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Filippo D, Guardone L, Listorti V, Elisabetta R. Microbiome in cancer: A comparative analysis between humans and dogs. Vet J 2024; 305:106145. [PMID: 38788999 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2024.106145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is a major cause of death in humans and animals worldwide. While cancer survival rates have increased over recent decades, further research to identify risk factors for the onset and progression of disease, and safe and highly efficacious treatments, is needed. Spontaneous tumours in pets represent an excellent model for neoplastic disease in humans. In this regard, dogs are an interesting species, as the divergence between the dog and human genome is low, humans and dogs have important similarities in the development and functioning of the immune system, and both species often share the same physical environment. There is also a higher homology between the canine and human microbiome than murine model. This review aims to describe and organize recently published information on canine microbiome assemblages and their relationship with the onset and progression of colorectal cancer, breast cancer and lymphoma, and to compare this with human disease. In both species, dysbiosis can induce variations in the gut microbiota that strongly influence shifts in status between health and disease. This can produce an inflammatory state, potentially leading to neoplasia, especially in the intestine, thus supporting canine studies in comparative oncology. Intestinal dysbiosis can also alter the efficacy and side effects of cancer treatments. Fewer published studies are available on changes in the relevant microbiomes in canine lymphoma and mammary cancer, and further research in this area could improve our understanding of the role of microbiota in the development of these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dell'Anno Filippo
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Genova 16129, Italy; Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Section of Biostatistics and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Lisa Guardone
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Genova 16129, Italy
| | - Valeria Listorti
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Genova 16129, Italy
| | - Razzuoli Elisabetta
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Genova 16129, Italy.
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2
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Singh NK, Beckett JM, Kalpurath K, Ishaq M, Ahmad T, Eri RD. Synbiotics as Supplemental Therapy for the Alleviation of Chemotherapy-Associated Symptoms in Patients with Solid Tumours. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15071759. [PMID: 37049599 PMCID: PMC10096799 DOI: 10.3390/nu15071759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is still the first line of treatment for most cancer patients. Patients receiving chemotherapy are generally prone to infections, which result in complications, such as sepsis, mucositis, colitis, and diarrhoea. Several nutritional approaches have been trialled to counter the chemotherapy-associated side effects in cancer patients, but none have yet been approved for routine clinical use. One of the approaches to reduce or avoid chemotherapy-associated complications is to restore the gut microbiota. Gut microbiota is essential for the healthy functioning of the immune system, metabolism, and the regulation of other molecular responses in the body. Chemotherapy erodes the mucosal layer of the gastrointestinal tract and results in the loss of gut microbiota. One of the ways to restore the gut microbiota is through the use of probiotics. Probiotics are the ‘good’ bacteria that may provide health benefits if consumed in appropriate amounts. Some studies have highlighted that the consumption of probiotics in combination with prebiotics, known as synbiotics, may provide better health benefits when compared to probiotics alone. This review discusses the different nutritional approaches that have been studied in an attempt to combat chemotherapy-associated side effects in cancer patients with a particular focus on the use of pre-, pro- and synbiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj K. Singh
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Newnham, Launceston 7248, Australia
| | - Jeffrey M. Beckett
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Newnham, Launceston 7248, Australia
| | - Krishnakumar Kalpurath
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Newnham, Launceston 7248, Australia
- Mersey Community Hospital, Latrobe 7307, Australia
| | - Muhammad Ishaq
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Newnham, Launceston 7248, Australia
| | - Tauseef Ahmad
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Newnham, Launceston 7248, Australia
| | - Rajaraman D. Eri
- School of Health Sciences, University of Tasmania, Newnham, Launceston 7248, Australia
- School of Science, STEM College, RMIT University, Melbourne 3083, Australia
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3
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Nance RL, Sajib AM, Smith BF. Canine models of human cancer: Bridging the gap to improve precision medicine. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 189:67-99. [PMID: 35595353 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dogs are remarkable, adaptable, and dependable creatures that have evolved alongside humans while contributing tremendously to our survival. Our canine companions share many similarities to human disease, particularly cancer. With the advancement of next-generation sequencing technology, we are beginning to unravel the complexity of cancer and the vast intra- and intertumoral heterogeneity that makes treatment difficult. Consequently, precision medicine has emerged as a therapeutic approach to improve patient survival by evaluating and classifying an individual tumor's molecular profile. Many canine and human cancers share striking similarities in terms of genotypic, phenotypic, clinical, and histological presentations. Dogs are superior to rodent models of cancer because they are a naturally heterogeneous population in which tumors occur spontaneously, are exposed to similar environmental conditions, and show more similarities in key modulators of tumorigenesis and clinical response, including the immune system, drug metabolism, and gut microbiome. In this chapter, we will explore various canine models of human cancers and emphasize the dog's critical role in advancing precision medicine and improving the survival of both man and man's best friend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Nance
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, United States; Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Abdul Mohin Sajib
- Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, United States
| | - Bruce F Smith
- Scott-Ritchey Research Center, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, United States; Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, United States.
