1
|
Battistelli C, Garbo S, Maione R. MyoD-Induced Trans-Differentiation: A Paradigm for Dissecting the Molecular Mechanisms of Cell Commitment, Differentiation and Reprogramming. Cells 2022; 11:3435. [PMID: 36359831 PMCID: PMC9654159 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of the skeletal muscle-specific transcription factor MyoD represents a milestone in the field of transcriptional regulation during differentiation and cell-fate reprogramming. MyoD was the first tissue-specific factor found capable of converting non-muscle somatic cells into skeletal muscle cells. A unique feature of MyoD, with respect to other lineage-specific factors able to drive trans-differentiation processes, is its ability to dramatically change the cell fate even when expressed alone. The present review will outline the molecular strategies by which MyoD reprograms the transcriptional regulation of the cell of origin during the myogenic conversion, focusing on the activation and coordination of a complex network of co-factors and epigenetic mechanisms. Some molecular roadblocks, found to restrain MyoD-dependent trans-differentiation, and the possible ways for overcoming these barriers, will also be discussed. Indeed, they are of critical importance not only to expand our knowledge of basic muscle biology but also to improve the generation skeletal muscle cells for translational research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rossella Maione
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim J, Tomida K, Matsumoto T, Adachi T. Spheroid culture for chondrocytes triggers early stage of endochondral ossification. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:3311-3318. [PMID: 35923099 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Endochondral ossification is the process of bone formation derived from growing cartilage during the development of the skeletal system. In previous studies, we have attempted to evoke the osteocyte differentiation of osteoblast precursor cells under a three-dimensional (3D) culture model. In order to recapitulate the endochondral ossification, the present study utilized the self-organized scaffold-free spheroid model reconstructed by pre-chondrocyte cells. Within 2-day cultivation in the absence of the chemically induced chondrogenesis supplements, the chondrocyte marker was greatly expressed in the inner region of the spheroid, whereas the hypertrophic chondrocyte marker was strongly detected in the surface region of the spheroid. Notably, we found out that the gene expression levels of osteocyte markers were also greatly up-regulated compared to the conventional 2D monolayer. Moreover, there was a hypertrophied morphologic change in the pre-chondrocyte spheroid from 4-day to 28-day cultivation. In this study, we highlighted the potentials of the 3D culture method to acquire the hypertrophic chondrocyte differentiation of the pre-chondrocyte cells to recapitulate the early stage of the endochondral ossification. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeonghyun Kim
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Kosei Tomida
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Takeo Matsumoto
- Department of Mechanical Systems Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Taiji Adachi
- Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ma X, Cao X, Zhu L, Li Y, Wang X, Wu B, Wei G, Hui L. Pre-existing chromatin accessibility of switchable repressive compartment delineates cell plasticity. Natl Sci Rev 2021; 9:nwab230. [PMID: 35795460 PMCID: PMC9249582 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwab230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell plasticity endows differentiated cells with competence to be reprogrammed to other lineages. Although extrinsic factors driving cell-identity conversion have been extensively characterized, it remains elusive which intrinsic epigenetic attributes, including high-order chromatin organization, delineate cell plasticity. By analysing the transcription-factor-induced transdifferentiation from fibroblasts to hepatocytes, we uncovered contiguous compartment-switchable regions (CSRs) as a unique chromatin unit. Specifically, compartment B-to-A CSRs, enriched with hepatic genes, possessed a mosaic status of inactive chromatin and pre-existing and continuous accessibility in fibroblasts. Pre-existing accessibility enhanced the binding of inducible factor Foxa3, which triggered epigenetic activation and chromatin interaction as well as hepatic gene expression. Notably, these changes were restrained within B-to-A CSR boundaries that were defined by CTCF occupancy. Moreover, such chromatin organization and mosaic status were detectable in different cell types and involved in multiple reprogramming processes, suggesting an intrinsic chromatin attribute in understanding cell plasticity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Xuan Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Linying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Ying Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Xuelong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Baihua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Gang Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
