1
|
Epstein-Barr virus molecular epidemiology and variants identification in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Eur J Cancer Prev 2021; 29:523-530. [PMID: 31738221 DOI: 10.1097/cej.0000000000000554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is known as one of the most widespread oncogenic viruses. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is triggered by various risk factors. The aim of the present study was to determine the EBV infection rate, genotyping and variants frequency in HNSCC patients. In this cross-sectional study, 156 patients with HNSCC were enrolled. Formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue samples were selected from hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. The EBV EBNA-3C, EBNA-1 and LMP-1 genes were amplified by PCR and then analyzed and confirmed by nucleotide sequencing. CLC work bench 5, MEGA6 and SPSS v.21 software were used for analysis the raw data. The mean age ± SD (years) of the all patients (n = 156) was 60.5 ± 12.6, in which of 121(77.6%) males it was 60.7 ± 11.9 and of 35 (22.4%) females it was 59.7 ± 14.9. Totally, 20 samples (12.8%) were found to be infected with EBV genome. The EBV genotypes 1 and 2 were calculated 90% (18/20) and 10% (2/20), respectively. vLMP-1 found in 40% (4/10) of all LMP-1 tested samples. Furthermore, the EBNA-1 predominant variants were P-ala followed by P-thr and also there were three P-ala-v2 sub variants. Statistics could not find any significant associations although there were some potentials. By our preliminary study in Iran, it revealed that EBV-1 is the predominant Epstein-Barr virus genotype in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma patients. vLMP-1 isolates showed lower survival rate than others. EBNA-1 variants had no significant association with any specific disease complication.
Collapse
|
2
|
Banko AV, Lazarevic IB, Karalic DZ, Djukic VB, Cupic MD, Stevanovic G, Jovanovic TP. The sequence analysis of Epstein-Barr virus EBNA1 gene: could viral screening markers for nasopharyngeal carcinoma be identified? Med Microbiol Immunol 2018; 208:81-88. [PMID: 30203133 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-018-0561-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has been identified as a group 1 carcinogenic agent, particularly for nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). The sequence diversity of EBV nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) reflects region-restricted polymorphisms, which may be associated with the development of certain malignancies. The aims of the present study were to evaluate EBV EBNA1 gene polymorphisms circulating in NPC, infectious mononucleosis, and isolates from patients with transplanted organs to determine if EBNA1 sequence specificities are useful as viral biomarkers for NPC. Forty biopsies of undifferentiated carcinoma of nasopharyngeal type (UCNT), 31 plasma samples from patients with mononucleosis syndrome, and 16 plasma samples from patients after renal transplantation were tested in this study. The EBNA1 gene was amplified by nested PCR. Further investigation included sequencing, phylogenetic, and statistical evaluations. Eighty-seven sequences were identified as one of the four EBNA1 subtypes, P-Ala, P-Thr, V-Val, and V-Ala, with further classification into ten subvariants. Of these, P-Thr-sv-1 and P-Thr-sv-3 have never been identified in Europe, while V-Val-sv-1 was newly discovered. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences in the distribution of EBNA1 P-Thr subvariants between the three groups of patients, with noticeable clustering of P-Thr-sv-5 in NPC isolates (p < 0.001). EBV EBNA1 showed no sequence specificity in primary infection. This research revealed a newly discovered EBNA1 subvariant. Importantly, EBNA1 P-Thr-sv-5 showed carcinoma-specific EBNA1 variability. Thus, identification of this subvariant should be considered as a viral screening marker for NPC or UCNT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana V Banko
- Virology Department, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia.