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4
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Boettcher AN, Schachtschneider KM, Schook LB, Tuggle CK. Swine models for translational oncological research: an evolving landscape and regulatory considerations. Mamm Genome 2022; 33:230-240. [PMID: 34476572 PMCID: PMC8888764 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-021-09907-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Swine biomedical models have been gaining in popularity over the last decade, particularly for applications in oncology research. Swine models for cancer research include pigs that have severe combined immunodeficiency for xenotransplantation studies, genetically modified swine models which are capable of developing tumors in vivo, as well as normal immunocompetent pigs. In recent years, there has been a low success rate for the approval of new oncological therapeutics in clinical trials. The two leading reasons for these failures are either due to toxicity and safety issues or lack of efficacy. As all therapeutics must be tested within animal models prior to clinical testing, there are opportunities to expand the ability to assess efficacy and toxicity profiles within the preclinical testing phases of new therapeutics. Most preclinical in vivo testing is performed in mice, canines, and non-human primates. However, swine models are an alternative large animal model for cancer research with similarity to human size, genetics, and physiology. Additionally, tumorigenesis pathways are similar between human and pigs in that similar driver mutations are required for transformation. Due to their larger size, the development of orthotopic tumors is easier than in smaller rodent models; additionally, porcine models can be harnessed for testing of new interventional devices and radiological/surgical approaches as well. Taken together, swine are a feasible option for preclinical therapeutic and device testing. The goals of this resource are to provide a broad overview on regulatory processes required for new therapeutics and devices for use in the clinic, cross-species differences in oncological therapeutic responses, as well as to provide an overview of swine oncology models that have been developed that could be used for preclinical testing to fulfill regulatory requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyle M. Schachtschneider
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Radiology, Chicago, Illinois, United States,University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, National Center for Supercomputing Applications, Urbana, Illinois, United States,University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Lawrence B. Schook
- University of Illinois at Chicago, Department of Radiology, Chicago, Illinois, United States,University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, National Center for Supercomputing Applications, Urbana, Illinois, United States,University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Animal Sciences, Illinois, United States
| | - Christopher K Tuggle
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2255 Kildee Hall, 806 Stange Road, Ames, IA, 50011, USA.
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Hawash M, Jaradat N, Bawwab N, Salem K, Arafat H, Hajyousef Y, Shtayeh T, Sobuh S. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of phenyl-isoxazole-carboxamide derivatives as anticancer agents. HETEROCYCL COMMUN 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/hc-2020-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The present study aimed to design and synthesize a series of phenyl-isoxazole-carboxamide derivatives and investigate their antitumor and antioxidant activities. The in vitro cytotoxic evaluation was conducted using the MTS assay against four cancer cell lines: hepatocellular carcinoma (Hep3B and HepG2), cervical adenocarcinoma (HeLa), breast carcinoma (MCF-7), in addition to the normal cell line (Hek293T). Besides, the antioxidant activity was evaluated using a 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. All obtained compounds were found to have potent to moderate activities against Hep3B and MCF-7 cancer cells lines, except compound 2e. It was found that compound 2a has potent activity against HeLa and Hep3B cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 0.91 and 8.02 µM, respectively. The IC50 dose range of the tested compounds against Hep3B was 5.96–28.62 µM, except for 2e, compared with doxorubicin, which has an IC50 value of 2.23 µM. Also, the IC50 value range of the compounds against Hek293T was 112.78–266.66 µM, compared with doxorubicin, which has an IC50 dose of 0.581 µM. The antioxidant activity of the synthesized compounds was weak, and compound 2d showed moderate activity against the DPPH enzyme with an IC50 value of 138.50 µM in comparison with Trolox, which has an IC50 dose of 37.23 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Hawash
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University , Nablus P.O. Box 7, 00970 , Palestine
| | - Nidal Jaradat
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University , Nablus P.O. Box 7, 00970 , Palestine
| | - Noor Bawwab
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University , Nablus P.O. Box 7, 00970 , Palestine
| | - Kamilah Salem
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University , Nablus P.O. Box 7, 00970 , Palestine
| | - Hadeel Arafat
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University , Nablus P.O. Box 7, 00970 , Palestine
| | - Yousef Hajyousef
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University , Nablus P.O. Box 7, 00970 , Palestine
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cyprus International University , Lefkosa, TRNC, Via Mersin 10, 99258 , Turkey
| | - Tahrir Shtayeh
