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Palani PV, Chiu M, Chen W, Wang CC, Lin CC, Hsu CC, Cheng CP, Chen CM, Hsu YH, Lin NS. Subcellular localization and expression of bamboo mosaic virus satellite RNA-encoded protein. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:507-518. [PMID: 19141462 PMCID: PMC2885055 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.004994-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The satellite RNA of bamboo mosaic virus (satBaMV) has a single open reading frame encoding a non-structural protein, P20, which facilitates long-distance movement of satBaMV in BaMV and satBaMV co-infected plants. Immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy revealed that the P20 protein accumulated in the cytoplasm and nuclei in co-infected cells. P20 and the helper virus coat protein (CP) were highly similar in their subcellular localization, except that aggregates of BaMV virions were not labelled with anti-P20 serum. The BaMV CP protein was fairly abundant in mesophyll cells, whilst P20 was more frequently detected in mesophyll cells and vascular tissues. The expression kinetics of the P20 protein was similar to but slightly earlier than that of CP in co-infected Bambusa oldhamii protoplasts and Nicotiana benthamiana leaves. However, satBaMV-encoded protein levels declined rapidly in the late phase of co-infection. During co-infection, in addition to the intact P20, a low-molecular-mass polypeptide of 16 kDa was identified as a P20 C-terminally truncated product; the possible method of generation of the truncated protein is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Morgan Chiu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 115, ROC
| | - Wei Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan 402, ROC
| | - Ching-Chi Wang
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 115, ROC
| | - Choy-Chieng Lin
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 115, ROC
| | - Chuen-Chi Hsu
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 115, ROC
| | - Chi-Ping Cheng
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 115, ROC
| | - Chung-Mong Chen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 115, ROC
| | - Yau-Heiu Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan 402, ROC
| | - Na-Sheng Lin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 115, ROC.,Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan 402, ROC.,Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 115, ROC
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Altenbach SB, Howell SH. Identification of a satellite RNA associated with turnip crinkle virus. Virology 2008; 112:25-33. [PMID: 18635061 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(81)90608-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/1981] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Turnip plants infected with turnip crinkle virus (TCV) contain four major RNA species which are not found in uninfected plants (A = 1.3 x 10(6) MW, B = 0.28 x 10(6) MW, C = 0.17 x 10(6) MW, and D = 0.13 x 10(6) MW). At least two of these RNAs, RNA A and RNA C, are packaged in the mature virion, but only the large RNA A is required for infection. Plants infected with RNA A alone produce neither the small virion RNA C nor the small nonvirion RNAs B and D. The small virion RNA C is not infective by itself, but requires coinfection with RNA A to replicate in plants. RNA C increases the severity of symptoms in plants infected with RNA A and restores the production of the nonvirion RNAs B and D. T1 RNase oligonucleotide mapping and copy DNA hybridization analysis indicate that the virion RNAs A and C do not have extensive homology. These data suggest that the large virion RNA A contains the full TCV genome and that the smaller virion RNA C is a dispensible satellite, designated S-TCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Altenbach
- Biology Department C-016, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Yuan W, Hillman BI. In vitro translational analysis of genomic, defective, and satellite RNAs of Cryphonectria hypovirus 3-GH2. Virology 2001; 281:117-23. [PMID: 11222102 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2000.0806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cryphonectria hypovirus 3-GH2 (CHV3-GH2) is a member of the fungal virus family Hypoviridae that differs from previously characterized members in having a single large open reading frame with the potential to encode a protein of 326 kDa from its 9.8-kb genome. The N-terminal portion of the ORF contains sequence motifs that are somewhat similar to papain-like proteinases identified in other hypoviruses. Translation of the ORF is predicted to release autocatalytically a 32.5-kDa protein. A defective RNA, predicted to encode a 91.6-kDa protein representing most of the N-terminal proteinase fused to the entire putative helicase domain, and two satellite RNAs, predicted to encode very small proteins, also are associated with CHV3-GH2 infected fungal cultures. We performed in vitro translation experiments to examine expression of these RNAs. Translation of three RT-PCR clones representing different lengths of the amino-terminal portion of the ORF of the genomic RNA resulted in autocatalytic release of the predicted 32.5-kDa protein. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to map the processing site between Gly(297) and Thr(298). In vitro translation of multiple independent cDNA clones of CHV3-GH2-defective RNA 2 resulted in protein products of approximately 92 kDa, predicted to be the full-length translation product, 32 kDa, predicted to represent the N-terminal proteinase, and 60 kDa, predicted to represent the C-terminal two-thirds of the full-length product. In vitro translation of cDNA clones representing satellite RNA 4 resulted in products of slightly less than 10 kDa, consistent with the predicted 9.4 kDa product.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Yuan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cook College, Foran Hall, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Rd., New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901-8520, USA
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Abstract
Satellite RNA depend for their multiplication on the co-infection of a host cell by a helper virus which can itself multiply independently of the satellite. Four types of satellite RNA have been distinguished on the basis of the size of the RNA and what sort, if any, of protein they encode. One of them, the B-type, comprises relatively large RNA which are messenger RNA for non-structural proteins. Many of these satellites are typified by having nepoviruses as helper viruses. In general, the presence of nepovirus mRNA satellites in a virus culture causes little or no modification to the symptoms of infection by the helper virus and has little effect on its yield. Some satellites appear to be highly specific to a strain of helper virus but others can be helped by heterologous viruses. The proteins encoded by nepovirus mRNA satellites have a M(r) of 38,000 to 48,000 and are relatively basic, in particular in the N-terminal and C-terminal parts of the molecules. However, there is little similarity in amino acid sequence between proteins encoded by different satellites and no peptide motif could be found in all satellite proteins. The results of reverse genetics experiments with satellites suggest that the satellite-encoded protein is essential for the multiplication of the satellite RNA. This system has considerable potential for the study of the mechanisms of replication both of satellite and helper virus RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fritsch
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Strasbourg, France
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Meehan BM, Mills PR. Cell-free translation of carnation latent virus RNA and analysis of virus-specific dsRNA. Virus Genes 1991; 5:175-81. [PMID: 2058091 DOI: 10.1007/bf00571931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Carnation latent virus was shown to direct the synthesis of virus-specific polypeptides in both reticulocyte lysate and wheat germ in vitro translation systems. The L-(4,5-3H)-leucine-labeled products ranged in molecular mass from Mr 190 to 33 kD. The 33 kD product, synthesized after only 15 min incubation, was the only major polypeptide that immunoprecipitated with antiserum to CarLV. Coat-protein synthesis does not occur as a result of proteolytic processing, but may arise as a result of translation of a subgenomic RNA species. Subgenomic RNA species were not detected by Northern hybridization of CarLV cDNA to either viral RNA or total nucleic acid from systemically infected plants, although CarLV-specific dsRNA species equivalent to 1.6 and 2.1 kb were detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Meehan
- Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology, Queen's University of Belfast, Northern Ireland
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Doz B, Astier T, Dunez J. Mise en évidence de séquences spécifiques sur le RNA3, RNA satellite du virus des anneaux noirs de la tomate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1981. [DOI: 10.1016/s0769-2617(81)80051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Doz B, Macquaire G, Delbos R, Dunez J. Caractéristiques et rôle du RNA3, RNA satellite du virus des anneaux noirs de la tomate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1980. [DOI: 10.1016/0769-2617(80)90046-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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