| | - Ivana B Lazarevic
- Virology Department, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Danijela Z Karalic
- Virology Department, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Vojko B Djukic
- Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Maja D Cupic
- Virology Department, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| | - Goran Stevanovic
- Clinics of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Clinical Center of Serbia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tanja P Jovanovic
- Virology Department, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica, Belgrade, 11000, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Liu Y, Yang W, Pan Y, Ji J, Lu Z, Ke Y. Genome-wide analysis of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) isolated from EBV-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC). Oncotarget 2016; 7:4903-14. [PMID: 26716899 PMCID: PMC4826252 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is linked to the development of a variety of malignancies, including EBV-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC). In this study, EBVaGC was detected in 15 (7.3%) of 206 GC cases. To identify the EBV genomic variation, EBV genomic sequences isolated from 9 EBVaGC biopsy specimens were successfully retrieved, designated EBVaGC1 to EBVaGC9. By comparative analysis of these strains with another 6 completely sequenced EBV strains, EBV-wild type, B95–8, AG876, GD1, GD2, and HKNPC1, it was demonstrated that EBVaGC1 to 9 were most closely related to the GD1 strain. Phylogenetic analysis of the GC biopsy specimen-derived EBV (GC-EBV) genomes was subsequently performed to assess their genomic diversity and it exhibited the greatest divergence from the type 2 strain, AG876. Compared with the reference EBV strain GD1, they harbored 961 variations in total, including 919 substitutions, 23 insertions, and 19 deletions. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) density varied substantially across all known open reading frames and was highest in latency-associated genes. Moreover, we identified 2 interstrain recombinants at the EBNA1 locus, which provided a further mechanism for the generation of diversity. Some T-cell epitope sequences in EBNA1 and LMP2A genes showed extensive variation across strains, which implied their importance in the development of vaccines and T-cell therapy. In conclusion, we reported the first genome-wide view of sequence variation of EBV isolated from primary EBVaGC biopsy specimens, which might serve as an effective method for further understanding the genomic variations contribute to EBVaGC carcinogenesis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Laboratory of Genetics, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Heredity of Ningxia Region, Medical Oncology Department of General Hospital, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Yaqi Pan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Laboratory of Genetics, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Jiafu Ji
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Zheming Lu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Laboratory of Genetics, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Haidian, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Ke
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education), Laboratory of Genetics, Peking University Cancer Hospital and Institute, Haidian, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sun L, Zhao Z, Liu S, Liu X, Sun Z, Luo B. Sequence Variation Analysis of Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigen 1 Gene in the Virus Associated Lymphomas of Northern China. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140529. [PMID: 26460969 PMCID: PMC4604123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1) is the only viral protein expressed in all EBV-positive tumors as it is essential for the maintenance, replication and transcription of the virus genome. According to the polymorphism of residue 487 in EBNA1 gene, EBV isolates can be classified into five subtypes: P-ala, P-thr, V-val, V-leu and V-pro. Whether these EBNA1 subtypes contribute to different tissue tropism of EBV and are consequently associated with certain malignancies remain to be determined. To elucidate the relationship, one hundred and ten EBV-positive lymphoma tissues of different types from Northern China, a non-NPC endemic area, were tested for the five subtypes by nested-PCR and DNA sequencing. In addition, EBV type 1 and type 2 classification was typed by using standard PCR assays across type-specific regions of the EBNA3C genes. Four EBNA1 subtypes were identified: V-val (68.2%, 75/110), P-thrV (15.5%, 17/110), V-leuV (3.6%, 4/110) and P-ala (10.9%, 12/110). The distribution of the EBNA1 subtypes in the four lymphoma groups was not significantly different (p = 0.075), neither was that of the EBV type 1/type 2 (p = 0.089). Compared with the previous data of gastric carcinoma (GC), nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and throat washing (TW) from healthy donors, the distribution of EBNA1 subtypes in lymphoma differed significantly (p = 0.016), with a little higher frequency of P-ala subtype. The EBV type distribution between lymphoma and the other three groups was significantly different (p = 0.000, p = 0.000, p = 0.001, respectively). The proportion of type 1 and type 2 mixed infections was higher in lymphoma than that in GC, NPC and TW. In lymphomas, the distribution of EBNA1 subtypes in the three EBV types was not significantly different (p = 0.546). These data suggested that the variation patterns of EBNA1 gene may be geographic-associated rather than tumor-specific and the role of EBNA1 gene variations in tumorigenesis needs more extensive and deep explorations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Sun