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University , Nablus P.O. Box 7, 00970 , Palestine
| | - Shorooq Sobuh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Physiology, Pharmacology & Toxicology Division, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University , Nablus , Palestine
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6
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Mestrinho LA, Santos RR. Translational oncotargets for immunotherapy: From pet dogs to humans. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 172:296-313. [PMID: 33705879 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical studies in rodent models have been a pivotal role in human clinical research, but many of them fail in the translational process. Spontaneous tumors in pet dogs have the potential to bridge the gap between preclinical models and human clinical trials. Their natural occurrence in an immunocompetent system overcome the limitations of preclinical rodent models. Due to its reasonable cellular, molecular, and genetic homology to humans, the pet dog represents a valuable model to accelerate the translation of preclinical studies to clinical trials in humans, actually with benefits for both species. Moreover, their unique genetic features of breeding and breed-related mutations have contributed to assess and optimize therapeutics in individuals with different genetic backgrounds. This review aims to outline four main immunotherapy approaches - cancer vaccines, adaptive T-cell transfer, antibodies, and cytokines -, under research in veterinary medicine and how they can serve the clinical application crosstalk with humans.
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7
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Ren H, Mi X, Zhao P, Zhao X, Wei N, Huang H, Meng Z, Kou J, Sun M, Liu Y, Zhang H, Yang J, Li W, Li H. TRAF4, a new substrate of SIAH1, participates in chemotherapy resistance of breast cancer cell by counteracting SIAH1-mediated downregulation of β-catenin. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2020; 183:275-289. [PMID: 32671611 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-020-05789-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE TRAF4 plays an important role in the development and progression of breast cancer, but its impact on chemotherapy resistance is as yet, however, poorly understood. METHODS Western blotting, immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence staining were used to identify and verify that TRAF4 was a novel substrate of SIAH1 and prevented SIAH1-mediated β-catenin degradation. Cell proliferation analysis and Flow cytometry analysis were utilized to detect TRAF4's function on the growth-inhibitory effect of etoposide. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of TRAF4, SIAH1, and β-catenin. Statistical analysis was used to analyze the relationships between them with clinical parameters and curative effect of chemotherapy pathologically. RESULTS Our results suggested that TRAF4 prevents SIAH1-mediated β-catenin degradation. TRAF4 was a novel substrate of SIAH1 and the TRAF domain of TRAF4 was critical for binding to SIAH1. TRAF4 reduced the growth-inhibitory effect of etoposide via reducing the number of S-phase cells and suppressing cell apoptosis. Concordantly, we found that breast cancer patients with a low-TRAF4 expression benefited most from chemotherapy, who had higher tumor volume reduction rate and better pathological response, while, the high-TRAF4 expression group had lower tumor volume reduction rate and poor pathological response. CONCLUSIONS TRAF4 was a novel substrate of SIAH1 and prevented SIAH1-mediated β-catenin degradation, which explains the protective effect of TRAF4 on β-catenin during cell stress and links TRAF4 to chemotherapy resistance in tumors. These findings implicated a novel pathway for the oncogenic function of TRAF4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huayan Ren
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Jianshe Road 1, Erqi Ward, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyi Mi
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Pengyuan Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Jianshe Road 1, Erqi Ward, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China
| | - Xueyan Zhao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Jianshe Road 1, Erqi Ward, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China
| | - Na Wei
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Jianshe Road 1, Erqi Ward, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China
| | - Huifen Huang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Jianshe Road 1, Erqi Ward, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China
| | - Zhongqin Meng
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Jianshe Road 1, Erqi Ward, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China
| | - Junna Kou
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Jianshe Road 1, Erqi Ward, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China
| | - Mingfang Sun
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuqiong Liu
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Jianshe Road 1, Erqi Ward, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Jianshe Road 1, Erqi Ward, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China
| | - Jianping Yang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Jianshe Road 1, Erqi Ward, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China
| | - Wencai Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Jianshe Road 1, Erqi Ward, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China
| | - Huixiang Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China. .,College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Jianshe Road 1, Erqi Ward, Zhengzhou, 450052, P.R. China.