| | - Lijian Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai200031, China
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100101, China
- Bio-Research Innovation Center, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Suzhou215121, Jiangsu Province, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai201210, China
- School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou310024, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Generation of Induced Nephron Progenitor-like Cells from Human Urine-Derived Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413449. [PMID: 34948246 PMCID: PMC8708572 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Regenerative medicine strategies employing nephron progenitor cells (NPCs) are a viable approach that is worthy of substantial consideration as a promising cell source for kidney diseases. However, the generation of induced nephron progenitor-like cells (iNPCs) from human somatic cells remains a major challenge. Here, we describe a novel method for generating NPCs from human urine-derived cells (UCs) that can undergo long-term expansion in a serum-free condition. Results: Here, we generated iNPCs from human urine-derived cells by forced expression of the transcription factors OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, c-MYC, and SLUG, followed by exposure to a cocktail of defined small molecules. These iNPCs resembled human embryonic stem cell-derived NPCs in terms of their morphology, biological characteristics, differentiation potential, and global gene expression and underwent a long-term expansion in serum-free conditions. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that human iNPCs can be readily generated and expanded, which will facilitate their broad applicability in a rapid, efficient, and patient-specific manner, particularly holding the potential as a transplantable cell source for patients with kidney disease.
Collapse
|
5
|
Samoilova EM, Belopasov VV, Baklaushev VP. Transcription Factors of Direct Neuronal Reprogramming in Ontogenesis and Ex Vivo. Mol Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893321040087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
6
|
Specific Blood Cells Derived from Pluripotent Stem Cells: An Emerging Field with Great Potential in Clinical Cell Therapy. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:9919422. [PMID: 34434242 PMCID: PMC8380505 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9919422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Widely known for self-renewal and multilineage differentiation, stem cells can be differentiated into all specialized tissues and cells in the body. In the past few years, a number of researchers have focused on deriving hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) as alternative sources for clinic. Existing findings demonstrated that it is feasible to obtain HSCs and certain mature blood lineages from PSCs, except for several issues to be addressed. This short review outlines the technologies used for hematopoietic differentiation in recent years. In addition, the therapeutic value of PSCs as a potential source of various blood cells is also discussed as well as its challenges and directions in future clinical applications.
Collapse
|
7
|
de Leeuw VC, van Oostrom CTM, Imholz S, Piersma AH, Hessel EVS, Dollé MET. Going Back and Forth: Episomal Vector Reprogramming of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Subsequent Differentiation into Cardiomyocytes and Neuron-Astrocyte Co-cultures. Cell Reprogram 2020; 22:300-310. [PMID: 33146557 PMCID: PMC7757589 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2020.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can capture the diversity in the general human population as well as provide deeper insight in cellular mechanisms. This makes them suitable to study both fundamental and applied research subjects, such as disease modeling, gene-environment interactions, personalized medicine, and chemical toxicity. In an independent laboratory, we were able to generate iPSCs originating from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells according to a modified version of a temporal episomal vector (EV)-based induction method. The iPSCs could subsequently be differentiated into two different lineages: mesoderm-derived cardiomyocytes and ectoderm-derived neuron-astrocyte co-cultures. It was shown that the neuron-astrocyte culture developed a mature phenotype within the course of five weeks and depending on the medium composition, network formation and neuron-astrocyte cell ratios could be modified. Although previously it has been described that iPSCs generated with this EV-based induction protocol could differentiate to mesenchymal stem cells, hepatocytes, cardiomyocytes, and basic neuronal cultures, we now demonstrate differentiation into a culture containing both neurons and astrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C de Leeuw