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhao
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Song Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhifu Sun
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lorenzetti MA, Altcheh J, Moroni S, Moscatelli G, Chabay PA, Preciado MV. EBNA1 sequences in Argentinean pediatric acute and latent Epstein-Barr virus infection reflect circulation of novel South American variants. J Med Virol 2010; 82:1730-8. [PMID: 20827771 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is related to the development of lymphomas and is also the etiological agent for infectious mononucleosis (IM). Sequence variation of the EBNA1 gene, consistently expressed in all EBV-positive cells, has been widely studied. Based on the amino acid at codon 487 five major EBNA1 variants have been described, two closely related prototypic variants (P-ala and P-thr) and three variant sequences (V-leu, V-val, and V-pro). Sub-variants were then further classified based on mutations other than the originally described. While several studies proposed associations with tumors and/or anatomical compartments, others argued in favor of a geographical distribution of these variants. In the present study, EBNA1 variants in 11 pediatric patients with IM and 19 pediatric EBV lymphomas from Argentina were compared as representatives of benign and malignant infection in children, respectively. A 3-month follow-up study of EBNA1 variants in peripheral blood cells and in oral secretions of patients with IM was performed. A new V-ala variant which includes five V-ala sub-variants and three new V-leu sub-variants was described. These data favor the geographical association hypothesis since no evidence for a preferential compartment distribution of EBNA1 variants and sub-variants was found. This is the first study to characterize EBNA1 variants in pediatric patients with infection mononucleosis worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Alejandro Lorenzetti
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Pathology Division, Ricardo Gutiérrez Children Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang Y, Liu X, Xing X, Cui Y, Zhao C, Luo B. Variations of Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 1 gene in gastric carcinomas and nasopharyngeal carcinomas from Northern China. Virus Res 2009; 147:258-64. [PMID: 19941915 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA1), the only viral protein consistently expressed in all EBV-associated tumors, is classified into five distinct subtypes: P-ala, P-thr, V-leu, V-val and V-pro based on the signature changes at amino acid residue 487. By now, whether the EBNA1 subtypes preferentially associate with particular malignancies or represent geographical polymorphism remains controversial. In China, most studies of the EBNA1 variations focused on nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in endemic area, among which some suggested the V-val subtype is preferentially associated with NPC. To characterize the variations of EBNA1 in NPC non-endemic area in China and to explore the association of EBNA1 variations with EBV-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) and NPC, the C-terminal sequences of EBNA1 were analyzed for 41 EBVaGC, 41 NPC biopsies and 55 throat washing (TW) samples from healthy donors in Northern China. Three major patterns of the EBNA1 variations, V-val, P-thrV and V-leuV, were observed, and V-val was the most common subtype in all the three groups, followed by P-thrV and V-leuV. The distribution of the EBNA1 subtypes among EBVaGC, NPC and healthy donors was not significantly different (P>0.05). In addition, preferential linkages between EBNA1 subtypes and EBNA3C variants were found to exist. There was no evidence that particular EBNA1 subtypes are preferentially associated with EBVaGC or NPC in Northern China, suggesting that EBNA1 gene variations are geographically restricted rather than tumor-specific polymorphisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Qingdao University Medical College, 38 Dengzhou Road, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ayadi W, Karray-Hakim H, Feki L, Khabir A, Boudawara T, Ghorbel A, Daoud J, Frikha M, Hammami A. IgA antibodies against the Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen1 as a valuable biomarker for the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in Tunisian patients. J Med Virol 2009; 81:1412-21. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
8
|
Chang CM, Yu KJ, Mbulaiteye SM, Hildesheim A, Bhatia K. The extent of genetic diversity of Epstein-Barr virus and its geographic and disease patterns: a need for reappraisal. Virus Res 2009; 143:209-21. [PMID: 19596032 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous, gamma-1 lymphotrophic virus etiologically linked to nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), endemic to Southern China, and Burkitt lymphoma (BL), endemic to equatorial Africa, both of which are rare elsewhere in the world. Why EBV is associated with different malignancies in different geographic regions remains puzzling and may be related to EBV genotypic variability through specific disease and geographic associations. We review the literature on sequence variation in EBV genes, focusing on LMP-1, EBNA-1, and BZLF-1 and their distribution by geography and disease. Given the limitations of current studies, definitive conclusions regarding the link between EBV genotypes, disease and geography are not possible. We suggest that the true extent of EBV diversity is likely to be greater than is currently recognized. Additional studies conducted in carefully selected populations, that are sufficiently powered to provide robust estimates, and that utilize testing approaches that permit full characterization of viral diversity are needed to further our understanding of patterns of EBV genetic variation and their association with malignancies in different regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M Chang