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8
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Parissenti AM, Pritzker LB, Guo B, Narendrula R, Wang SX, Lin LL, Pei J, Skowronski K, Bienzle D, Woods JP, Pritzker KPH, Coomber BL. RNA disruption indicates CHOP therapy efficacy in canine lymphoma. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:453. [PMID: 31842875 PMCID: PMC6916446 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2189-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Assessment of the efficacy of a multi-agent chemotherapy protocol in which cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone (CHOP) are administered in canine lymphoma is generally performed by physical measurement of lymph node diameter. However, no consistent correlation has been made with prognostic indicators and the length or absence of clinical remission based on lymph node size. RNA disruption measured mid-therapy has been correlated with increased disease-free survival in recent studies of human cancer and was assessed in this study of canine lymphoma patients. Fine needle aspirate samples were taken before treatment and at weeks 3, 6, and 11 of CHOP therapy. RNA was isolated from these samples and assessed using an Agilent Bioanalyzer. RNA disruption assay (RDA) analysis was performed on the data from the resulting electropherograms. Results An increased RNA disruption index (RDI) score was significantly associated with improved progression-free survival. Conclusions Predicting the risk of early relapse during chemotherapy could benefit veterinary patients by reducing ineffective treatment and could allow veterinary oncologists to switch earlier to a more effective drug regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadeo M Parissenti
- Departments of Biology, Chemistry and Biochemistry, Laurentian University, 935 Ramsey Lake Rd., Sudbury, ON, P3E 2C6, Canada. .,Rna Diagnostics, c/o Health Sciences North Research Institute, 2nd Floor North, 56 Walford Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2H3, Canada.
| | - Laura B Pritzker
- Rna Diagnostics, 21 St. Clair Avenue East, Suite 701, Toronto, ON, M4T 1L9, Canada
| | - Baoqing Guo
- Rna Diagnostics, c/o Health Sciences North Research Institute, 2nd Floor North, 56 Walford Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2H3, Canada
| | - Rashmi Narendrula
- Rna Diagnostics, c/o Health Sciences North Research Institute, 2nd Floor North, 56 Walford Road, Sudbury, ON, P3E 2H3, Canada
| | - Shirly Xiaohui Wang
- Rna Diagnostics, 21 St. Clair Avenue East, Suite 701, Toronto, ON, M4T 1L9, Canada
| | - Lin Laura Lin
- Rna Diagnostics, 21 St. Clair Avenue East, Suite 701, Toronto, ON, M4T 1L9, Canada
| | - Jingchun Pei
- Rna Diagnostics, 21 St. Clair Avenue East, Suite 701, Toronto, ON, M4T 1L9, Canada
| | - Karolina Skowronski
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Dorothee Bienzle
- Department of Pathobiology, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - J Paul Woods
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Kenneth P H Pritzker
- Rna Diagnostics, 21 St. Clair Avenue East, Suite 701, Toronto, ON, M4T 1L9, Canada
| | - Brenda L Coomber
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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9
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Chaturvedi LS, Wang Q, More SK, Vomhof-DeKrey EE, Basson MD. Schlafen 12 mediates the effects of butyrate and repetitive mechanical deformation on intestinal epithelial differentiation in human Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells. Hum Cell 2019; 32:240-250. [PMID: 30875077 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-019-00247-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial differentiation may be stimulated by diverse pathways including luminal short-chain fatty acids and repetitive mechanical deformation engendered by villous motility and peristalsis. Schlafen 12 (SLFN12) is a cytosolic protein that stimulates sucrase-isomaltase (SI) expression. We hypothesized that two disparate differentiating stimuli, butyrate and repetitive deformation, would each stimulate SLFN12 expression in human Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells and that increased SLFN12 expression would contribute to the differentiating activity of the human Caco-2 intestinal epithelial cells. We stimulated Caco-2 cells with 1-2 mM butyrate or repetitive mechanical deformation at 10 cycles/min at an average 10% strain, and measured SLFN12 and SI expression by qRT-PCR. Sodium butyrate enhanced SLFN12 expression at both 1 mM and 2 mM although SI expression was only significantly increased at 2 mM. Repetitive deformation induced by cyclic mechanical strain also significantly increased both SLFN12 and SI gene expression. Reducing SLFN12 by siRNA decreased basal, deformation-stimulated, and butyrate-stimulated SLFN12 levels, compared to control cells treated with non-targeting siRNA, although both deformation and butyrate were still able to stimulate SLFN12 expression in siRNA-treated cells compared to control cells treated with the same siRNA. This attenuation of the increase in SLFN12 expression in response to mechanical strain or butyrate was accompanied by parallel attenuation of SI expression. Butyrate stimulated SI-promoter activity, and reducing SLFN12 by siRNA attenuated butyrate-induced SI-promoter activity. These data suggest that SLFN12 mediates at least in part the stimulation by both butyrate and repetitive mechanical deformation of sucrase-isomaltase, a late stage differentiation marker in human intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi S Chaturvedi
