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Hao Y, Yang Y, Tu H, Guo Z, Chen P, Chao X, Yuan Y, Wang Z, Miao X, Zou S, Li D, Yang Y, Wu C, Li B, Li L, Cai H. A transcription factor complex in Dictyostelium enables adaptive changes in macropinocytosis during the growth-to-development transition. Dev Cell 2024; 59:645-660.e8. [PMID: 38325371 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2024.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Macropinocytosis, an evolutionarily conserved endocytic pathway, mediates nonselective bulk uptake of extracellular fluid. It is the primary route for axenic Dictyostelium cells to obtain nutrients and has also emerged as a nutrient-scavenging pathway for mammalian cells. How cells adjust macropinocytic activity in various physiological or developmental contexts remains to be elucidated. We discovered that, in Dictyostelium cells, the transcription factors Hbx5 and MybG form a functional complex in the nucleus to maintain macropinocytic activity during the growth stage. In contrast, during starvation-induced multicellular development, the transcription factor complex undergoes nucleocytoplasmic shuttling in response to oscillatory cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) signals, which leads to increased cytoplasmic retention of the complex and progressive downregulation of macropinocytosis. Therefore, by coupling macropinocytosis-related gene expression to the cAMP oscillation system, which facilitates long-range cell-cell communication, the dynamic translocation of the Hbx5-MybG complex orchestrates a population-level adjustment of macropinocytic activity to adapt to changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Hao
- Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules (CAS), National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yihong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules (CAS), National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hui Tu
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhonglong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Pengcheng Chen
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoting Chao
- Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules (CAS), National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules (CAS), National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhimeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules (CAS), National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xilin Miao
- Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules (CAS), National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Songlin Zou
- Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules (CAS), National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dong Li
- Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules (CAS), National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yanzhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Congying Wu
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Huaqing Cai
- Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules (CAS), National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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2
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Zhang H, Song J, Ward R, Han Y, Hunt A, Shriwas P, Steed A, Edwards C, Cao Y, Co M, Chen X. Diverse temporal and spatial mechanisms work, partially through Stanniocalcin-1, V-ATPase and senescence, to activate the extracellular ATP-mediated drug resistance in human cancer cells. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1276092. [PMID: 38380370 PMCID: PMC10876858 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1276092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Resistance to drug therapies is associated with a large majority of cancer-related deaths. ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter-mediated drug efflux, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), cancer stem cells (CSCs), glutathione (GSH), senescence, and vacuole-type ATPase (V-ATPase) all contribute to the resistance. We recently showed that extracellular ATP (eATP) induces and regulates EMT, CSC formation, and ABC transporters in human cancer cells and tumors. eATP also consistently upregulates Stanniocalcin-1 (STC1), a gene that significantly contributes to EMT, CSC formation, and tumor growth. We also found that eATP enhances drug resistance in cancer cells through eATP internalization mediated by macropinocytosis, leading to an elevation of intracellular ATP (iATP) levels, induction of EMT, and CSC formation. However, these factors have never been systematically investigated in the context of eATP-induced drug resistance. Methods In this study, we hypothesized that eATP increases drug resistance via inducing ABC efflux, EMT, CSCs, STC1, and their accompanied processes such as GSH reducing activity, senescence, and V-ATPase. RNA sequencing, metabolomics, gene knockdown and knockout, and functional assays were performed to investigate these pathways and processes. Results and discussion Our study results showed that, in multiple human cancer lines, eATP induced genes involved in drug resistance, elevated ABC transporters' efflux activity of anticancer drugs; generated transcriptomic and metabolic profiles representing a drug resistant state; upregulated activities of GSH, senescence, and V-ATPase to promote drug resistance. Collectively, these newly found players shed light on the mechanisms of eATP-induced as well as STC1- and V-ATPase-mediated drug resistance and offer potential novel targets for combating drug resistance in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Zhang
- Department of Biological Science, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- The Program of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Jingwen Song
- Department of Biological Science, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- The Program of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Ryan Ward
- The Honor Tutorial College, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Yong Han
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Arabella Hunt
- The Honor Tutorial College, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Pratik Shriwas
- Department of Biological Science, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- The Program of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Alexander Steed
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Cory Edwards
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Yanyang Cao
- Department of Biological Science, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- The Program of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Milo Co
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Xiaozhuo Chen
- Department of Biological Science, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- The Program of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Biomedical Science, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
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3
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Cheng JC, Miller AL, Webb SE. Actin-mediated endocytosis in the E-YSL helps drive epiboly in zebrafish. ZYGOTE 2023; 31:517-526. [PMID: 37533161 DOI: 10.1017/s0967199423000357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
In zebrafish, a punctate band of F-actin is reported to develop in the external yolk syncytial layer (E-YSL) during the latter part of epiboly in zebrafish embryos. Here, electron microscopy (EM) and fluorescence confocal microscopy were conducted to investigate dynamic changes in the E-YSL membrane during epiboly. Using scanning EM, we report that the surface of the E-YSL is highly convoluted, consisting of a complex interwoven network of branching membrane surface microvilli-like protrusions. The region of membrane surface protrusions was relatively wide at 30% epiboly but narrowed as epiboly progressed. This narrowing was coincident with the formation of the punctate actin band. We also demonstrated using immunogold transmission EM that actin clusters were localized at the membrane surface mainly within the protrusions as well as in deeper locations of the E-YSL. Furthermore, during the latter part of epiboly, the punctate actin band was coincident with a region of highly dynamic endocytosis. Treatment with cytochalasin B led to the disruption of the punctate actin band and the membrane surface protrusions, as well as the attenuation of endocytosis. Together, our data suggest that, in the E-YSL, the region encompassing the membrane surface protrusions and its associated punctate actin band are likely to be an integral part of the localized endocytosis, which is important for the progression of epiboly in zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie C Cheng
- The Division of Life Science and Key State Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, HKUST, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Andrew L Miller
- The Division of Life Science and Key State Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, HKUST, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sarah E Webb
- The Division of Life Science and Key State Laboratory for Molecular Neuroscience, HKUST, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
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4