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Conny T M van Oostrom
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Imholz
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Aldert H Piersma
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen V S Hessel
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn E T Dollé
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ruzittu S, Willnow D, Spagnoli FM. Direct Lineage Reprogramming: Harnessing Cell Plasticity between Liver and Pancreas. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:cshperspect.a035626. [PMID: 31767653 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a035626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Direct lineage reprogramming of abundant and accessible cells into therapeutically useful cell types holds tremendous potential in regenerative medicine. To date, a number of different cell types have been generated by lineage reprogramming methods, including cells from the neural, cardiac, hepatic, and pancreatic lineages. The success of this strategy relies on developmental biology and the knowledge of cell-fate-defining transcriptional networks. Hepatocytes represent a prime target for β cell conversion for numerous reasons, including close developmental origin, accessibility, and regenerative potential. We present here an overview of pancreatic and hepatic development, with a particular focus on the mechanisms underlying the divergence between the two cell lineages. Additionally, we discuss to what extent this lineage relationship can be exploited in efforts to reprogram one cell type into the other and whether such an approach may provide a suitable strategy for regenerative therapies of diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ruzittu
- Centre for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom.,Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), D-13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - David Willnow
- Centre for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca M Spagnoli
- Centre for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, King's College London, London SE1 9RT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Genova E, Cavion F, Lucafò M, Leo LD, Pelin M, Stocco G, Decorti G. Induced pluripotent stem cells for therapy personalization in pediatric patients: Focus on drug-induced adverse events. World J Stem Cells 2019; 11:1020-1044. [PMID: 31875867 PMCID: PMC6904863 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v11.i12.1020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are major clinical problems, particularly in special populations such as pediatric patients. Indeed, ADRs may be caused by a plethora of different drugs leading, in some cases, to hospitalization, disability or even death. In addition, pediatric patients may respond differently to drugs with respect to adults and may be prone to developing different kinds of ADRs, leading, in some cases, to more severe consequences. To improve the comprehension, and thus the prevention, of ADRs, the set-up of sensitive and personalized assays is urgently needed. Important progress is represented by the possibility of setting up groundbreaking patient-specific assays. This goal has been powerfully achieved using induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Due to their genetic and physiological species-specific differences and their ability to be differentiated ideally into all tissues of the human body, this model may be accurate in predicting drug toxicity, especially when this toxicity is related to individual genetic differences. This review is an up-to-date summary of the employment of iPSCs as a model to study ADRs, with particular attention to drugs used in the pediatric field. We especially focused on the intestinal, hepatic, pancreatic, renal, cardiac, and neuronal levels, also discussing progress in organoids creation. The latter are three-dimensional in vitro culture systems derived from pluripotent or adult stem cells simulating the architecture and functionality of native organs such as the intestine, liver, pancreas, kidney, heart, and brain. Based on the existing knowledge, these models are powerful and promising tools in multiple clinical applications including toxicity screening, disease modeling, personalized and regenerative medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Genova
- PhD School in Reproduction and Development Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Federica Cavion
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Marianna Lucafò
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste 34137, Italy
| | - Luigina De Leo
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste 34137, Italy
| | - Marco Pelin
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Gabriele Stocco
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy.