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 North Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA.,Currently at Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biomedical Sciences-College of Pharmacy, Departments of Basic Sciences and Surgery-College of Medicine, California Northstate University, Elk Grove, CA, 95757, USA
| | - Qinggang Wang
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 North Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Shyam K More
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 North Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Emilie E Vomhof-DeKrey
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 North Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA
| | - Marc D Basson
- Departments of Surgery, Pathology, and Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and the Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, 1301 North Columbia Road, Stop 9037, Grand Forks, ND, 58202, USA.
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10
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Koike M, Yutoku Y, Koike A. Cloning of canine Ku80 and its localization and accumulation at DNA damage sites. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:1854-1863. [PMID: 29226073 PMCID: PMC5715343 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecularly targeted therapies have high specificity and significant cancer‐killing effect. However, their antitumor effect might be greatly diminished by variation in even a single amino acid in the target site, as it occurs, for example, as a consequence of SNPs. Increasing evidence suggests that the DNA repair protein Ku80 is an attractive target molecule for the development of next‐generation radiosensitizers for human cancers. However, the localization, post‐translational modifications (PTMs), and complex formation of Ku80 have not been elucidated in canines. In this study, for the first time, we cloned, sequenced, and characterized canine Ku80 cDNA. Our data show that canine Ku80 localizes in the nuclei of interphase cells and is quickly recruited at laser‐induced double‐strand break sites. Comparative analysis shows that canine Ku80 had only 82.3% amino acid identity with the homologous human protein, while the nuclear localization signal (NLS) in human and canine Ku80 is evolutionarily conserved. Notably, some predicted PTM sites, including one acetylation site and one sumoylation site within the NLS, are conserved in the two species. These findings suggest that the spatial and temporal regulation of Ku80 might be conserved in humans and canines. However, our data indicate that the expression of Ku80 is considerably lower in the canine cell lines examined than in human cell lines. These important findings might be useful to better understand the mechanism of the Ku80‐dependent DNA repair and for the development of potential next‐generation radiosensitizers targeting common targets in human and canine cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Koike
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology Chiba Japan
| | - Yasutomo Yutoku
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology Chiba Japan
| | - Aki Koike
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology Chiba Japan
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11
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Ciavatta ML, Lefranc F, Carbone M, Mollo E, Gavagnin M, Betancourt T, Dasari R, Kornienko A, Kiss R. Marine Mollusk-Derived Agents with Antiproliferative Activity as Promising Anticancer Agents to Overcome Chemotherapy Resistance. Med Res Rev 2017; 37:702-801. [PMID: 27925266 PMCID: PMC5484305 DOI: 10.1002/med.21423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The chemical investigation of marine mollusks has led to the isolation of a wide variety of bioactive metabolites, which evolved in marine organisms as favorable adaptations to survive in different environments. Most of them are derived from food sources, but they can be also biosynthesized de novo by the mollusks themselves, or produced by symbionts. Consequently, the isolated compounds cannot be strictly considered as "chemotaxonomic markers" for the different molluscan species. However, the chemical investigation of this phylum has provided many compounds of interest as potential anticancer drugs that assume particular importance in the light of the growing literature on cancer biology and chemotherapy. The current review highlights the diversity of chemical structures, mechanisms of action, and, most importantly, the potential of mollusk-derived metabolites as anticancer agents, including those biosynthesized by mollusks and those of dietary origin. After the discussion of dolastatins and kahalalides, compounds previously studied in clinical trials, the review covers potentially promising anticancer agents, which are grouped