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Lutton JE, Coker HLE, Paschke P, Munn CJ, King JS, Bretschneider T, Kay RR. Formation and closure of macropinocytic cups in Dictyostelium. Curr Biol 2023; 33:3083-3096.e6. [PMID: 37379843 PMCID: PMC7614961 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Macropinocytosis is a conserved endocytic process by which cells engulf droplets of medium into micron-sized vesicles. We use light-sheet microscopy to define an underlying set of principles by which macropinocytic cups are shaped and closed in Dictyostelium amoebae. Cups form around domains of PIP3 stretching almost to their lip and are supported by a specialized F-actin scaffold from lip to base. They are shaped by a ring of actin polymerization created by recruiting Scar/WAVE and Arp2/3 around PIP3 domains, but how cups evolve over time to close and form a vesicle is unknown. Custom 3D analysis shows that PIP3 domains expand from small origins, capturing new membrane into the cup, and crucially, that cups close when domain expansion stalls. We show that cups can close in two ways: either at the lip, by inwardly directed actin polymerization, or the base, by stretching and delamination of the membrane. This provides the basis for a conceptual mechanism whereby closure is brought about by a combination of stalled cup expansion, continued actin polymerization at the lip, and membrane tension. We test this through the use of a biophysical model, which can recapitulate both forms of cup closure and explain how 3D cup structures evolve over time to mediate engulfment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith E Lutton
- Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Helena L E Coker
- CAMDU, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Peggy Paschke
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | | | - Jason S King
- School of Biosciences, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
| | - Till Bretschneider
- Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Robert R Kay
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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5
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Trzeciak AJ, Rojas WS, Liu ZL, Krebs AS, Wang Z, Saavedra PHV, Miranda IC, Lipshutz A, Xie J, Huang CL, Overholtzer M, Glickman MS, Parkhurst CN, Vierbuchen T, Lucas CD, Perry JSA. WNK1 enforces macrophage lineage fidelity. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.26.538482. [PMID: 37383948 PMCID: PMC10299535 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.26.538482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
The appropriate development of macrophages, the body's professional phagocyte, is essential for organismal development, especially in mammals. This dependence is exemplified by the observation that loss-of-function mutations in colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) results in multiple tissue abnormalities owing to an absence of macrophages. Despite this importance, little is known about the molecular and cell biological regulation of macrophage development. Here, we report the surprising finding that the chloride-sensing kinase With-no-lysine 1 (WNK1) is required for development of tissue-resident macrophages (TRMs). Myeloid-specific deletion of Wnk1 resulted in a dramatic loss of TRMs, disrupted organ development, systemic neutrophilia, and mortality between 3 and 4 weeks of age. Strikingly, we found that myeloid progenitors or precursors lacking WNK1 not only failed to differentiate into macrophages, but instead differentiated into neutrophils. Mechanistically, the cognate CSF1R cytokine macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) stimulates macropinocytosis by both mouse and human myeloid progenitors and precursor cells. Macropinocytosis, in turn, induces chloride flux and WNK1 phosphorylation. Importantly, blocking macropinocytosis, perturbing chloride flux during macropinocytosis, and inhibiting WNK1 chloride-sensing activity each skewed myeloid progenitor differentiation from macrophages into neutrophils. Thus, we have elucidated a role for WNK1 during macropinocytosis and discovered a novel function of macropinocytosis in myeloid progenitors and precursor cells to ensure macrophage lineage fidelity. Highlights Myeloid-specific WNK1 loss causes failed macrophage development and premature deathM-CSF-stimulated myeloid progenitors and precursors become neutrophils instead of macrophagesM-CSF induces macropinocytosis by myeloid progenitors, which depends on WNK1Macropinocytosis enforces macrophage lineage commitment.
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6
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Campellone KG, Lebek NM, King VL. Branching out in different directions: Emerging cellular functions for the Arp2/3 complex and WASP-family actin nucleation factors. Eur J Cell Biol 2023; 102:151301. [PMID: 36907023 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2023.151301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeleton impacts practically every function of a eukaryotic cell. Historically, the best-characterized cytoskeletal activities are in cell morphogenesis, motility, and division. The structural and dynamic properties of the actin cytoskeleton are also crucial for establishing, maintaining, and changing the organization of membrane-bound organelles and other intracellular structures. Such activities are important in nearly all animal cells and tissues, although distinct anatomical regions and physiological systems rely on different regulatory factors. Recent work indicates that the Arp2/3 complex, a broadly expressed actin nucleator, drives actin assembly during several intracellular stress response pathways. These newly described Arp2/3-mediated cytoskeletal rearrangements are coordinated by members of the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein (WASP) family of actin nucleation-promoting factors. Thus, the Arp2/3 complex and WASP-family proteins are emerging as crucial players in cytoplasmic and nuclear activities including autophagy, apoptosis, chromatin dynamics, and DNA repair. Characterizations of the functions of the actin assembly machinery in such stress response mechanisms are advancing our understanding of both normal and pathogenic processes, and hold great promise for providing insights into organismal development and interventions for disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth G Campellone
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics; University of Connecticut; Storrs, CT, USA.
| | - Nadine M Lebek
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics; University of Connecticut; Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Virginia L King
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics; University of Connecticut; Storrs, CT, USA
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7
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A pore-forming protein drives macropinocytosis to facilitate toad water maintaining. Commun Biol 2022; 5:730. [PMID: 35869260 PMCID: PMC9307623 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03686-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining water balance is a real challenge for amphibians in terrestrial environments. Our previous studies with toad Bombina maxima discovered a pore-forming protein and trefoil factor complex βγ-CAT, which is assembled under tight regulation depending on environmental cues. Here we report an unexpected role for βγ-CAT in toad water maintaining. Deletion of toad skin secretions, in which βγ-CAT is a major component, increased animal mortality under hypertonic stress. βγ-CAT was constitutively expressed in toad osmoregulatory organs, which was inducible under the variation of osmotic conditions. The protein induced and participated in macropinocytosis in vivo and in vitro. During extracellular hyperosmosis, βγ-CAT stimulated macropinocytosis to facilitate water import and enhanced exosomes release, which simultaneously regulated aquaporins distribution. Collectively, these findings uncovered that besides membrane integrated aquaporin, a secretory pore-forming protein can facilitate toad water maintaining via macropinocytosis induction and exocytosis modulation, especially in responses to osmotic stress. In addition to membrane-integrated aquaporins, a novel secretory pore-forming protein, βγ-CAT, can facilitate toad water maintaining via macropinocytosis induction and exocytosis modulation, especially in responses to osmotic stress.
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8
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Cancer Stem Cell Formation Induced and Regulated by Extracellular ATP and Stanniocalcin-1 in Human Lung Cancer Cells and Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314770. [PMID: 36499099 PMCID: PMC9740946 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are closely associated with metastasis and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). We previously reported that extracellular ATP (eATP) induces and regulates EMT in cancer cells. We recently found that the gene stanniocalcin 1 (STC1) is significantly upregulated by eATP in human non-small lung cancer (NSCLC) A549 cells; however, the relationships among eATP, CSCs, and STC1 were largely unknown. In this study, we performed gene knockdown and knockout, and a wide variety of functional assays to determine if and how eATP and STC1 induce CSCs in NSCLC A549 and H1299 cells. Our data show that, in both cultured cells and tumors, eATP increased the number of CSCs in the cancer cell population and upregulated CSC-related genes and protein markers. STC1 deletion led to drastically slower cell and tumor growth, reduced intracellular ATP levels and CSC markers, and metabolically shifted STC1-deficient cells from an energetic state to a quiescent state. These findings indicate that eATP induces and regulates CSCs at transcriptional, translational, and metabolic levels, and these activities are mediated through STC1 via mitochondria-associated ATP synthesis. These novel findings offer insights into eATP-induced CSCs and identify new targets for inhibiting CSCs.
