aligning national scientific progress with that of global development. As China is striding along the path of scientific development with determination and initial success, a key concern confronted by international scientific community is how China, a rising scientific power, will transform existing global scientific atlas. Based on a project carried out in six Chinese cities between 2006 to 2009, this paper mainly employs Ulrich Beck's cosmopolitan theory in examining China's life sciences' development in the last decade to investigate how Chinese stakeholders have developed a (cosmopolitan) sensibility to rival ways of scientific reasoning, and in what way, Chinese stakeholders have contributed to the cosmopolitanization of science.
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Regional specialization in China's biopharmaceutical industry. CHINESE MANAGEMENT STUDIES 2010. [DOI: 10.1108/17506141011094136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Li Z, Wan X, Li X, Li J. Research Output in Immunology Journals from Chinese Authors: 10-year Survey of Literature. Immunol Invest 2010; 39:206-18. [DOI: 10.3109/08820130903552686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Li Z, Wan X, Lu A, Li X, Li J. Pathological research output in China and other top-ranking countries: 10-year survey of the literature. Pathol Res Pract 2010; 206:835-8. [PMID: 20356685 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2010.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to study the research output in pathology journals from the United States (USA), Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom (UK), France, and China between 2000 and 2009. Articles published in 67 pathology-related journals were retrieved from the PubMed database. US-American publications, which rank first, accounted for 30.9% of the total world's output and for 35.4% in the top 10% journals with impact factor (IF) scores. Chinese publications accounted for 2.8% of a total of 67 journals, and for 2.0% in the top 10% journals with IF scores. Our analysis investigated the research output of these six countries and revealed a positive trend in China for the period 2000-2009. Also, in contrast to other top-ranking countries, our results imply that China's research in the field of pathology falls behind that of the developed countries, and appropriate steps should be taken to improve the role of pathologists in clinical activity and to gear up for high-quality pathological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwu Li
- Department of Pathology, Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Peking University School of Oncology, Beijing Cancer Hospital & Institute, Haidian District, Beijing, PR China.
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Wan X, Li Z, Wang M. Contributions in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology from China and other top-ranking countries: a 10-year survey of the literature. Clin Chem Lab Med 2009; 47:1211-6. [DOI: 10.1515/cclm.2009.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Chen
- Minister of Health, Ministry of Health, Beijing, 100044, China; Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai, China.
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Chen Z. Introduction. China in the era of life science and biotechnology. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2007.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Chen
- Chinese Academy of Sciences52 Sanlihe Road, 100864 Beijing, People's Republic of China
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