based on their structural type and include terpenes, steroids, peptides, polyketides and nitrogen-containing compounds. The "promise" of a mollusk-derived natural product as an anticancer agent is evaluated on the basis of its ability to target biological characteristics of cancer cells responsible for poor treatment outcomes. These characteristics include high antiproliferative potency against cancer cells in vitro, preferential inhibition of the proliferation of cancer cells over normal ones, mechanism of action via nonapoptotic signaling pathways, circumvention of multidrug resistance phenotype, and high activity in vivo, among others. The review also includes sections on the targeted delivery of mollusk-derived anticancer agents and solutions to their procurement in quantity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Letizia Ciavatta
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare (ICB)Via Campi Flegrei 3480078PozzuoliItaly
| | - Florence Lefranc
- Service de Neurochirurgie, Hôpital ErasmeUniversité Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)1070BrusselsBelgium
| | - Marianna Carbone
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare (ICB)Via Campi Flegrei 3480078PozzuoliItaly
| | - Ernesto Mollo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare (ICB)Via Campi Flegrei 3480078PozzuoliItaly
| | - Margherita Gavagnin
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare (ICB)Via Campi Flegrei 3480078PozzuoliItaly
| | - Tania Betancourt
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryTexas State UniversitySan MarcosTX78666
| | - Ramesh Dasari
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryTexas State UniversitySan MarcosTX78666
| | - Alexander Kornienko
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryTexas State UniversitySan MarcosTX78666
| | - Robert Kiss
- Laboratoire de Cancérologie et de Toxicologie ExpérimentaleFaculté de Pharmacie, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)1050BrusselsBelgium
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12
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Shafiei-Roudbari SK, Malekinejad H, Janbaz-Aciabar H, Razi M. Crosstalk between E2F1 and P53 transcription factors in doxorubicin-induced DNA damage: evidence for preventive/protective effects of silymarin. J Pharm Pharmacol 2017; 69:1116-1124. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
To study the effects of silymarin in various forms of applications on the molecular mechanism(s) of doxorubicin-induced testicular toxicity in male rats.
Methods
Following DOX administration with or without SMN in male rats, sperm quality assays were conducted. Moreover, total antioxidant capacity and nitric oxide content of testis were determined. Expression profile of p53 and E2F1 was analysed by PCR technique. Ultimately, the rate of DNA fragmentation in the testes was quantitatively measured.
Key findings
P53 and E2F1 expression in DOX-received animals at mRNA level showed a revers profile of an up- and down-regulation, respectively. Administration of SMN in preventive and protective forms resulted in a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in DOX-induced sperm abnormalities, DNA fragmentation, nitric oxide concentration and a marked increase in total antioxidant power, rate of sperm motility and viability. SMN lowered the DOX-up-regulated expression of p53 at mRNA level.
Conclusions
DOX-induced testicular toxicity was characterized by lowering sperm quality values, induction of oxidative and nitrosative stress and DNA fragmentation. Preventive and protective effects of SMN on DOX-induced testicular toxicity may attribute to its antioxidant property. DOX-induced testicular damages and SMN preventive/protective effects might be mediated via up- and down-regulation of p53 and E2F1 transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hassan Malekinejad
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Hamed Janbaz-Aciabar
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mazdak Razi
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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13
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Koike M, Yutoku Y, Koike A. Cloning, localization and focus formation at DNA damage sites of canine Ku70. J Vet Med Sci 2017; 79:554-561. [PMID: 28163277 PMCID: PMC5383176 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair machinery, specifically non-homologous DNA-end joining (NHEJ), is crucial for
developing next-generation radiotherapies and common chemotherapeutics for human and animal cancers. The localization, protein-protein interactions and
post-translational modifications of core NHEJ factors, might play vital roles for regulation of NHEJ activity. The human Ku heterodimer (Ku70/Ku80) is a core
NHEJ factor in the NHEJ pathway and is involved in sensing of DSBs. Companion animals, such as canines, have been proposed to be an excellent model for cancer
research, including development of chemotherapeutics. However, the post-translational modifications, localization and complex formation of canine Ku70 have not
been clarified. Here, we show that canine Ku70 localizes in the nuclei of interphase cells and that it is recruited quickly at laser-microirradiated DSB sites.