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9
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Shi ZH, Zhao Z, Liu LZ, Bian XL, Zhang Y. Pore-forming protein βγ-CAT promptly responses to fasting with capacity to deliver macromolecular nutrients. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22533. [PMID: 36065711 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200528r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
During animal fasting, the nutrient supply and metabolism switch from carbohydrates to a new reliance on the catabolism of energy-dense lipid stores. Assembled under tight regulation, βγ-CAT (a complex of non-lens βγ-crystallin and trefoil factor) is a pore-forming protein and trefoil factor complex identified in toad Bombina maxima. Here, we determined that this protein complex is a constitutive component in toad blood, that actively responds to the animal fasting. The protein complex was able to promote cellular albumin and albumin-bound fatty acid (FA) uptake in a variety of epithelial and endothelial cells, and the effects were attenuated by a macropinocytosis inhibitor. Endothelial cell-derived exosomes containing largely enriched albumin and FAs, called nutrisomes, were released in the presence of βγ-CAT. These specific nutrient vesicles were readily taken up by starved myoblast cells to support their survival. The results uncovered that pore-forming protein βγ-CAT is a fasting responsive element able to drive cell vesicular import and export of macromolecular nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Hong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Zhong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ling-Zhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Xian-Ling Bian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,School of Life Science, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences/Engineering Laboratory of Peptides of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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10
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Griffiths G, Gruenberg J, Marsh M, Wohlmann J, Jones AT, Parton RG. Nanoparticle entry into cells; the cell biology weak link. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 188:114403. [PMID: 35777667 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NP) are attractive options for the therapeutic delivery of active pharmaceutical drugs, proteins and nucleic acids into cells, tissues and organs. Research into the development and application of NP most often starts with a diverse group of scientists, including chemists, bioengineers and material and pharmaceutical scientists, who design, fabricate and characterize NP in vitro (Stage 1). The next step (Stage 2) generally investigates cell toxicity as well as the processes by which NP bind, are internalized and deliver their cargo to appropriate model tissue culture cells. Subsequently, in Stage 3, selected NP are tested in animal systems, mostly mouse. Whereas the chemistry-based development and analysis in Stage 1 is increasingly sophisticated, the investigations in Stage 2 are not what could be regarded as 'state-of-the-art' for the cell biology field and the quality of research into NP interactions with cells is often sub-standard. In this review we describe our current understanding of the mechanisms by which particles gain entry into mammalian cells via endocytosis. We summarize the most important areas for concern, highlight some of the most common mis-conceptions, and identify areas where NP scientists could engage with trained cell biologists. Our survey of the different mechanisms of uptake into cells makes us suspect that claims for roles for caveolae, as well as macropinocytosis, in NP uptake into cells have been exaggerated, whereas phagocytosis has been under-appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Griffiths
- Department Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, PO Box 1041, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jean Gruenberg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Geneva, 30 quai E. Ansermet, 1211-Geneva-4, Switzerland
| | - Mark Marsh
- Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jens Wohlmann
- Department Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernveien 31, PO Box 1041, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Arwyn T Jones
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, Cardiff, Wales CF103NB, UK
| | - Robert G Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, The University of Queensland, Qld 4072, Australia
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11
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Evers M, Song J, Shriwas P, Greenbaum HS, Chen X. From Transcriptomics, Metabolomics to Functional Studies: Extracellular ATP Induces TGF-β-Like Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition in Lung Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2022; 12:912065. [PMID: 35847855 PMCID: PMC9282887 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.912065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We and others previously showed that extracellular ATP (eATP) is implicated in epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). However, the mechanisms by which eATP induces EMT and ATP’s relationship to TGF-β, a well-known EMT inducer, are largely unclear. Also, eATP-induced EMT has never been studied at transcriptomic and metabolomics levels. Based on our previous studies, we hypothesized that eATP acts as a specific inducer and regulator of EMT at all levels in cancer cells. RNAseq and metabolomics analyses were performed on human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) A549 cells treated with either eATP or TGF-β. Bio-functional assays, such as invasion, intracellular ATP, cell proliferation, cytoskeleton remodeling, and others were conducted in NSCLC A549 and H1299 cells to validate changes observed from RNAseq and metabolomics studies. In the RNAseq study, eATP significantly enriched expressions of genes involved in EMT similarly to TGF-β after 2 and 6 hours of treatment. Samples treated with eATP for 2 hours share 131 upregulated EMT genes with those of TGF-β treated samples, and 42 genes at 6 hours treatment. Eleven genes, with known or unknown functions in EMT, are significantly upregulated by both inducers at both time points, have been identified. BLOC1S6, one of the 11 genes, was selected for further study. eATP induced numerous EMT-related changes in metabolic pathways, including cytoskeleton rearrangement, glycolysis, glutaminolysis, ROS, and individual metabolic changes similar to those induced by TGF-β. Functional bioassays verified the findings from RNAseq and metabolomics that eATP EMT-like changes in A549 and H1299 cells similarly to TGF-β. BLOC1S6 was found to be implicated in EMT. In these studies, eATP-induced EMT, at all levels examined, is similar but non-identical to that induced by TGF-β, and functions in such a way that exogenous addition of TGF-β is unnecessary for the induction. The study of BLOC1S6 further verified its potential roles in EMT and the RNAseq analysis results. All these strongly indicate that eATP is a multi-functional and multi-locational inducer and regulator of EMT, changing our thinking on how EMT is induced and regulated and pointing to new directions for inhibiting EMT in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Evers
- Honors Tutorial College, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Jingwen Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- The Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Pratik Shriwas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Harrison S. Greenbaum
- The Ben May Department for Cancer Research, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Xiaozhuo Chen
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- The Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- The Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, The Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Xiaozhuo Chen,
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12
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Corneal toxicity associated with belantamab mafodotin is not restricted to the epithelium: neuropathy studied with confocal microscopy. Am J Ophthalmol 2022; 242:116-124. [PMID: 35752319 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate epithelial and neuronal changes in patients with refractory/relapsed multiple myeloma (RRMM) before/during belantamab mafodotin (belamaf) treatment using confocal microscopy. DESIGN Retrospective case series. METHODS RRMM patients underwent best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) testing and slit-lamp examination/photography, followed by corneal confocal microscopy (CCM) to evaluate the epithelium and subbasal nerve plexus (SNP) to measure corneal nerve fiber density (CNFD), -branch density (CNBD), and -fiber length (CNFL) before and during belamaf treatment. RESULTS In 14 eyes of 7 patients (4 female, 68±10 years) with complete follow-up (4±2 months), the median BCVA dropped from 20/25 (20/25-20/20) to 20/40 (20/200-20/32) in the worse eye at the end of follow-up. Microcystic epithelial changes and ocular surface disease were demonstrated biomicroscopically. CCM showed "grape-like" hyperreflective spots in the central basal epithelium that changed to polymorphous-structured cysts in the superficial epithelium, with no pathology detected at the(peri-)limbal structures. The baseline, normal SNP morphology with a mean CNFD, CNBD, and CNFL of 20.25±7.06/mm2, 19.49±12.34/mm2, and 11.8±3.74mm/mm2 respectively, showed severe fiber fragmentation during follow-up, and an observed complete loss of the SNP at the end of follow-up in all eyes. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to illustrate neurotoxic effects of belamaf on the human cornea.
