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Abstract
The genetic attributes of the influenza virus lead to unique problems in vaccination. First, a highly mutable RNA genome, resulting in sequential antigenic variation, could potentially manifest as a vaccine failure or epidemic influenza. Second, a segmented genome that engenders the virus with the capacity for genetic reassortment and the introduction of new antigens into a host population could possibly result in a pandemic. The core problem in combating influenza is the need for continual vaccine revision and induction of broader heterovariant immunity. Current vaccines – the conventional inactivated vaccine and the live attenuated vaccine – rely on technology of strain selection and production methods that is decades old. The immunity induced by these vaccines is dominated by the response to hemagglutinin (HA) and, therefore, the vaccines are most effective when there is sufficient antigenic relatedness between the vaccine strain HA and the circulating wild-type virus HA. Consequently, these vaccines are susceptible to failure when an antigenically distinct virus emerges after the selection of the vaccine candidate strain. New vaccine strategies need to include immunization with other viral antigens in addition to HA, thereby broadening the immune response against influenza. Inclusion of the more slowly evolving neuraminidase and/or M2e in a vaccine against influenza could reduce the vulnerability to antigenic changes, and conserved antigens from internal proteins – nucleoprotein and M1 – delivered to induce T-cell helper and cytotoxic T cells, could ensure the presence of activated T cells that facilitate clearance of pandemic strains. Alternative production technologies, such as recombinant baculovirus and yeast, and different delivery methods, such as virus-like particles, should be explored to decrease vaccine production times and reduce reliance on embryonated eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bert E Johansson
- Center of Excellence of Infectious Diseases & Department of Pediatrics, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Paul H Foster School of Medicine, MSB1 5001 El Paso Dr, El Paso, TX 79922, USA
| | - Maryna C Eichelberger
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation & Research, Food & Drug Administration, Building 29A room 1D24, 8800 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
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Stevens J, Chen LM, Carney PJ, Garten R, Foust A, Le J, Pokorny BA, Manojkumar R, Silverman J, Devis R, Rhea K, Xu X, Bucher DJ, Paulson J, Cox NJ, Klimov A, Donis RO. Receptor specificity of influenza A H3N2 viruses isolated in mammalian cells and embryonated chicken eggs. J Virol 2010; 84:8287-99. [PMID: 20519409 PMCID: PMC2916524 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00058-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Isolation of human subtype H3N2 influenza viruses in embryonated chicken eggs yields viruses with amino acid substitutions in the hemagglutinin (HA) that often affect binding to sialic acid receptors. We used a glycan array approach to analyze the repertoire of sialylated glycans recognized by viruses from the same clinical specimen isolated in eggs or cell cultures. The binding profiles of whole virions to 85 sialoglycans on the microarray allowed the categorization of cell isolates into two groups. Group 1 cell isolates displayed binding to a restricted set of alpha2-6 and alpha2-3 sialoglycans, whereas group 2 cell isolates revealed receptor specificity broader than that of their egg counterparts. Egg isolates from group 1 showed binding specificities similar to those of cell isolates, whereas group 2 egg isolates showed a significantly reduced binding to alpha2-6- and alpha2-3-type receptors but retained substantial binding to specific O- and N-linked alpha2-3 glycans, including alpha2-3GalNAc and fucosylated alpha2-3 glycans (including sialyl Lewis x), both of which may be important receptors for H3N2 virus replication in eggs. These results revealed an unexpected diversity in receptor binding specificities among recent H3N2 viruses, with distinct patterns of amino acid substitution in the HA occurring upon isolation and/or propagation in eggs. These findings also suggest that clinical specimens containing viruses with group 1-like receptor binding profiles would be less prone to undergoing receptor binding or antigenic changes upon isolation in eggs. Screening cell isolates for appropriate receptor binding properties might help focus efforts to isolate the most suitable viruses in eggs for production of antigenically well-matched influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Stevens
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Li-Mei Chen
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Paul J. Carney
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Rebecca Garten
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Angie Foust
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Jianhua Le
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Barbara A. Pokorny
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Ramanunninair Manojkumar
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Jeanmarie Silverman
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Rene Devis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Karen Rhea
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Xiyan Xu
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Doris J. Bucher
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - James Paulson
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Nancy J. Cox
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Alexander Klimov
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Ruben O. Donis
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, Departments of Chemical Physiology and Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
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