Structurally, two DNA-PK phosphorylation sites (S6 and S51), an ubiquitination site (K114), two canonical sumoylation consensus motifs, a CDK phosphorylation
motif, and a nuclear localization signal (NLS) in the human Ku70 are evolutionarily conserved in canine and mouse species, while the acetylation sites in human
Ku70 are partially conserved. Intriguingly, the primary candidate nucleophile (K31) required for 5’dRP/AP lyase activity of human and mouse Ku70 is not
conserved in canines, suggesting that canine Ku does not possess this activity. Our findings provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of Ku-dependent NHEJ
in a canine model and form a platform for the development of next-generation common chemotherapeutics for human and animal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Koike
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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14
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Serra Varela JC, Pecceu E, Handel I, Lawrence J. Tolerability of a rapid-escalation vinblastine-prednisolone protocol in dogs with mast cell tumours. Vet Med Sci 2016; 2:266-280. [PMID: 29067202 PMCID: PMC5645846 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal chemotherapy protocols for high-risk mast cell tumours (MCTs) are unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the tolerability and toxicity profile of a rapidly escalating vinblastine and prednisolone protocol (VPP) in which 3.00 mg/m2 was administered once 7 days apart: at day 14 and at day 21. Dogs with chemotherapy-naïve MCTs presenting to the Oncology Service of a single institution were prospectively enrolled to receive escalating vinblastine, and haematology and a standardised quality-of-life questionnaire were assessed prior to each dosage. Thirty-four dogs were included: 30 with microscopic disease treated with adequate local therapy and four with macroscopic disease. Of 220 doses of vinblastine administered, 4% were associated with grade 3 and 4 toxicity. A total of 70% of dogs tolerated 3.00 mg/m2 given 7 days apart at day 14 and 21, although 29% of dogs developed dose-limiting toxicities and 8% discontinued the protocol due to toxicity. In conclusion, VPP was well-tolerated overall, although prior to further dose intensity optimisation, it is important to determine if dose intensity is linked to outcome in canine MCT to avoid unwarranted toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Serra Varela
- Small Animal Hospital of The University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesEaster Bush CampusEdinburghEH25 9REUK
| | - Evi Pecceu
- Small Animal Hospital of The University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesEaster Bush CampusEdinburghEH25 9REUK
| | - Ian Handel
- Small Animal Hospital of The University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesEaster Bush CampusEdinburghEH25 9REUK
| | - Jessica Lawrence
- Small Animal Hospital of The University of Edinburgh, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesEaster Bush CampusEdinburghEH25 9REUK
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15
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Koike M, Yutoku Y, Koike A. Cloning, localization and focus formation at DNA damage sites of canine XLF. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 79:22-28. [PMID: 27746407 PMCID: PMC5289232 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.16-0440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair processes, especially nonhomologous DNA-end joining (NHEJ), is critical for
developing next-generation radiotherapies and chemotherapeutics for human and animal cancers. The localization, protein-protein interactions and
post-translational modifications of core NHEJ factors, such as human Ku70 and Ku80, might play critical roles in controlling NHEJ activity. XRCC4-like factor
(XLF) is a core NHEJ factor and plays a key role in the Ku-dependent NHEJ repair process in human cells. Recently, companion animals, such as canines, have been
proposed to be a good model for many aspects of cancer research, including the development of chemotherapeutics. However, the localization and regulation of
core NHEJ factors in canine cells have not been elucidated. Here, we show that the localization of canine XLF changes dynamically during the cell cycle.