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13
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Madrid-Paulino E, Mata-Espinosa D, León-Contreras JC, Serrano-Fujarte I, Díaz de León-Guerrero S, Villaseñor T, Ramon-Luing L, Puente JL, Chavez-Galan L, Hernández-Pando R, Pérez-Martínez L, Pedraza-Alva G. Klf10 favors Mycobacterium tuberculosis survival by impairing IFN-γ production and preventing macrophages reprograming to macropinocytosis. J Leukoc Biol 2022; 112:475-490. [PMID: 35726707 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.4ma0422-288r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis has developed diverse mechanisms to survive inside phagocytic cells, such as macrophages. Phagocytosis is a key process in eliminating invading pathogens; thus, M. tuberculosis efficiently disrupts phagosome maturation to ensure infection. However, inflammatory cytokines produced by macrophages in response to early M. tuberculosis infection are key to promoting bacterial clarification. IFN-γ enhances M. tuberculosis engulfment and destruction by reprogramming macrophages from phagocytosis to macropinocytosis. Here, we show that the transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 10 (Klf10) plays a positive role in M. tuberculosis survival and infection by negatively modulating IFN-γ levels. Naïve Klf10-deficient macrophages produce more IFN-γ upon stimulation than wild-type macrophages, thus enhancing bacterial uptake and bactericidal activity achieved by macropinocytosis. Moreover, Klf10⁻/ ⁻ macrophages showed cytoplasmic distribution of coronin 1 correlated with increased pseudopod count and length. In agreement with these observations, Klf10⁻/ ⁻ mice showed improved bacterial clearance from the lungs and increased viability. Altogether, our data indicate that Klf10 plays a critical role in M. tuberculosis survival by preventing macrophage reprogramming from phagocytosis to macropinocytosis by negatively regulating IFN-γ production upon macrophage infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgardo Madrid-Paulino
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Dulce Mata-Espinosa
- Departamento de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos León-Contreras
- Departamento de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Isela Serrano-Fujarte
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Sol Díaz de León-Guerrero
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Tomás Villaseñor
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Lucero Ramon-Luing
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José L Puente
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Leslie Chavez-Galan
- Laboratory of Integrative Immunology, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Hernández-Pando
- Departamento de Patología Experimental, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Leonor Pérez-Martínez
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Pedraza-Alva
- Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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14
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Tejeda-Muñoz N, Mei KC, Sheladiya P, Monka J. Targeting Membrane Trafficking as a Strategy for Cancer Treatment. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10050790. [PMID: 35632546 PMCID: PMC9144176 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane trafficking is emerging as an attractive therapeutic strategy for cancer. Recent reports have found a connection between Wnt signaling, receptor-mediated endocytosis, V-ATPase, lysosomal activity, and macropinocytosis through the canonical Wnt pathway. In macropinocytic cells, a massive internalization of the plasma membrane can lead to the loss of cell-surface cadherins, integrins, and other antigens that mediate cell–cell adhesion, favoring an invasive phenotype. V-ATPase is a key regulator in maintaining proper membrane trafficking, homeostasis, and the earliest developmental decisions in the Xenopus vertebrate development model system. Here, we review how the interference of membrane trafficking with membrane trafficking inhibitors might be clinically relevant in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nydia Tejeda-Muñoz
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA; (P.S.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kuo-Ching Mei
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular School Pharmaceutics, Eshelman of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Pooja Sheladiya
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA; (P.S.); (J.M.)
| | - Julia Monka
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA; (P.S.); (J.M.)
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15
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Revealing the Cell Entry Dynamic Mechanism of Single Rabies Virus Particle. Chem Res Chin Univ 2022; 38:838-842. [PMID: 35530119 PMCID: PMC9059680 DOI: 10.1007/s40242-022-2069-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The rabies virus is a neurotropic virus that causes fatal diseases in humans and animals. Although studying the interactions between a single rabies virus and the cell membrane is necessary for understanding the pathogenesis, the internalization dynamic mechanism of single rabies virus in living cells remains largely elusive. Here, we utilized a novel force tracing technique based on atomic force microscopy(AFM) to record the process of single viral entry into host cell. We revealed that the force of the rabies virus internalization distributed at (65±25) pN, and the time was identified by two peaks with spacings of (237.2±59.1) and (790.3±134.4) ms with the corresponding speed of 0.12 and 0.04 µm/s, respectively. Our results provide insight into the effects of viral shape during the endocytosis process. This report will be meaningful for understanding the dynamic mechanism of rabies virus early infection.
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16
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Mishra R, Gupta Y, Ghaley G, Bhowmick NA. Functional Diversity of Macropinocytosis. Subcell Biochem 2022; 98:3-14. [PMID: 35378700 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-94004-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells are capable of internalizing different types of cargo by plasma membrane ruffling and forming vesicles in a process known as endocytosis. The most extensively characterized endocytic pathways are clathrin-coated pits, lipid raft/caveolae-mediated endocytosis, phagocytosis, and macropinocytosis. Macropinocytosis is unique among all the endocytic processes due to its nonselective internalization of extracellular fluid, solutes, and membrane in large endocytic vesicles known as macropinosomes with unique susceptibility toward Na+/H+ exchanger inhibitors. Range of cell types capable of macropinocytosis and known to play important role in different physiological processes, which include antigen presentation, nutrient sensing, migration, and signaling. Understanding the physiological function of macropinocytosis will be helpful in filling the gaps in our knowledge and which can be exploited to develop novel therapeutic targets. In this chapter, we discuss the different molecular mechanisms that initiate the process of macropinocytosis with special emphasis on proteins involved and their diversified role in different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Mishra
- Department of Life Sciences, CSJM University, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Yamini Gupta
- Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Manipal University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Garima Ghaley
- Department of Biosciences, Manipal University, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Neil A Bhowmick
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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17
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Abstract
Phagocytes play critical roles in the maintenance of organismal homeostasis and immunity. Central to their role is their ability to take up and process exogenous material via the related processes of phagocytosis and macropinocytosis. The mechanisms and functions underlying macropinocytosis have remained severely understudied relative to phagocytosis. In recent years, however, there has been a renaissance in macropinocytosis research. Phagocytes can engage in various forms of macropinocytosis including an "induced" form and a "constitutive" form. This chapter, however, will focus on constitutive macropinocytosis and its role in the maintenance of immunity. Functions previously attributed to macropinocytosis, including antigen presentation and immune surveillance, will be revisited in light of recent revelations and emerging concepts will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnathan Canton
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
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18
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Tu H, Wang Z, Yuan Y, Miao X, Li D, Guo H, Yang Y, Cai H. The PripA-TbcrA complex-centered Rab GAP cascade facilitates macropinosome maturation in Dictyostelium. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1787. [PMID: 35379834 PMCID: PMC8980073 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29503-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractMacropinocytosis, an evolutionarily conserved mechanism mediating nonspecific bulk uptake of extracellular fluid, has been ascribed diverse functions. How nascent macropinosomes mature after internalization remains largely unknown. By searching for proteins that localize on macropinosomes during the Rab5-to-Rab7 transition stage in Dictyostelium, we uncover a complex composed of two proteins, which we name PripA and TbcrA. We show that the Rab5-to-Rab7 conversion involves fusion of Rab5-marked early macropinosomes with Rab7-marked late macropinosomes. PripA links the two membrane compartments by interacting with PI(3,4)P2 and Rab7. In addition, PripA recruits TbcrA, which acts as a GAP, to turn off Rab5. Thus, the conversion to Rab7 is linked to inactivation of the upstream Rab5. Consistently, disruption of either pripA or tbcrA impairs Rab5 inactivation and macropinocytic cargo processing. Therefore, the PripA-TbcrA complex is the central component of a Rab GAP cascade that facilitates programmed Rab switch and efficient cargo trafficking during macropinosome maturation.
