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Dunn RR, Kirby KR, Bowern C, Ember CR, Gray RD, McCarter J, Kavanagh PH, Trautwein M, Nichols LM, Gavin MC, Botero C. Climate, climate change and the global diversity of human houses. EVOLUTIONARY HUMAN SCIENCES 2024; 6:e24. [PMID: 38689895 PMCID: PMC11058517 DOI: 10.1017/ehs.2024.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Globally, human house types are diverse, varying in shape, size, roof type, building materials, arrangement, decoration and many other features. Here we offer the first rigorous, global evaluation of the factors that influence the construction of traditional (vernacular) houses. We apply macroecological approaches to analyse data describing house features from 1900 to 1950 across 1000 societies. Geographic, social and linguistic descriptors for each society were used to test the extent to which key architectural features may be explained by the biophysical environment, social traits, house features of neighbouring societies or cultural history. We find strong evidence that some aspects of the climate shape house architecture, including floor height, wall material and roof shape. Other features, particularly ground plan, appear to also be influenced by social attributes of societies, such as whether a society is nomadic, polygynous or politically complex. Additional variation in all house features was predicted both by the practices of neighouring societies and by a society's language family. Collectively, the findings from our analyses suggest those conditions under which traditional houses offer solutions to architects seeking to reimagine houses in light of warmer, wetter or more variable climates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R. Dunn
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Kathryn R. Kirby
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3B2
- Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Human History, Jena, Germany
| | - Claire Bowern
- Department of Linguistics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8366, USA
| | - Carol R. Ember
- Human Relations Area Files at Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Russell D. Gray
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Joe McCarter
- Center for Biodiversity and Conservation, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
| | - Patrick H. Kavanagh
- Department of Human Dimensions of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1480, USA
| | - Michelle Trautwein
- California Academy of Sciences, 55 Music Concourse Drive, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA
| | - Lauren M. Nichols
- Department of Applied Ecology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Michael C. Gavin
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
- Department of Human Dimensions of Natural Resources, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1480, USA
| | - Carlos Botero
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712USA
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2
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Kobayashi Y, Kurokawa S, Ishii T, Wakano JY. Time to extinction of a cultural trait in an overlapping generation model. Theor Popul Biol 2021; 137:32-45. [PMID: 33482220 DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
How long a newly emerging trait will stay in a population is a fundamental but rarely asked question in cultural evolution. To tackle this question, the distribution and mean of the time to extinction of a discrete cultural trait are derived for models with overlapping generations, in which trait transmission occurs from multiple role models to a single newborn and may fail with a certain probability. We explore two models. The first is a Moran-type model, which allows us to derive the exact analytical formula for the mean time to extinction of a trait in a finite population. The second is a branching process, which assumes an infinitely large population and allows us to derive approximate analytical formulae for the distribution and mean of the time to extinction in the first model under a large population size. We show that in the first model, the mean time to extinction apparently diverges (becomes so large that even numerical computation is impractical) under a certain parameter condition as the population size tends to infinity. Using the second model, we explain the underlying mechanism of the apparent divergence found in the first model and derive the mathematical condition for this divergence in terms of transmission efficiency and the number of role models per newborn. When this mathematical condition is satisfied in the second model, the probability of extinction is less than 1, and the mean extinction time does not exist. In addition, we find that in both models, the time to extinction of the trait becomes longer as the number of role models per individual increases and as cultural transmission becomes more efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Kobayashi
- School of Economics and Management, Kochi University of Technology, Kochi 780-8515, Japan; Research Center for Future Design, Kochi University of Technology, Kochi 780-8515, Japan.