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology & Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 6120 Executive Blvd., EPS 7074, Rockville, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Stebbing J, Powles T, Nelson M, Bower M. Significance of variation within HIV, EBV, and KSHV subtypes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 5:93-102. [PMID: 16928877 DOI: 10.1177/1545109706290171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Since their initial transmission to humans, viruses have diversified extensively through recombination and mutation. The presence of intra- and inter-individual viral diversity influences disease progression, drug resistance, and therapy and presumably explains the conflicting results in many studies, including the failure of peptide-based vaccination strategies. Although HIV is a small RNA virus, coinfection with large DNA viruses, notably the oncogenic gamma-herpesviridae human herpesvirus-8 and Epstein Barr virus, is common. This coinfection occurs secondary to immunosuppression and shared transmission routes with high-risk predisposing behavior. In addition, all 3 of these viruses can lead to chronic infections, long periods of latency, and reactivation characterized by pain and suffering. The efficient targeting of their genetic diversity represents one of the major challenges in their control, both in prophylactic and therapeutic strategies. An understanding of diversity will help delineate whether population-specific vaccine strategies are necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Stebbing
- Department of HIV Medicine, The Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
McGeoch DJ, Gatherer D. Lineage structures in the genome sequences of three Epstein-Barr virus strains. Virology 2006; 359:1-5. [PMID: 17097710 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2006] [Revised: 09/29/2006] [Accepted: 10/03/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Whole genome sequences for three Epstein-Barr virus strains (B95-8, GD1 and AG876) were aligned and compared. In addition to known variable loci (including type-specific alleles for the EBNA2, EBNA3A, EBNA3B and EBNA3C genes, plus the EBNA1 and LMP1 genes), seven large-scale regions of lower-level diversity were identified with strains at each in two major groupings. All three possible patterns of strain associations were represented across the seven loci. Tree-building studies supported the existence of two distinct lineages in each case, and occurrence of recombination between lineages therefore has to be invoked to account for the observed genotypes of virus strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duncan J McGeoch
- Medical Research Council Virology Unit, Institute of Virology, University of Glasgow, Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dolan A, Addison C, Gatherer D, Davison AJ, McGeoch DJ. The genome of Epstein-Barr virus type 2 strain AG876. Virology 2006; 350:164-70. [PMID: 16490228 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2006.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Revised: 01/03/2006] [Accepted: 01/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Two Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) types are known, EBV1 and EBV2, which possess substantially diverged alleles for latency genes EBNA-2, EBNA-3A, EBNA-3B and EBNA-3C but are thought to be otherwise similar. We report the first complete EBV2 genome sequence, for strain AG876, as 172,764 bp. The sequence was interpreted as containing at least 80 protein coding genes. Comparison with the published EBV1 sequence demonstrated that the two sequences are collinear and, outside the known diverged alleles, generally very close. The EBNA-1 gene was identified as another diverged locus, although its variation is believed not to correlate with EBV type. Patterns of substitution between the two genomes presented a wide spectrum of classes of change. No evidence was seen for involvement of B-cell-specific hypermutation systems in generation of the diverged alleles. Overall, genomic comparisons indicated that the two EBV types should be regarded as belonging to the same virus species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aidan Dolan