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19
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Tejeda-Muñoz N, Morselli M, Moriyama Y, Sheladiya P, Pellegrini M, De Robertis EM. Canonical Wnt signaling induces focal adhesion and Integrin beta-1 endocytosis. iScience 2022; 25:104123. [PMID: 35402867 PMCID: PMC8987407 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
During canonical Wnt signaling, the Wnt receptor complex is sequestered together with glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and Axin inside late endosomes, known as multivesicular bodies (MVBs). Here, we present experiments showing that Wnt causes the endocytosis of focal adhesion (FA) proteins and depletion of Integrin β 1 (ITGβ1) from the cell surface. FAs and integrins link the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix. Wnt-induced endocytosis caused ITGβ1 depletion from the plasma membrane and was accompanied by striking changes in the actin cytoskeleton. In situ protease protection assays in cultured cells showed that ITGβ1 was sequestered within membrane-bounded organelles that corresponded to Wnt-induced MVBs containing GSK3 and FA-associated proteins. An in vivo model using Xenopus embryos dorsalized by Wnt8 mRNA showed that ITGβ1 depletion decreased Wnt signaling. The finding of a crosstalk between two major signaling pathways, canonical Wnt and focal adhesions, should be relevant to human cancer and cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nydia Tejeda-Muñoz
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles 90095-1662, USA,Corresponding author
| | - Marco Morselli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, della Vita e della Sostenibilità Ambientale, University of Parma, Parm, Italy
| | - Yuki Moriyama
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles 90095-1662, USA,JT Biohistory Research Hall, Osaka, Japan and Chuo University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pooja Sheladiya
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles 90095-1662, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
| | - Edward M. De Robertis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles 90095-1662, USA,Corresponding author
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20
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Means N, Elechalawar CK, Chen WR, Bhattacharya R, Mukherjee P. Revealing macropinocytosis using nanoparticles. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 83:100993. [PMID: 34281720 PMCID: PMC8761201 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2021.100993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Endocytosis mechanisms are one of the methods that cells use to interact with their environments. Endocytosis mechanisms vary from the clathrin-mediated endocytosis to the receptor independent macropinocytosis. Macropinocytosis is a niche of endocytosis that is quickly becoming more relevant in various fields of research since its discovery in the 1930s. Macropinocytosis has several distinguishing factors from other receptor-mediated forms of endocytosis, including: types of extracellular material for uptake, signaling cascade, and niche uses between cell types. Nanoparticles (NPs) are an important tool for various applications, including drug delivery and disease treatment. However, surface engineering of NPs could be tailored to target them inside the cells exploiting different endocytosis pathways, such as endocytosis versus macropinocytosis. Such surface engineering of NPs mainly, size, charge, shape and the core material will allow identification of new adapter molecules regulating different endocytosis process and provide further insight into how cells tweak these pathways to meet their physiological need. In this review, we focus on the description of macropinocytosis, a lesser studied endocytosis mechanism than the conventional receptor mediated endocytosis. Additionally, we will discuss nanoparticle endocytosis (including macropinocytosis), and how the physio-chemical properties of the NP (size, charge, and surface coating) affect their intracellular uptake and exploiting them as tools to identify new adapter molecules regulating these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Means
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | | | - Wei R Chen
- Stephenson School of Biomedical Engineering, Gallogly College of Engineering, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, 73019, USA
| | - Resham Bhattacharya
- Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Priyabrata Mukherjee
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA; Peggy and Charles Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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21
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Siddiqui H, Yevstigneyev N, Madani G, McCormick S. Approaches to Visualising Endocytosis of LDL-Related Lipoproteins. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020158. [PMID: 35204658 PMCID: PMC8961563 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis is the process by which molecules are actively transported into cells. It can take on a variety of forms depending on the cellular machinery involved ranging from specific receptor-mediated endocytosis to the less selective and actin-driven macropinocytosis. The plasma lipoproteins, which deliver lipids and other cargo to cells, have been intensely studied with respect to their endocytic uptake. One of the first molecules to be visualised undergoing endocytosis via a receptor-mediated, clathrin-dependent pathway was low-density lipoprotein (LDL). The LDL molecule has subsequently been shown to be internalised through multiple endocytic pathways. Dissecting the pathways of lipoprotein endocytosis has been crucial to understanding the regulation of plasma lipid levels and how lipids enter cells in the arterial wall to promote atherosclerosis. It has also aided understanding of the dysregulation that occurs in plasma lipid levels when molecules involved in uptake are defective, as is the case in familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). The aim of this review is to outline the many endocytic pathways utilised for lipoprotein uptake. It explores the various experimental approaches that have been applied to visualise lipoprotein endocytosis with an emphasis on LDL and its more complex counterpart, lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)]. Finally, we look at new developments in lipoprotein visualisation that hold promise for scrutinising endocytic pathways to finer detail in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halima Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (H.S.); (N.Y.); (G.M.)
- HeartOtago, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Nikita Yevstigneyev
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (H.S.); (N.Y.); (G.M.)
- HeartOtago, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Golnoush Madani
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (H.S.); (N.Y.); (G.M.)
- HeartOtago, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
| | - Sally McCormick
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand; (H.S.); (N.Y.); (G.M.)