| | - Giuliana Decorti
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health, IRCCS Burlo Garofolo, Trieste 34137, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen S, Zhang J, Zhang D, Jiao J. Acquisition of functional neurons by direct conversion: Switching the developmental clock directly. J Genet Genomics 2019; 46:459-465. [PMID: 31771824 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Identifying approaches for treating neurodegeneration is a thorny task but is important for a growing number of patients. Researchers have focused on discovering the underlying molecular mechanisms of reprogramming and optimizing the technologies for acquiring neurons. Direct conversion is one of the most important processes for treating neurological disorders. Induced neurons derived from direct conversion, which bypass the pluripotency stage, are more effective, more quickly obtained, and are safer than those produced via induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Based on iPSC strategies, scientists have derived methods to obtain functional neurons by direct conversion, such as neuron-related transcriptional factors, small molecules, microRNAs, and epigenetic modifiers. In this review, we discuss the present strategies for direct conversion of somatic cells into functional neurons and the potentials of direct conversion for producing functional neurons and treating neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangquan Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Dongming Zhang
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jianwei Jiao
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China; Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Li H, Jiang H, Yin X, Bard JE, Zhang B, Feng J. Attenuation of PRRX2 and HEY2 enables efficient conversion of adult human skin fibroblasts to neurons. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 516:765-769. [PMID: 31255287 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The direct conversion of accessible cells such as human fibroblasts to inaccessible cells, particularly neurons, opens up many opportunities for using the human model system to study diseases and discover therapies. Previous studies have indicated that the neuronal conversion of adult human skin fibroblasts is much harder than that for human lung fibroblasts, which are used in many experiments. Here we formally report this differential plasticity of human skin versus lung fibroblasts in their transdifferentiation to induced neurons. Using RNAseq of isogenic and non-isogenic pairs of human skin and lung fibroblasts at different days in their conversion to neurons, we found that several master regulators (TWIST1, TWIST2, PRRX1 and PRRX2) in the fibroblast Gene Regulatory Network were significantly downregulated in lung fibroblasts, but not in skin fibroblasts. By knocking down each of these genes and other genes that suppress the neural fate, such as REST, HES1 and HEY2, we found that the combined attenuation of HEY2 and PRRX2 significantly enhanced the transdifferentiation of human skin fibroblasts induced by ASCL1 and p53 shRNA. The new method, which overexpressed ASCL1 and knocked down p53, HEY2 and PRRX2 (ApH2P2), enabled the efficient transdifferentiation of adult human skin fibroblasts to MAP2+ neurons in 14 days. It would be useful for a variety of applications that require the efficient and speedy derivation of patient-specific neurons from skin fibroblasts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanqin Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA; Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, 14215, USA
| | - Houbo Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA; Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, 14215, USA
| | - Xinzhen Yin
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA; Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jonathan E Bard
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA
| | - Baorong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Feng
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14203, USA; Veterans Affairs Western New York Healthcare System, Buffalo, NY, 14215, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Robinson M, Fraser I, McKee E, Scheck K, Chang L, Willerth SM. Transdifferentiating Astrocytes Into Neurons Using ASCL1 Functionalized With a Novel Intracellular Protein Delivery Technology. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:173. [PMID: 30525033 PMCID: PMC6258721 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular transdifferentiation changes mature cells from one phenotype into another by altering their gene expression patterns. Manipulating expression of transcription factors, proteins that bind to DNA promoter regions, regulates the levels of key developmental genes. Viral delivery of transcription factors can efficiently reprogram somatic cells, but this method possesses undesirable side effects, including mutations leading to oncogenesis. Using protein transduction domains (PTDs) fused to transcription factors to deliver exogenous transcription factors serves as an alternative strategy that avoids the issues associated with DNA integration into the