| | - Shun Kurokawa
- School of Economics and Management, Kochi University of Technology, Kochi 780-8515, Japan
| | - Takuya Ishii
- Meiji University, Nakano 4-21-1, Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164-8525, Japan
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3
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Yeh DJ, Fogarty L, Kandler A. Cultural linkage: the influence of package transmission on cultural dynamics. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20191951. [PMID: 31795868 PMCID: PMC6939269 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.1951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Many cultural traits are not transmitted independently, but together as a package. This can happen because, for example, media may store information together making it more likely to be transmitted together, or through cognitive mechanisms such as causal reasoning. Evolutionary biology suggests that physical linkage of genes (being on the same chromosome) allows neutral and maladaptive genes to spread by hitchhiking on adaptive genes, while the pairwise difference between neutral genes is unaffected. Whether packaging may lead to similar dynamics in cultural evolution is unclear. To understand the effect of cultural packages on cultural evolutionary dynamics, we built an agent-based simulation that allows links to form and break between cultural traits. During transmission, one trait and others that are directly or indirectly connected to it are transmitted together in a package. We compare variation in cultural traits between different rates of link formation and breakage and find that an intermediate frequency of links can lower cultural diversity, which can be misinterpreted as a signature of payoff bias or conformity. Further, cultural hitchhiking can occur when links are common.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Justin Yeh
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Laurel Fogarty
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anne Kandler
- Department of Human Behavior, Ecology and Culture, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
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Nakamura M, Wakano JY, Aoki K, Kobayashi Y. The popularity spectrum applied to a cross-cultural question. Theor Popul Biol 2019; 133:104-116. [PMID: 31672615 DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We investigate a new approach for identifying the contribution of horizontal transmission between groups to cross-cultural similarity. This method can be applied to datasets that record the presence or absence of artefacts, or attributes thereof, in archaeological and ethnographic assemblages, from which popularity spectra can be constructed. Based on analytical and simulation models, we show that the form of such spectra is sensitive to horizontal transmission between groups. We then fit the analytical model to existing datasets by Bayesian MCMC and obtain evidence for strong horizontal transmission in oceanic as opposed to continental datasets. We check the validity of our statistical method by using individual-based models, and show that the vertical transmission rate tends to be underestimated if the datasets are obtained from lattice-structured rather than island-structured meta-populations. We also suggest that there may be more borrowing of functional than stylistic traits, although the evidence for this is currently ambiguous.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Nakamura
- Organization for the Strategic Coordination of Research and Intellectual Properties, Meiji University, Nakano 4-21-1, Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164-8525, Japan
| | - Joe Yuichiro Wakano
- School of Interdisciplinary Mathematical Sciences, Meiji University, Nakano 4-21-1, Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164-8525, Japan
| | - Kenichi Aoki
- Organization for the Strategic Coordination of Research and Intellectual Properties, Meiji University, Nakano 4-21-1, Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164-8525, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kobayashi
- School of Economics and Management, Kochi University of Technology, 2-22 Eikokuji, Kochi City, Kochi 780-8515, Japan.
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5
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Aoki K. On the absence of a correlation between population size and 'toolkit size' in ethnographic hunter-gatherers. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2018; 373:rstb.2017.0061. [PMID: 29440526 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In apparent contradiction to the theoretically predicted effect of population size on the quality/quantity of material culture, statistical analyses on ethnographic hunter-gatherers have shown an absence of correlation between population size and toolkit size. This has sparked a heated, if sometimes tangential, debate as to the usefulness of the theoretical models and as to what modes of cultural transmission humans are capable of and hunter-gatherers rely on. I review the directly relevant theoretical literature and argue that much of the confusion is caused by a mismatch between the theoretical variable and the empirical observable. I then confirm that a model incorporating the appropriate variable does predict a positive association between population size and toolkit size for random oblique, vertical, best-of-K, conformist, anticonformist, success bias and one-to-many cultural transmission, with the caveat that for all populations sampled, the population size has remained constant and toolkit size has reached the equilibrium for this population size. Finally, I suggest three theoretical scenarios, two of them involving variable population size, that would attenuate or eliminate this association and hence help to explain the empirical absence of correlation.This article is part of the theme issue 'Bridging cultural gaps: interdisciplinary studies in human cultural evolution'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Aoki
- Organization for the Strategic Coordination of Research and Intellectual Properties, Meiji University, 4-21-1 Nakano, Tokyo 164-8525, Japan
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Brouwers SA. The Positive Role of Culture: What Cross-Cultural Psychology Has to Offer to Developmental Aid Effectiveness Research. JOURNAL OF CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0022022117723530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Developmental aid is designed to bring at least some relief to people who suffer from hunger, disease, and other challenges to their psychological and physical well-being. To this end, large aid organizations, national governments, and other international bodies pour large amounts of money into aid efforts and local projects that work with people in their daily settings. Success of these efforts is obstructed by many factors though, including tools that do not really meet a desired end and the rejection of aid by recipients. In the present article, I review evidence on the challenges to aid effectiveness that relate to the need for ecological validity, thus the extent to which the project designers’ understanding of problems and solutions matches reality, and I propose a model that is based on the theory of generative entrenchment, to expand and extend the relevance of cross-cultural psychology into developmental aid effectiveness research in terms of essential conditions for cultural change. The model contains the three processes of generalization, transmission, and mobility, as a means to see whether behavior is successful in a particular environment. The value of the proposed model lies in the provision of opportunities for extending cross-cultural psychology into the field of developmental aid.