- HeartOtago, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand
- Correspondence:
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22
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Abstract
Macropinocytosis is a critical route of nutrient acquisition in pancreatic cancer cells. Constitutive macropinocytosis is promoted by mutant KRAS, which activates the PI3Kα lipid kinase and RAC1, to drive membrane ruffling, macropinosome uptake and processing. However, our recent study on the KRASG12R mutant indicated the presence of a KRAS-independent mode of macropinocytosis in pancreatic cancer cell lines, thereby increasing the complexity of this process. We found that KRASG12R-mutant cell lines promote macropinocytosis independent of KRAS activity using PI3Kγ and RAC1, highlighting the convergence of regulation on RAC signaling. While macropinocytosis has been proposed to be a therapeutic target for the treatment of pancreatic cancer, our studies have underscored how little we understand about the activation and regulation of this metabolic process. Therefore, this review seeks to highlight the differences in macropinocytosis regulation in the two cellular subtypes while also highlighting the features that make the KRASG12R mutant atypical.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Aaron Hobbs
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
| | - Channing J Der
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Curriculum in Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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23
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Extracellular ATP and Macropinocytosis: Their Interactive and Mutually Supportive Roles in Cell Growth, Drug Resistance, and EMT in Cancer. Subcell Biochem 2022; 98:61-83. [PMID: 35378703 PMCID: PMC9825817 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-94004-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Macropinocytosis is one of the major mechanisms by which cancer cells uptake extracellular nutrients from tumor microenvironment (TME) and plays very important roles in various steps of tumorigenesis. We previously reported the unexpected finding that intratumoral and extracellular ATP (eATP), as one of the major drastically upregulated extracellular nutrients and messengers in tumors, is taken up by cancer cells through macropinocytosis in large quantities and significantly contributing to cancer cell growth, survival, and increased resistance to chemo and target drugs. Inhibition of macropinocytosis substantially reduced eATP uptake by cancer cells and slowed down tumor growth in vivo. More recently, we have found the eATP also plays a very important role in inducing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and that macropinocytosis is an essential facilitator in the induction. Thus, macropinocytosis and eATP, working in coordination, appear to play some previously unrecognized but very important roles in EMT and metastasis. As a result, they are likely to be interactive and communicative with each other, regulating each other's activity for various needs of host tumor cells. They are also likely to be an integral part of the future new anticancer therapeutic strategies. Moreover, it is undoubted that we have not identified all the important activities coordinated by ATP and macropinocytosis. This review describes our findings in how eATP and macropinocytosis work together to promote cancer cell growth, resistance, and EMT. We also list scientific challenges facing eATP research and propose to target macropinocytosis and eATP to reduce drug resistance and slow down metastasis.
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24
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Williams RSB, Chubb JR, Insall R, King JS, Pears CJ, Thompson E, Weijer CJ. Moving the Research Forward: The Best of British Biology Using the Tractable Model System Dictyostelium discoideum. Cells 2021; 10:3036. [PMID: 34831258 PMCID: PMC8616412 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum provides an excellent model for research across a broad range of disciplines within biology. The organism diverged from the plant, yeast, fungi and animal kingdoms around 1 billion years ago but retains common aspects found in these kingdoms. Dictyostelium has a low level of genetic complexity and provides a range of molecular, cellular, biochemical and developmental biology experimental techniques, enabling multidisciplinary studies to be carried out in a wide range of areas, leading to research breakthroughs. Numerous laboratories within the United Kingdom employ Dictyostelium as their core research model. This review introduces Dictyostelium and then highlights research from several leading British research laboratories, covering their distinct areas of research, the benefits of using the model, and the breakthroughs that have arisen due to the use of Dictyostelium as a tractable model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin S. B. Williams
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham TW20 0EX, UK
| | - Jonathan R. Chubb
- UCL Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Robert Insall
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| | - Jason S. King
- School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK;
| | - Catherine J. Pears
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK;
| | - Elinor Thompson
- School of Science, University of Greenwich, Chatham Maritime, Chatham ME4 4TB, UK;
| | - Cornelis J. Weijer
- Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK;
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25
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Purification of infection-associated macropinosomes by magnetic isolation for proteomic characterization. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:5220-5249. [PMID: 34697468 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00610-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Macropinocytosis refers to the nonselective uptake of extracellular molecules into many different types of eukaryotic cells within large fluid-filled vesicles named macropinosomes. Macropinosomes are relevant for a wide variety of cellular processes, such as antigen sampling in immune cells, homeostasis in the kidney, cell migration or pathogen uptake. Understanding the molecular composition of the different macropinosomes formed during these processes has helped to differentiate their regulations from other endocytic events. Here, we present a magnetic purification protocol that segregates scarce macropinosomes from other endocytic vesicles at a high purity and in a low-cost and unbiased manner. Our protocol takes advantage of moderate-sized magnetic beads of 100 nm in diameter coupled to mass-spectrometry-based proteomic analysis. Passing the cell lysate through a table-top magnet allows the quick retention of the bead-containing macropinosomes. Unlike other cell-fractionation-based methodologies, our protocol minimizes sample loss and production cost without prerequisite knowledge of the macropinosomes and with minimal laboratory experience. We describe a detailed procedure for the isolation of infection-associated macropinosomes during bacterial invasion and the optimization steps to readily adapt it to various studies. The protocol can be performed in 3 d to provide highly purified and enriched macropinosomes for qualitative proteomic composition analysis.
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Tan KW, Nähse V, Campsteijn C, Brech A, Schink KO, Stenmark H. JIP4 is recruited by the phosphoinositide-binding protein Phafin2 to promote recycling tubules on macropinosomes. J Cell Sci 2021; 134:jcs258495. [PMID: 34109410 PMCID: PMC8325962 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.258495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Macropinocytosis allows cells to take up extracellular material in a non-selective manner into large vesicles called macropinosomes. After internalization, macropinosomes acquire phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P) on their limiting membrane as they mature into endosomal-like vesicles. The molecular mechanisms that underlie recycling of membranes and transmembrane proteins from these macropinosomes still need to be defined. Here, we report that JIP4 (officially known as SPAG9), a protein previously described to bind to microtubule motors, is recruited to tubulating subdomains on macropinosomes by the PtdIns3P-binding protein Phafin2 (officially known as PLEKHF2). These JIP4-positive tubulating subdomains on macropinosomes contain F-actin, the retromer recycling complex and the retromer cargo VAMP3. Disruption of the JIP4-Phafin2 interaction, deletion of Phafin2 or inhibition of PtdIns3P production by VPS34 impairs JIP4 recruitment to macropinosomes. Whereas knockout of JIP4 suppresses tubulation, its overexpression enhances tubulation from macropinosomes. JIP4-knockout cells display increased retention of macropinocytic cargo in both early and late macropinosomes. Collectively, these data identify JIP4 and Phafin2 as components of a tubular recycling pathway that operates from macropinosomes. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kia Wee Tan
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello N-0379 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Viola Nähse
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello N-0379 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Coen Campsteijn
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas Brech
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello N-0379 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kay Oliver Schink