host genome. However, lysosomal degradation and inefficient nuclear localization pose significant barriers when performing PTD-mediated reprogramming. Here, we investigate a novel PTD by placing a secretion signal sequence next to a cleavage inhibition sequence at the end of the target transcription factor–achaete scute homolog 1 (ASCL1), a powerful regulator of neurogenesis, resulting in superior stability and nuclear localization. A fusion protein consisting of the amino acid sequence of ASCL1 transcription factor with this novel PTD added can transdifferentiate cerebral cortex astrocytes into neurons. Additionally, we show that the synergistic action of certain small molecules improves the efficiency of the transdifferentiation process. This study serves as the first step toward developing a clinically relevant in vivo transdifferentiation strategy for converting astrocytes into neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Robinson
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Ian Fraser
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Emily McKee
- Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Kali Scheck
- Biology Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Lillian Chang
- Biochemistry Program, Bates College, Lewiston, ME, United States
| | - Stephanie M Willerth
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Biomedical Engineering Program, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,Center for Biomedical Research, Faculty of Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.,International Collaboration for Repair Discovery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Directed Evolution of Reprogramming Factors by Cell Selection and Sequencing. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:593-606. [PMID: 30078555 PMCID: PMC6092915 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Directed biomolecular evolution is widely used to tailor and enhance enzymes, fluorescent proteins, and antibodies but has hitherto not been applied in the reprogramming of mammalian cells. Here, we describe a method termed directed evolution of reprogramming factors by cell selection and sequencing (DERBY-seq) to identify artificially enhanced and evolved reprogramming transcription factors. DERBY-seq entails pooled screens with libraries of positionally randomised genes, cell selection based on phenotypic readouts, and genotyping by amplicon sequencing for candidate identification. We benchmark this approach using pluripotency reprogramming with libraries based on the reprogramming factor SOX2 and the reprogramming incompetent endodermal factor SOX17. We identified several SOX2 variants outperforming the wild-type protein in three- and four-factor cocktails. The most effective variants were discovered from the SOX17 library, demonstrating that this factor can be converted into a highly potent inducer of pluripotency with a range of diverse modifications. We propose DERBY-seq as a broad-based approach to discover reprogramming factors for any donor/target cell combination applicable to direct lineage reprogramming in vitro and in vivo.
Collapse
|
14
|
Transdifferentiation of human adult peripheral blood T cells into neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:6470-6475. [PMID: 29866841 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1720273115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cell models for disease based on induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have proven to be powerful new assets for investigating disease mechanisms. New insights have been obtained studying single mutations using isogenic controls generated by gene targeting. Modeling complex, multigenetic traits using patient-derived iPS cells is much more challenging due to line-to-line variability and technical limitations of scaling to dozens or more patients. Induced neuronal (iN) cells reprogrammed directly from dermal fibroblasts or urinary epithelia could be obtained from many donors, but such donor cells are heterogeneous, show interindividual variability, and must be extensively expanded, which can introduce random mutations. Moreover, derivation of dermal fibroblasts requires invasive biopsies. Here we show that human adult peripheral blood mononuclear cells, as well as defined purified T lymphocytes, can be directly converted into fully functional iN cells, demonstrating that terminally differentiated human cells can be efficiently transdifferentiated into a distantly related lineage. T cell-derived iN cells, generated by nonintegrating gene delivery, showed stereotypical neuronal morphologies and expressed multiple pan-neuronal markers, fired action potentials, and were able to form functional synapses. These cells were stable in the absence of exogenous reprogramming factors. Small molecule addition and optimized culture systems have yielded conversion efficiencies of up to 6.2%, resulting in the generation of >50,000 iN cells from 1 mL of peripheral blood in a single step without the need for initial expansion. Thus, our method allows the generation of sufficient neurons for experimental interrogation from a defined, homogeneous, and readily accessible donor cell population.