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7
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Buckley CD, Boudot E. The evolution of an ancient technology. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170208. [PMID: 28573032 PMCID: PMC5451833 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We investigate pattern and process in the transmission of traditional weaving cultures in East and Southeast Asia. Our investigation covers a range of scales, from the experiences of individual weavers ('micro') to the broad-scale patterns of loom technologies across the region ('macro'). Using published sources, we build an empirical model of cultural transmission (encompassing individual weavers, the household and the community), focussing on where cultural information resides and how it is replicated and how transmission errors are detected and eliminated. We compare this model with macro-level outcomes in the form of a new dataset of weaving loom technologies across a broad area of East and Southeast Asia. The lineages of technologies that we have uncovered display evidence for branching, hybridization (reticulation), stasis in some lineages, rapid change in others and the coexistence of both simple and complex forms. There are some striking parallels with biological evolution and information theory. There is sufficient detail and resolution in our findings to enable us to begin to critique theoretical models and assumptions that have been produced during the last few decades to describe the evolution of culture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric Boudot
- École Pratique des Hautes Études, Paris, France
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8
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Hutchinson MC, Cagua EF, Balbuena JA, Stouffer DB, Poisot T. paco: implementing Procrustean Approach to Cophylogeny in R. Methods Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Hutchinson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Princeton University 106A Guyot Hall Princeton NJ 08544 USA
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences University of Canterbury Private Bag 4800 Christchurch New Zealand
| | - E. Fernando Cagua
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences University of Canterbury Private Bag 4800 Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Juan A. Balbuena
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology University of Valencia 2 Professor José Beltrán Martínez StreetPaterna Valencia 46980 Spain
| | - Daniel B. Stouffer
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Biological Sciences University of Canterbury Private Bag 4800 Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Timothée Poisot
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Montréal Pavillon Marie‐Victorin 90 Vincent‐d’Indy Avenue Montréal QC H2V 2S9 Canada
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9
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García Rivero D, O'Brien MJ. Phylogenetic analysis shows that Neolithic slate plaques from the southwestern Iberian Peninsula are not genealogical recording systems. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88296. [PMID: 24558384 PMCID: PMC3928193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prehistoric material culture proposed to be symbolic in nature has been the object of considerable archaeological work from diverse theoretical perspectives, yet rarely are methodological tools used to test the interpretations. The lack of testing is often justified by invoking the opinion that the slippery nature of past human symbolism cannot easily be tackled by the scientific method. One such case, from the southwestern Iberian Peninsula, involves engraved stone plaques from megalithic funerary monuments dating ca. 3,500-2,750 B.C. (calibrated age). One widely accepted proposal is that the plaques are ancient mnemonic devices that record genealogies. The analysis reported here demonstrates that this is not the case, even when the most supportive data and techniques are used. Rather, we suspect there was a common ideological background to the use of plaques that overlay the southwestern Iberian Peninsula, with little or no geographic patterning. This would entail a cultural system in which plaque design was based on a fundamental core idea, with a number of mutable and variable elements surrounding it.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J. O'Brien
- Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
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10
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Saslis-Lagoudakis CH, Hawkins JA, Greenhill SJ, Pendry CA, Watson MF, Tuladhar-Douglas W, Baral SR, Savolainen V. The evolution of traditional knowledge: environment shapes medicinal plant use in Nepal. Proc Biol Sci 2014; 281:20132768. [PMID: 24523269 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.2768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional knowledge is influenced by ancestry, inter-cultural diffusion and interaction with the natural environment. It is problematic to assess the contributions of these influences independently because closely related ethnic groups may also be geographically close, exposed to similar environments and able to exchange knowledge readily. Medicinal plant use is one of the most important components of traditional knowledge, since plants provide healthcare for up to 80% of the world's population. Here, we assess the significance of ancestry, geographical proximity of cultures and the environment in determining medicinal plant use for 12 ethnic groups in Nepal. Incorporating phylogenetic information to account for plant evolutionary relatedness, we calculate pairwise distances that describe differences in the ethnic groups' medicinal floras and floristic environments. We also determine linguistic relatedness and geographical separation for all pairs of ethnic groups. We show that medicinal uses are most similar when cultures are found in similar floristic environments. The correlation between medicinal flora and floristic environment was positive and strongly significant, in contrast to the effects of shared ancestry and geographical proximity. These findings demonstrate the importance of adaptation to local environments, even at small spatial scale, in shaping traditional knowledge during human cultural evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Haris Saslis-Lagoudakis