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello N-0379 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Stenmark
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Montebello N-0379 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello 0379 Oslo, Norway
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Varma S, Dey S, S P D. Cellular Uptake Pathways of Nanoparticles: Process of Endocytosis and Factors Affecting Their Fate. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2021; 23:679-706. [PMID: 34264182 DOI: 10.2174/1389201022666210714145356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Efficient and controlled internalization of NPs into the cells depends on their physicochemical properties and dynamics of the plasma membrane. NPs-cell interaction is a complex process that decides the fate of NPs internalization through different endocytosis pathways. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to highlight the physicochemical properties of synthesized nanoparticles (NPs) and their interaction with the cellular-dynamics and pathways like phagocytosis, pinocytosis, macropinocytosis, clathrin, and caveolae-mediated endocytosis and the involvement of effector proteins domain such as clathrin, AP2, caveolin, Arf6, Cdc42, dynamin and cell surface receptors during the endocytosis process of NPs. METHOD An electronic search was performed to explore the focused reviews and research articles on types of endocytosis and physicochemical properties of nanoparticles and their impact on cellular internalizations. The search was limited to peer-reviewed journals in the PubMed database. RESULTS This article discusses in detail how different types of NPs and their physicochemical properties such as size, shape, aspect ratio, surface charge, hydrophobicity, elasticity, stiffness, corona formation, surface functionalization changes the pattern of endocytosis in the presence of different pharmacological blockers. Some external forces like a magnetic field, electric field, and ultrasound exploit the cell membrane dynamics to permeabilize them for efficient internalization with respect to fundamental principles of membrane bending and pore formation. CONCLUSION This review will be useful to attract and guide the audience to understand the endocytosis mechanism and their pattern with respect to physicochemical properties of NPs to improve their efficacy and targeting to achieve the impactful outcome in drug-delivery and theranostics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Varma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research- JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty-643001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Smita Dey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research- JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty-643001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dhanabal S P
- Department of Pharmacognosy & Phytopharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research- JSS College of Pharmacy, Ooty-643001, Tamil Nadu, India
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Abstract
Wnt signaling has multiple functions beyond the transcriptional effects of β-catenin stabilization. We review recent investigations that uncover new cell physiological effects through the regulation of Wnt receptor endocytosis, Wnt-induced stabilization of proteins (Wnt-STOP), macropinocytosis, increase in lysosomal activity, and metabolic changes. Many of these growth-promoting effects of canonical Wnt occur within minutes and are independent of new protein synthesis. A key element is the sequestration of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) inside multivesicular bodies and lysosomes. Twenty percent of human proteins contain consecutive GSK3 phosphorylation motifs, which in the absence of Wnt can form phosphodegrons for polyubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Wnt signaling by either the pharmacological inhibition of GSK3 or the loss of tumor-suppressor proteins, such as adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) and Axin1, increases lysosomal acidification, anabolic metabolites, and macropinocytosis, which is normally repressed by the GSK3-Axin1-APC destruction complex. The combination of these cell physiological effects drives cell growth. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, Volume 37 is October 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren V Albrecht
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1662, USA;
| | - Nydia Tejeda-Muñoz
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1662, USA;
| | - Edward M De Robertis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1662, USA;
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29
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Kay RR. Macropinocytosis: Biology and mechanisms. Cells Dev 2021; 168:203713. [PMID: 34175511 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Macropinocytosis is a form of endocytosis performed by ruffles and cups of the plasma membrane. These close to entrap droplets of medium into micron-sized vesicles, which are trafficked through the endocytic system, their contents digested and useful products absorbed. Macropinocytosis is constitutive in certain immune cells and stimulated in many other cells by growth factors. It occurs across the animal kingdom and in amoebae, implying a deep evolutionary history. Its scientific history goes back 100 years, but increasingly work is focused on its medical importance in the immune system, cancer cell feeding, and as a backdoor into cells for viruses and drugs. Macropinocytosis is driven by the actin cytoskeleton whose dynamics can be appreciated with lattice light sheet microscopy: this reveals a surprising variety of routes for forming macropinosomes. In Dictyostelium amoebae, macropinocytic cups are organized around domains of PIP3 and active Ras and Rac in the plasma membrane. These attract activators of the Arp2/3 complex to their periphery, creating rings of actin polymerization that shape the cups. The size of PIP3 domains is controlled by RasGAPs, such as NF1, and the lipid phosphatase, PTEN. It is likely that domain dynamics determine the shape, evolution and closing of macropinocytic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Kay
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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Ritter M, Bresgen N, Kerschbaum HH. From Pinocytosis to Methuosis-Fluid Consumption as a Risk Factor for Cell Death. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:651982. [PMID: 34249909 PMCID: PMC8261248 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.651982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The volumes of a cell [cell volume (CV)] and its organelles are adjusted by osmoregulatory processes. During pinocytosis, extracellular fluid volume equivalent to its CV is incorporated within an hour and membrane area equivalent to the cell's surface within 30 min. Since neither fluid uptake nor membrane consumption leads to swelling or shrinkage, cells must be equipped with potent volume regulatory mechanisms. Normally, cells respond to outwardly or inwardly directed osmotic gradients by a volume decrease and increase, respectively, i.e., they shrink or swell but then try to recover their CV. However, when a cell death (CD) pathway is triggered, CV persistently decreases in isotonic conditions in apoptosis and it increases in necrosis. One type of CD associated with cell swelling is due to a dysfunctional pinocytosis. Methuosis, a non-apoptotic CD phenotype, occurs when cells accumulate too much fluid by macropinocytosis. In contrast to functional pinocytosis, in methuosis, macropinosomes neither recycle nor fuse with lysosomes but with each other to form giant vacuoles, which finally cause rupture of the plasma membrane (PM). Understanding methuosis longs for the understanding of the ionic mechanisms of cell volume regulation (CVR) and vesicular volume regulation (VVR). In nascent macropinosomes, ion channels and transporters are derived from the PM. Along trafficking from the PM to the perinuclear area, the equipment of channels and transporters of the vesicle membrane changes by retrieval, addition, and recycling from and back to the PM, causing profound changes in vesicular ion concentrations, acidification, and-most importantly-shrinkage of the macropinosome, which is indispensable for its proper targeting and cargo processing. In this review, we discuss ion and water transport mechanisms with respect to CVR and VVR and with special emphasis on pinocytosis and methuosis. We describe various aspects of the complex mutual interplay between extracellular and intracellular ions and ion gradients, the PM and vesicular membrane, phosphoinositides, monomeric G proteins and their targets, as well as the submembranous cytoskeleton. Our aim is to highlight important cellular mechanisms, components, and processes that may lead to methuotic CD upon their derangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Ritter
- Center for Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
- Gastein Research Institute, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Arthritis und Rehabilitation, Salzburg, Austria
- Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Nepal
| | - Nikolaus Bresgen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Abstract
Robert Insall introduces the cytoskeleton special issue and summarises some recent changes in our view of actin function and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Insall
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK.
