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Determinants of Virus Variation, Evolution, and Host Adaptation. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11091039. [PMID: 36145471 PMCID: PMC9501407 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11091039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus evolution is the change in the genetic structure of a viral population over time and results in the emergence of new viral variants, strains, and species with novel biological properties, including adaptation to new hosts. There are host, vector, environmental, and viral factors that contribute to virus evolution. To achieve or fine tune compatibility and successfully establish infection, viruses adapt to a particular host species or to a group of species. However, some viruses are better able to adapt to diverse hosts, vectors, and environments. Viruses generate genetic diversity through mutation, reassortment, and recombination. Plant viruses are exposed to genetic drift and selection pressures by host and vector factors, and random variants or those with a competitive advantage are fixed in the population and mediate the emergence of new viral strains or species with novel biological properties. This process creates a footprint in the virus genome evident as the preferential accumulation of substitutions, insertions, or deletions in areas of the genome that function as determinants of host adaptation. Here, with respect to plant viruses, we review the current understanding of the sources of variation, the effect of selection, and its role in virus evolution and host adaptation.
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Abstract
A recent proposal that the genus Rymovirus be assimilated into the genus Potyvirus is examined, discussed, and rejected. It illustrates the danger of using 'sequence identity' as a proxy for phylogenetic relatedness to distinguish closely related but distinct groups of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian J Gibbs
- Emeritus Faculty, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia.
| | - Mark J Gibbs
- , 79 Carruthers St, Curtin, ACT, 2605, Australia
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Combining Selective Pressures to Enhance the Durability of Disease Resistance Genes. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1916. [PMID: 28066472 PMCID: PMC5180194 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The efficacy of disease resistance genes in plants decreases over time because of the selection of virulent pathogen genotypes. A key goal of crop protection programs is to increase the durability of the resistance conferred by these genes. The spatial and temporal deployment of plant disease resistance genes is considered to be a major factor determining their durability. In the literature, four principal strategies combining resistance genes over time and space have been considered to delay the evolution of virulent pathogen genotypes. We reviewed this literature with the aim of determining which deployment strategy results in the greatest durability of resistance genes. Although theoretical and empirical studies comparing deployment strategies of more than one resistance gene are very scarce, they suggest that the overall durability of disease resistance genes can be increased by combining their presence in the same plant (pyramiding). Retrospective analyses of field monitoring data also suggest that the pyramiding of disease resistance genes within a plant is the most durable strategy. By extension, we suggest that the combination of disease resistance genes with other practices for pathogen control (pesticides, farming practices) may be a relevant management strategy to slow down the evolution of virulent pathogen genotypes.
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Lapidot M, Gelbart D, Gal-On A, Sela N, Anfoka G, Haj Ahmed F, Abou-Jawada Y, Sobh H, Mazyad H, Aboul-Ata AAE, Kamal El-Attar A, Ali-Shtayeh MS, Jamous RM, Polston JE, Duffy S. Frequent migration of introduced cucurbit-infecting begomoviruses among Middle Eastern countries. Virol J 2014; 11:181. [PMID: 25300752 PMCID: PMC4201715 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-11-181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the early 2000s, two cucurbit-infecting begomoviruses were introduced into the eastern Mediterranean basin: the Old World Squash leaf curl virus (SLCV) and the New World Watermelon chlorotic stunt virus (WmCSV). These viruses have been emerging in parallel over the last decade in Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine. METHODS We explored this unique situation by assessing the diversity and biogeography of the DNA-A component of SLCV and WmCSV in these five countries. RESULTS There was fairly low sequence variation in both begomovirus species (SLCV π = 0.0077; WmCSV π = 0.0066). Both viruses may have been introduced only once into the eastern Mediterranean basin, but once established, these viruses readily moved across country boundaries. SLCV has been introduced at least twice into each of all five countries based on the absence of monophyletic clades. Similarly, WmCSV has been introduced multiple times into Jordan, Israel and Palestine. CONCLUSIONS We predict that uncontrolled movement of whiteflies among countries in this region will continue to cause SLCV and WmCSV migration, preventing strong genetic differentiation of these viruses among these countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moshe Lapidot
- />Institute of Plant Sciences, Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan, 50250 Israel
| | - Dana Gelbart
- />Institute of Plant Sciences, Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan, 50250 Israel
| | - Amit Gal-On
- />Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan, 50250 Israel
| | - Noa Sela
- />Institute of Plant Protection, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan, 50250 Israel
| | - Ghandi Anfoka
- />Department of Biotechnology, Al-Balqa’ Applied University, Al-Salt, 19117 Jordan
| | - Fatima Haj Ahmed
- />Department of Biotechnology, Al-Balqa’ Applied University, Al-Salt, 19117 Jordan
| | - Yusuf Abou-Jawada
- />Department of Biotechnology, Al-Balqa’ Applied University, Al-Salt, 19117 Jordan
| | - Hana Sobh
- />Department of Biotechnology, Al-Balqa’ Applied University, Al-Salt, 19117 Jordan
| | - Hamed Mazyad
- />Plant Pathology Research Institute, ARC, P.O. Box 12619, Giza, Egypt
| | | | | | - Mohammed S Ali-Shtayeh
- />Biodiversity and Biotechnology Research Unit, Biodiversity & Environmental Research Center (BERC), P.O.B. 696, Til-Nablus, Palestine
| | - Rana M Jamous
- />Biodiversity and Biotechnology Research Unit, Biodiversity & Environmental Research Center (BERC), P.O.B. 696, Til-Nablus, Palestine
| | - Jane E Polston
- />Department of Plant Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611 USA
| | - Siobain Duffy
- />Department of Ecology, Evolution and Natural Resources, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
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Elena SF, Froissart R. New experimental and theoretical approaches towards the understanding of the emergence of viral infections. Introduction. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2010; 365:1867-9. [PMID: 20478881 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Santiago F Elena
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, CSIC-UPV, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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