Collapse
|
15
|
Sonntag KC, Song B, Lee N, Jung JH, Cha Y, Leblanc P, Neff C, Kong SW, Carter BS, Schweitzer J, Kim KS. Pluripotent stem cell-based therapy for Parkinson's disease: Current status and future prospects. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 168:1-20. [PMID: 29653250 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders, which affects about 0.3% of the general population. As the population in the developed world ages, this creates an escalating burden on society both in economic terms and in quality of life for these patients and for the families that support them. Although currently available pharmacological or surgical treatments may significantly improve the quality of life of many patients with PD, these are symptomatic treatments that do not slow or stop the progressive course of the disease. Because motor impairments in PD largely result from loss of midbrain dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, PD has long been considered to be one of the most promising target diseases for cell-based therapy. Indeed, numerous clinical and preclinical studies using fetal cell transplantation have provided proof of concept that cell replacement therapy may be a viable therapeutic approach for PD. However, the use of human fetal cells as a standardized therapeutic regimen has been fraught with fundamental ethical, practical, and clinical issues, prompting scientists to explore alternative cell sources. Based on groundbreaking establishments of human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, these human pluripotent stem cells have been the subject of extensive research, leading to tremendous advancement in our understanding of these novel classes of stem cells and promising great potential for regenerative medicine. In this review, we discuss the prospects and challenges of human pluripotent stem cell-based cell therapy for PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-C Sonntag
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States; Laboratory for Translational Research on Neurodegeneration, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, United States; Program for Neuropsychiatric Research, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, United States
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States; Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Program in Neuroscience and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, United States
| | - Nayeon Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States; Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Program in Neuroscience and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, United States
| | - Jin Hyuk Jung
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States; Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Program in Neuroscience and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, United States
| | - Young Cha
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States; Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Program in Neuroscience and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, United States
| | - Pierre Leblanc
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States; Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Program in Neuroscience and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, United States
| | - Carolyn Neff
- Kaiser Permanente Medical Group, Irvine, CA, 92618, United States
| | - Sek Won Kong
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, United States; Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, United States
| | - Bob S Carter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, United States
| | - Jeffrey Schweitzer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, United States.
| | - Kwang-Soo Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, United States; Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Program in Neuroscience and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA, 02478, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen JH, Goh KJ, Rocha N, Groeneveld MP, Minic M, Barrett TG, Savage D, Semple RK. Evaluation of human dermal fibroblasts directly reprogrammed to adipocyte-like cells as a metabolic disease model. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:1411-1420. [PMID: 28982679 PMCID: PMC5769609 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.030981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is the primary tissue affected in most single gene forms of severe insulin resistance, and growing evidence has implicated it as a site at which many risk alleles for insulin resistance identified in population-wide studies might exert their effect. There is thus increasing need for human adipocyte models in which to interrogate the function of known and emerging genetic risk variants. However, primary adipocyte cultures, existing immortalised cell lines and stem-cell based models all have significant biological or practical limitations. In an attempt to widen the repertoire of human cell models in which to study adipocyte-autonomous effects of relevant human genetic variants, we have undertaken direct reprogramming of skin fibroblasts to adipocyte-like cells by employing an inducible recombinant lentivirus overexpressing the master adipogenic transcription factor PPARγ2. Doxycycline-driven expression of PPARγ2 and adipogenic culture conditions converted dermal fibroblasts into triglyceride-laden cells within days. The resulting cells recapitulated most of the crucial aspects of adipocyte biology in vivo, including the expression of mature adipocyte markers, secreted high levels of the adipokine adiponectin, and underwent lipolysis when treated with isoproterenol/3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX). They did not, however, exhibit insulin-inducible glucose uptake, and withdrawal of doxycycline produced rapid delipidation and loss of adipogenic markers. This protocol was applied successfully to a panel of skin cells from individuals with monogenic severe insulin resistance; however, surprisingly, even cell lines harbouring mutations causing severe, generalised lipodystrophy accumulated large lipid droplets and induced adipocyte-specific genes. The direct reprogramming protocol of human dermal fibroblasts to adipocyte-like cells we established is simple, fast and efficient, and has the potential to generate cells which can serve as a tool to address some, though not all, aspects of adipocyte function in the presence of endogenous disease-causing mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Hua Chen