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32
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Abstract
Secretory pore-forming proteins (PFPs) have been identified in organisms from all kingdoms of life. Our studies with the toad species Bombina maxima found an interaction network among aerolysin family PFPs (af-PFPs) and trefoil factors (TFFs). As a toad af-PFP, BmALP1 can be reversibly regulated between active and inactive forms, with its paralog BmALP3 acting as a negative regulator. BmALP1 interacts with BmTFF3 to form a cellular active complex called βγ-CAT. This PFP complex is characterized by acting on endocytic pathways and forming pores on endolysosomes, including stimulating cell macropinocytosis. In addition, cell exocytosis can be induced and/or modulated in the presence of βγ-CAT. Depending on cell contexts and surroundings, these effects can facilitate the toad in material uptake and vesicular transport, while maintaining mucosal barrier function as well as immune defense. Based on experimental evidence, we hereby propose a secretory endolysosome channel (SELC) pathway conducted by a secreted PFP in cell endocytic and exocytic systems, with βγ-CAT being the first example of a SELC protein. With essential roles in cell interactions and environmental adaptations, the proposed SELC protein pathway should be conserved in other living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China.,Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China. E-mail:
| | - Qi-Quan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Zhong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Cheng-Jie Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
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Li YX, Pang HB. Macropinocytosis as a cell entry route for peptide-functionalized and bystander nanoparticles. J Control Release 2021; 329:1222-1230. [PMID: 33622520 PMCID: PMC7905157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Endocytic pathways provide the primary route for therapeutic and diagnostic nanoparticles (NPs) to enter cells and subcellular compartments. A better understanding of these cell entry processes will not only aid in nanomaterial applications but also broaden our knowledge of cell biology. Among the endocytic routes, macropinocytosis has unique characteristics for engulfing NPs and other large cargo, yet its molecular machinery and involvement in NP uptake are far less characterized relative to other pathways. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the macropinocytic machinery, and its involvement in NP internalization. Particularly, we differentiate ligand (specifically peptide)-functionalized and unfunctionalized NPs (bystander NPs). While most of previous research focused on ligand-functionalized NPs, we showcase here a synergistic effect between these two NP types during their cell entry through receptor-mediated macropinocytosis. The regulation of NP uptake efficiency by extracellular amino acids is also highlighted in the context of interconnections between macropinocytosis and metabolic signaling. These discussions may fuel future research interests in improving NP internalization through this pathway, and open a new avenue to study the interplay among endocytosis, metabolism and nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Xuan Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Hong-Bo Pang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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34
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Arlauckas S, Oh N, Li R, Weissleder R, Miller MA. Macrophage imaging and subset analysis using single-cell RNA sequencing. Nanotheranostics 2021; 5:36-56. [PMID: 33391974 PMCID: PMC7738942 DOI: 10.7150/ntno.50185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages have been associated with drug response and resistance in diverse settings, thus raising the possibility of using macrophage imaging as a companion diagnostic to inform personalized patient treatment strategies. Nanoparticle-based contrast agents are especially promising because they efficiently deliver fluorescent, magnetic, and/or radionuclide labels by leveraging the intrinsic capacity of macrophages to accumulate nanomaterials in their role as professional phagocytes. Unfortunately, current clinical imaging modalities are limited in their ability to quantify broad molecular programs that may explain (a) which particular cell subsets a given imaging agent is actually labeling, and (b) what mechanistic role those cells play in promoting drug response or resistance. Highly multiplexed single-cell approaches including single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) have emerged as resources to help answer these questions. In this review, we query recently published scRNAseq datasets to support companion macrophage imaging, with particular focus on using dextran-based nanoparticles to predict the action of anti-cancer nanotherapies and monoclonal antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Arlauckas
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Nuri Oh
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ran Li
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Miles A Miller
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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35
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Sneeggen M, Guadagno NA, Progida C. Intracellular Transport in Cancer Metabolic Reprogramming. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:597608. [PMID: 33195279 PMCID: PMC7661548 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.597608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor progression is a complex process consisting of several steps characterized by alterations in cellular behavior and morphology. These steps include uncontrolled cell division and proliferation, invasiveness and metastatic ability. Throughout these phases, cancer cells encounter a changing environment and a variety of metabolic stress. To meet their needs for energy while they proliferate and survive in their new environment, tumor cells need to continuously fine-tune their metabolism. The connection between intracellular transport and metabolic reprogramming during cancer progression is emerging as a central process of cellular adaptation to these changes. The trafficking of proteolytic enzymes, surface receptors, but also the regulation of downstream pathways, are all central to cancer progression. In this review, we summarize different hallmarks of cancer with a special focus on the role of intracellular trafficking in cell proliferation, epithelial to mesenchymal transition as well as invasion. We will further emphasize how intracellular trafficking contributes to the regulation of energy consumption and metabolism during these steps of cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marte Sneeggen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Cinzia Progida
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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36
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Lin XP, Mintern JD, Gleeson PA. Macropinocytosis in Different Cell Types: Similarities and Differences. MEMBRANES 2020; 10:membranes10080177. [PMID: 32756454 PMCID: PMC7463864 DOI: 10.3390/membranes10080177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Macropinocytosis is a unique pathway of endocytosis characterised by the nonspecific internalisation of large amounts of extracellular fluid, solutes and membrane in large endocytic vesicles known as macropinosomes. Macropinocytosis is important in a range of physiological processes, including antigen presentation, nutrient sensing, recycling of plasma proteins, migration and signalling. It has become apparent in recent years from the study of specialised cells that there are multiple pathways of macropinocytosis utilised by different cell types, and some of these pathways are triggered by different stimuli. Understanding the physiological function of macropinocytosis requires knowledge of the regulation and fate of the macropinocytosis pathways in a range of cell types. Here, we compare the mechanisms of macropinocytosis in different primary and immortalised cells, identify the gaps in knowledge in the field and discuss the potential approaches to analyse the function of macropinocytosis in vivo.
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37
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38
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Buckley CM, Pots H, Gueho A, Vines JH, Munn CJ, Phillips BA, Gilsbach B, Traynor D, Nikolaev A, Soldati T, Parnell AJ, Kortholt A, King JS. Coordinated Ras and Rac Activity Shapes Macropinocytic Cups and Enables Phagocytosis of Geometrically Diverse Bacteria. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2912-2926.e5. [PMID: 32531280 PMCID: PMC7416115 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Engulfment of extracellular material by phagocytosis or macropinocytosis depends on the ability of cells to generate specialized cup-shaped protrusions. To effectively capture and internalize their targets, these cups are organized into a ring or ruffle of actin-driven protrusion encircling a non-protrusive interior domain. These functional domains depend on the combined activities of multiple Ras and Rho family small GTPases, but how their activities are integrated and differentially regulated over space and time is unknown. Here, we show that the amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum coordinates Ras and Rac activity using the multidomain protein RGBARG (RCC1, RhoGEF, BAR, and RasGAP-containing protein). We find RGBARG uses a tripartite mechanism of Ras, Rac, and phospholipid interactions to localize at the protruding edge and interface with the interior of both macropinocytic and phagocytic cups. There, we propose RGBARG shapes the protrusion by expanding Rac activation at the rim while suppressing expansion of the active Ras interior domain. Consequently, cells lacking RGBARG form enlarged, flat interior domains unable to generate large macropinosomes. During phagocytosis, we find that disruption of RGBARG causes a geometry-specific defect in engulfing rod-shaped bacteria and ellipsoidal beads. This demonstrates the importance of coordinating small GTPase activities during engulfment of more complex shapes and thus the full physiological range of microbes, and how this is achieved in a model professional phagocyte. We identify a new regulator that shapes macropinocytic and phagocytic cups Shaping protrusions into cups requires differential regulation of Ras and Rac Cups are organized by integrating interactions with phospholipids and multiple GTPases Defective cup formation causes a target shape-specific defect in phagocytosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine M Buckley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TT, UK
| | - Henderikus Pots
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, Netherlands
| | - Aurelie Gueho
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Sciences II, University of Geneva, CH-1211-Geneva-4, Switzerland
| | - James H Vines
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TT, UK
| | - Christopher J Munn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TT, UK
| | - Ben A Phillips
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TT, UK
| | - Bernd Gilsbach
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - David Traynor
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Anton Nikolaev
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TT, UK
| | - Thierry Soldati
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Sciences II, University of Geneva, CH-1211-Geneva-4, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J Parnell
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, UK
| | - Arjan Kortholt
- Department of Cell Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen 9747 AG, Netherlands
| | - Jason S King
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TT, UK.
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