EYFP-canine XLF localizes in the nuclei of interphase cells and accumulates immediately at microirradiated DSB sites. The structure of a putative human XLF
nuclear localization signal (NLS) and a putative 14-3-3 binding motif are evolutionarily conserved in canine, chimpanzee and mouse XLF. However, the putative
β-TRCP-recognizable degron of human XLF is not conserved in canine and mouse. Additionally, some vital human XLF phosphorylation sites, including the ATM major
phosphorylation site (S251), are not conserved in canine XLF. Our findings might be useful for the study of the molecular mechanisms of NHEJ in canine cells and
for the development of new radiosensitizers that target XLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Koike
- National Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
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16
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Han B, Wang Y, Wang L, Shang Z, Wang S, Pei J. Preparation of GST Inhibitor Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System and Its Reversal Effect on the Multidrug Resistance in Oral Carcinoma. NANOMATERIALS 2015; 5:1571-1587. [PMID: 28347082 PMCID: PMC5304786 DOI: 10.3390/nano5041571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
During the chemotherapy of cancer, drug resistance is the first issue that chemotherapeutic drugs cannot be effectively used for the treatment of cancers repeatedly for a long term, and the main reason for this is that tumor cell detoxification is mediated by GSH (glutathione) catalyzed by GST (glutathione-S-transferase). In this study, a GST inhibitor, ethacrynic acid (ECA), was designed to be coupled with methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactide) (MPEG-PLA) by disulfide bonds to prepare methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(lactide)-disulphide bond-mthacrynic acid (MPEG-PLA-SS-ECA) as a carrier material of the nanoparticles. Nanoparticles of pingyangmycin (PYM) and carboplatin (CBP) were prepared, respectively, and their physicochemical properties were investigated. The ECA at the disulfide could be released in the presence of GSH, the pingyangmycin, carboplatin and ECA were all uniformly released, and the nanoparticles could release all the drugs completely within 10 days. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the prepared MPEG-PLA-SS-ECA/CBP and MPEG-PLA-SS-ECA/PYM nanoparticles in drug-resistant oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines SCC15/CBP and SCC15/PYM cells was 12.68 μg·mL-¹ and 12.76 μg·mL-¹, respectively; the resistant factor RF of them in the drug-resistant cells were 1.51 and 1.24, respectively, indicating that MPEG-PLA-SS-ECA nanoparticles can reverse the drug resistance of these two drug-resistant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Han
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, No.1266 Fujin Road, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Yanli Wang
- Changchun Women and Children Health Hospital, No. 962 Xinfa Road, Changchun 130061, China.
| | - Lan Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Zuhui Shang
- School of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No.103 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Shuang Wang
- China Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University, No. 126 Xiantai Street, Changchun 130033, China.
| | - Jin Pei
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, No.1266 Fujin Road, Changchun 130012, China.
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17
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Nunney L, Maley CC, Breen M, Hochberg ME, Schiffman JD. Peto's paradox and the promise of comparative oncology. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20140177. [PMID: 26056361 PMCID: PMC4581022 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The past several decades have seen a paradigm shift with the integration of evolutionary thinking into studying cancer. The evolutionary lens is most commonly employed in understanding cancer emergence, tumour growth and metastasis, but there is an increasing realization that cancer defences both between tissues within the individual and between species have been influenced by natural selection. This special issue focuses on discoveries of these deeper evolutionary phenomena in the emerging area of 'comparative oncology'. Comparing cancer dynamics in different tissues or species can lead to insights into how biology and ecology have led to differences in carcinogenesis, and the diversity, incidence and lethality of cancers. In this introduction to the special issue, we review the history of the field and outline how the contributions use empirical, comparative and theoretical approaches to address the processes and patterns associated with 'Peto's paradox', the lack of a statistical relationship of cancer incidence with body size and longevity. This burgeoning area of research can help us understand that cancer is not only a disease but is also a driving force in biological systems and species life histories. Comparative oncology will be key to understanding globally important health issues, including cancer epidemiology, prevention and improved therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Nunney
- Department of Biology, University of California Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Carlo C Maley
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA Center for Evolution and Cancer, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA Centre for Evolution and Cancer, Institute for Cancer Research, London, UK
| | - Matthew Breen
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA Center for Human Health and the Environment, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA Genetics Program, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA
| | - Michael E Hochberg
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, Université Montpellier, UMR5554 du CNRS, Montpellier 34095, France Santa Fe Institute, 1399 Hyde Park Road, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | - Joshua D Schiffman
- Primary Children's Hospital (Intermountain Healthcare) and Huntsman Cancer Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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