- Medical Research Council Virology Unit, Institute of Virology, University of Glasgow, Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gaal K, Weiss LM, Chen WG, Chen YY, Arber DA. Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen (EBNA)-1 carboxy-terminal and EBNA-4 sequence polymorphisms in nasal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma in the United States. J Transl Med 2002; 82:957-62. [PMID: 12118098 DOI: 10.1097/01.lab.0000020416.66825.a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) polymorphisms were examined in 12 cases of nasal natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma diagnosed in the United States (U.S.-NL) with respect to the EBV-associated nuclear antigen (EBNA)-1 carboxy (C)-terminal region and the EBNA-4 region. A single dominant EBV strain was found in all cases. EBNA-1 sequences were remarkably homogeneous, showing either a P-ala (2/12) or P-ala variant (9/12) sequence. Other EBNA-1 subtypes known to be common in U.S.-reactive samples, such as P-thr or V-leu, were not identified. The final case had a base deletion with frame shift and premature stop codon. EBNA-1 C-terminal amino acid substitutions were common at codons 499 (10/12 cases), 502 (7/12), 524 (9/12), and 528 (6/12), all previously reported "hot spots." However, unlike previous reports of other EBV-associated neoplastic and reactive tissues, mutations were absent at residues 487 and 492. Mutations within HLA-A11-restricted immunogenic EBNA-4 epitopes 399-408 and 416-424 occurred in 3 of 12 cases but were not associated with HLA-A11 status. In summary, the exclusive finding of P-ala variant or P-ala EBNA-1 sequences in U.S.-NL cases differs from that reported in U.S.-reactive and non-U.S.-NL cases. Although the significance of this difference is not known for certain, it may be related to geographic and/or site-specific variations, rather than oncogenicity per se.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Gaal
- Division of Pathology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Fassone L, Cingolani A, Martini M, Migliaretti G, Oreste PL, Capello D, Gloghini A, Vivenza D, Dolcetti R, Carbone A, Antinori A, Gaidano G, Larocca LM. Characterization of Epstein-Barr virus genotype in AIDS-related non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2002; 18:19-26. [PMID: 11804553 DOI: 10.1089/088922202753394682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study sequence variations at the C terminus of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 1 (EBNA-1), EBV-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (LMP-1), and EBNA-2 and EBNA-3C genes were investigated in 64 cases of EBV-positive AIDS-related diffuse large cell lymphoma (AIDS-DLCL), both systemic (12) and localized primarily to the central nervous system (52), and in 12 cases of EBV-positive AIDS-related Burkitt's lymphoma (AIDS-BL). Sequence analysis of the EBNA-1 C-terminal region led to the distinction of two major unrelated EBV strains, termed strain P (prototype) and strain V (variant), and their related subtypes, namely P-ala, P-thr, V-leu, V-val, and V-pro. Analysis of the LMP-1 gene was performed to assess the frequency of the C-terminus deletion variant, whereas analysis of EBNA-2 and EBNA-3C genes led to the identification of the distribution of the EBV type 1 and type 2 strains. The frequency of EBNA-1 subtypes was assessed in 49 cases of AIDS-NHL, including 37 cases of AIDS-DLCL and 12 cases of AIDS-BL. The P strain was detected in 45 of 49 cases (91.8%) whereas the V strain was found in 4 of 49 samples (8.1%). A significant difference in the distribution of the P and V strains was found between AIDS-DLCL and AIDS-BL (p < 0.01), because of the exclusive infection by the P strain of the AIDS-DLCL samples analyzed. The frequency of LMP-1 deletion variants and of EBV type 1 and type 2 strains in AIDS-DLCL overlapped with that of the general population, and no correlation was found with the evaluated clinicoepidemiological data of patients, that is, disease site, tumor histology, CD4(+) cell counts, and HIV transmission route. In conclusion, we found that the distribution of the EBV genotype in all of the AIDS-NHL samples analyzed is similar to the viral representation found in control individuals of both immunocompetent and immunocompromised populations.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Burkitt Lymphoma/epidemiology
- Burkitt Lymphoma/immunology
- Burkitt Lymphoma/virology
- CD4 Lymphocyte Count
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Cytoskeletal Proteins
- Epstein-Barr Virus Nuclear Antigens/genetics
- Gene Deletion
- Genotype
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/chemistry
- Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics
- Humans
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
- LIM Domain Proteins
- Lymphoma, AIDS-Related/epidemiology
- Lymphoma, AIDS-Related/immunology
- Lymphoma, AIDS-Related/virology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/epidemiology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/immunology
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/virology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/epidemiology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/immunology
- Lymphoma, Non-Hodgkin/virology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Risk Factors
- Sequence Alignment
- Viral Proteins
- Zinc Fingers/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Fassone
- Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Medical Sciences, Amedeo Avogadro University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Genomic sequences available for members of the gamma-Herpesvirinae allow analysis of many aspects of the group's evolution. This paper examines four topics: (i) the phylogeny of the group; (ii) the histories of gamma-herpesvirus-specific genes; (iii) genomic variation of human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8); and (iv) the relationship between Epstein-Barr virus types 1 and 2 (EBV-1 and EBV-2). A phylogenetic tree based on eight conserved genes has been constructed for eight gamma-herpesviruses and extended to 14 species with smaller gene sets. This gave a generally robust assignment of evolutionary relationships, with the exception of murine herpesvirus 4 (MHV-4), which could not be placed unambiguously on the tree and which has evidently experienced an unusually high rate of genomic change. The gamma-herpesviruses possess a variable complement of genes with cellular homologues. In the clearest cases these virus genes were shown to have originated from host genome lineages in the distant past. HHV-8 possesses at its left genomic terminus a highly diverse gene (K1) and at its right terminus a gene (K15) having two diverged alleles. It was proposed that the high diversity of K1 results from a positive selection on K1 and a hitchhiking effect that reduces diversity elsewhere in the genome. EBV-1 and EBV-2 differ in their alleles of the EBNA-2, EBNA-3A, EBNA-3B and EBNA-3C genes. It was suggested that EBV-1 and EBV-2 may recombine in mixed infections so that their sequences outside these genes remain homogeneous. Models for genesis of the types, by recombination between diverged parents or by local divergence from a single lineage, both present difficulties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D J McGeoch
- Medical Research Council Virology Unit, Institute of Virology, University of Glasgow, Church Street, Glasgow G11 5JR, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Imashuku S, Tabata Y, Teramura T, Hibi S. Treatment strategies for Epstein-Barr virus-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (EBV-HLH). Leuk Lymphoma 2000; 39:37-49. [PMID: 10975382 DOI: 10.3109/10428190009053537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, the virus immortalizes B lymphocytes and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are directed toward both latent and lytic viral antigens expressed on EBV-infected B-cells. Various EBV-associated diseases occur as a result of this disruption of immune surveillance. In the majority of EBV-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (EBV-HLH) cases, the major cell types containing EBV DNA are not B-cells, but clonally proliferating T-cells or NK-cells. Proliferation of these cells produces severe immune reactions in the host, and the clinical features related to massive cytokine production at the onset of disease are unique and distinct from other EBV-associated diseases. In the treatment of EBV-HLH, therapeutic infusion of EBV-specific CTLs appears to be ineffective, and eradication of EBV-containing cells is useful but not sufficient to save lives, because of high incidence of acute mortality due to cytokine-induced multiple organ failure and neutropenia-associated opportunistic infections. The optimal treatment strategy for this disease consists of three steps: (1) control of cytokine storm including coagulopathy and multiple organ failure, (2) control of opportunistic infections, and (3) eradication of clonally proliferating EBV-containing T- or NK- cells by immunochemotherapy and, if necessary, hemopoietic stem cell/bone marrow transplantation (SCT/BMT).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Imashuku
- Kyoto City Institute of Health and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Greiner TC, Abou-Elella AA, Smir BN, Orazi A, Hinrichs S, Anderson J, Gross T, Bierman P, Hauke R. Molecular epidemiology of EBNA-1 substrains of Epstein-Barr virus in posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders which have infrequent p53 mutations. Leuk Lymphoma 2000; 38:563-76. [PMID: 10953978 DOI: 10.3109/10428190009059276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLDs), which are highly associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection, have a low frequency of molecular genetic abnormalities. Recently it has been suggested certain EBV substrains may be associated with specific lymphoma subtypes. The goals of our study were two fold: 1) to determine the prevalence of EBNA-1 substrains and prognostic utility in PTLD and 2) to determine the incidence of p53 gene mutations and p53 protein overexpression in 32 EBV-positive PTLD cases. Tumor DNA was sequenced to identify EBNA-1 substrains at codon 487 and p53 gene mutations in exons 5-8. The PTLD samples contained the following EBNA-1 substrains: P-thr in 17/32 (53%), P-ala in 11/32 (34%), and V-leu in 4/32 (13%). More heterogeneity within major subtypes was seen in the PTLD cases than in the referral group. A second group of 25 referral (non-PTLD) samples including infectious mononucleosis (6) and sequential EBV positive virology samples (19) contained P-thr in 17/25 (68%); P-ala in 2/25 (8%); and V-leu in 6/25 (24%). In the 29 B-cell PTLD the time to presentation was an average of 13.3 months in the P-ala group, 16.6 months in the P-thr group, and 40.6 months in the V-leu group: (p>0.05). There was no difference in survival in patients (median overall--60 months) between the three different substrains of EBNA-1 (Log rank test, p=0.39). One of 31 (4.1%) cases (a diffuse large cell B-cell) had a p53 mutation. Seven of 31 (23%) cases (all B-cell), including the p53 mutated case, had over-expression of p53 protein. We conclude EBNA-1 substrains vary in PTLD and suggest the pattern reflects the geographical incidence of substrains in the region. We also conclude p53 mutations are not a significant molecular genetic abnormality in PTLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T C Greiner
- Department of Pathology & Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha 68198-3135, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|