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Kim Jee Goh
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Nuno Rocha
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Matthijs P Groeneveld
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Marina Minic
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Timothy G Barrett
- The Medical School, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - David Savage
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Robert K Semple
- The University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- The National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li H, Chen G. In Vivo Reprogramming for CNS Repair: Regenerating Neurons from Endogenous Glial Cells. Neuron 2017; 91:728-738. [PMID: 27537482 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neuroregeneration in the CNS has proven to be difficult despite decades of research. The old dogma that CNS neurons cannot be regenerated in the adult mammalian brain has been overturned; however, endogenous adult neurogenesis appears to be insufficient for brain repair. Stem cell therapy once held promise for generating large quantities of neurons in the CNS, but immunorejection and long-term functional integration remain major hurdles. In this Perspective, we discuss the use of in vivo reprogramming as an emerging technology to regenerate functional neurons from endogenous glial cells inside the brain and spinal cord. Besides the CNS, in vivo reprogramming has been demonstrated successfully in the pancreas, heart, and liver and may be adopted in other organs. Although challenges remain for translating this technology into clinical therapies, we anticipate that in vivo reprogramming may revolutionize regenerative medicine by using a patient's own internal cells for tissue repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hedong Li
- Department of Biology, Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Gong Chen
- Department of Biology, Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wegscheid ML, Anastasaki C, Gutmann DH. Human stem cell modeling in neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Exp Neurol 2017; 299:270-280. [PMID: 28392281 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The future of precision medicine is heavily reliant on the use of human tissues to identify the key determinants that account for differences between individuals with the same disorder. This need is exemplified by the neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) neurogenetic condition. As such, individuals with NF1 are born with a germline mutation in the NF1 gene, but may develop numerous distinct neurological problems, ranging from autism and attention deficit to brain and peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Coupled with accurate preclinical mouse models, the availability of NF1 patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provides new opportunities to define the critical factors that underlie NF1-associated nervous system disease pathogenesis and progression. In this review, we discuss the generation and potential applications of iPSC technology to the study of NF1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Wegscheid
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - Corina Anastasaki
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States
| | - David H Gutmann
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Luginbühl J, Sivaraman DM, Shin JW. The essentiality of non-coding RNAs in cell reprogramming. Noncoding RNA Res 2017; 2:74-82. [PMID: 30159423 PMCID: PMC6096403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In mammals, short (mi-) and long non-coding (lnc) RNAs are immensely abundant and they are proving to be more functional than ever before. Particularly in cell reprogramming, non-coding RNAs are essential to establish the pluripotent network and are indispensable to reprogram somatic cells to pluripotency. Through systematic screening and mechanistic studies, diverse functional features of both miRNA and lncRNAs have emerged as either scaffolds, inhibitors, or co-activators, necessary to orchestrate the intricacy of gene regulation. Furthermore, the collective characterizations of both miRNA and lncRNA reveal their interdependency (e.g. sequestering the function of the other) to modulate cell reprogramming. This review broadly explores the regulatory processes of cell reprogramming - with key functional examples in neuronal and cardiac differentiations - in the context of both short and long non-coding RNAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jay W. Shin
- RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Division of Genomic Technologies, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Winterhager E. Direct conversion of fibroblasts traces the way back to our first organ-the placenta. Stem Cell Investig 2016; 3:45. [PMID: 27777934 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2016.08.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elke Winterhager
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Imaging Center Essen, University Hospital Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Kareta MS. Bioinformatic and Genomic Analyses of Cellular Reprogramming and Direct Lineage Conversion. CURRENT PHARMACOLOGY REPORTS 2016; 2:103-112. [PMID: 35663262 PMCID: PMC9165525 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-016-0054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cellular reprogramming, whereby cell fate can be changed by the expression of a few defined factors, is a remarkable process that harnesses the innate ability of a cell's own genome to rework its expressional networks and function. Since cell lineages are defined by global regulation of gene expression, transcriptional regulators, and coupled to the epigenetic markings of the chromatin, changing the cell fate necessitates broad changes to these central cellular features. To properly characterize these changes, and the mechanisms that drive them, computational and genomic approaches are perfectly suited to provide a holistic picture of the reprogramming mechanisms. In particular, the use of bioinformatic analysis has been a major driver in the study of cellular reprogramming, both as it relates to induced pluripotency or direct lineage conversion. This review will summarize many of the bioinformatic studies that have advanced our knowledge of reprogramming and address future directions for these investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Kareta
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| |
Collapse
|