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, , Reading RG6 6BX, UK, Imperial College London, , Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, UK, Centre for Macroevolution and Macroecology, Research School of Biology, Australian National University, , Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia, School of Culture, History and Language, ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, Australian National University, , Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia, Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, , Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK, School of Divinity, History and Philosophy, King's College, University of Aberdeen, , Aberdeen AB24 3UB, UK, Department of Plant Resources, National Herbarium and Plant Laboratories, , PO Box 3708, Godawari, Lalitpur, Nepal, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew TW9 3DS, UK
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11
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O’Brien MJ, Collard M, Buchanan B, Boulanger MT. Trees, thickets, or something in between? Recent theoretical and empirical work in cultural phylogeny. Isr J Ecol Evol 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15659801.2013.825431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Anthropology has always had as one of its goals the explanation of human cultural diversity across space and through time. Over the past several decades, there has been a growing appreciation among anthropologists and other social scientists that the phylogenetic approaches that biologists have developed to reconstruct the evolutionary relationships of species are useful tools for building and explaining patterns of human diversity. Phylogenetic methods offer a means of creating testable propositions of heritable continuity – how one thing is related to another in terms of descent. Such methods have now been applied to a wide range of cultural phenomena, including languages, projectile points, textiles, marital customs, and political organization. Here we discuss several cultural phylogenies and demonstrate how they were used to address long-standing anthropological issues. Even keeping in mind that phylogenetic trees are nothing more than hypotheses about evolutionary relationships, some researchers have argued that when it comes to cultural behaviors and their products, tree building is theoretically unwarranted. We examine the issues that critics raise and find that they in no way sound the death knell for cultural phylogenetic work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Collard
- Human Evolutionary Studies Program and Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University
| | - Briggs Buchanan
- Department of Anthropology, University of Missouri
- Human Evolutionary Studies Program and Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University
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12
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Towner MC, Grote MN, Venti J, Borgerhoff Mulder M. Cultural macroevolution on neighbor graphs : vertical and horizontal transmission among Western North American Indian societies. HUMAN NATURE-AN INTERDISCIPLINARY BIOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE 2013; 23:283-305. [PMID: 22791406 DOI: 10.1007/s12110-012-9142-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
What are the driving forces of cultural macroevolution, the evolution of cultural traits that characterize societies or populations? This question has engaged anthropologists for more than a century, with little consensus regarding the answer. We develop and fit autologistic models, built upon both spatial and linguistic neighbor graphs, for 44 cultural traits of 172 societies in the Western North American Indian (WNAI) database. For each trait, we compare models including or excluding one or both neighbor graphs, and for the majority of traits we find strong evidence in favor of a model which uses both spatial and linguistic neighbors to predict a trait's distribution. Our results run counter to the assertion that cultural trait distributions can be explained largely by the transmission of traits from parent to daughter populations and are thus best analyzed with phylogenies. In contrast, we show that vertical and horizontal transmission pathways can be incorporated in a single model, that both transmission modes may indeed operate on the same trait, and that for most traits in the WNAI database, accounting for only one mode of transmission would result in a loss of information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Towner
- Department of Zoology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, 74078, USA.
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13
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Steele J, Jordan P, Cochrane E. Evolutionary approaches to cultural and linguistic diversity. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2010; 365:3781-5. [PMID: 21041203 PMCID: PMC2981919 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary approaches to cultural change are increasingly influential, and many scientists believe that a 'grand synthesis' is now in sight. The papers in this Theme Issue, which derives from a symposium held by the AHRC Centre for the Evolution of Cultural Diversity (University College London) in December 2008, focus on how the phylogenetic tree-building and network-based techniques used to estimate descent relationships in biology can be adapted to reconstruct cultural histories, where some degree of inter-societal diffusion will almost inevitably be superimposed on any deeper signal of a historical branching process. The disciplines represented include the three most purely 'cultural' fields from the four-field model of anthropology (cultural anthropology, archaeology and linguistic anthropology). In this short introduction, some context is provided from the history of anthropology, and key issues raised by the papers are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Steele
- AHRC Centre for the Evolution of Cultural Diversity, Institute of Archaeology, University College London, 31-34 Gordon Square, London WC1H 0PY, UK.
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