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Vectorial Release of Human RNA Viruses from Epithelial Cells. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020231. [PMID: 35215825 PMCID: PMC8875463 DOI: 10.3390/v14020231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells are apico-basolateral polarized cells that line all tubular organs and are often targets for infectious agents. This review focuses on the release of human RNA virus particles from both sides of polarized human cells grown on transwells. Most viruses that infect the mucosa leave their host cells mainly via the apical side while basolateral release is linked to virus propagation within the host. Viruses do this by hijacking the cellular factors involved in polarization and trafficking. Thus, understanding epithelial polarization is essential for a clear understanding of virus pathophysiology.
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Ebola Virus Uptake into Polarized Cells from the Apical Surface. Viruses 2019; 11:v11121117. [PMID: 31810353 PMCID: PMC6949903 DOI: 10.3390/v11121117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) causes severe hemorrhagic fever with high mortality rates. EBOV can infect many types of cells. During severe EBOV infection, polarized epithelial and endothelial cells are damaged, which promotes vascular instability and dysregulation. However, the mechanism causing these symptoms is largely unknown. Here, we studied virus infection in polarized Vero C1008 cells grown on semipermeable Transwell by using EGFP-labeled Ebola virus-like particles (VLPs). Our results showed that Ebola VLPs preferred to enter polarized Vero cells from the apical cell surface. Furthermore, we showed that the EBOV receptors TIM-1 and Axl were distributed apically, which could be responsible for mediating efficient apical viral entry. Macropinocytosis and intracellular receptor Niemann–Pick type C1 (NPC1) had no polarized distribution, although they played roles in virus entry. This study provides a new view of EBOV uptake and cell polarization, which facilitates a further understanding of EBOV infection and pathogenesis.
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Tamhankar M, Patterson JL. Directional entry and release of Zika virus from polarized epithelial cells. Virol J 2019; 16:99. [PMID: 31395061 PMCID: PMC6688342 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Both vector borne and sexual transmission of Zika virus (ZIKV) involve infection of epithelial cells in the initial stages of infection. Epithelial cells are unique in their ability to form polarized monolayers and their barrier function. Cell polarity induces an asymmetry in the epithelial monolayer, which is maintained by tight junctions and specialized sorting machinery. This differential localization can have a potential impact of virus infection. Asymmetrical distribution of a viral receptor can restrict virus entry to a particular membrane while polarized sorting can lead to a directional release of virions. The present study examined the impact of cell polarity on ZIKV infection and release. Methods A polarized Caco-2 cell model we described previously was used to assess ZIKV infection. Transepithelial resistance (TEER) was used to assess epithelial cell polarity, and virus infection was measured by immunofluorescence microscopy and qRT-PCR. Cell permeability was measured using a fluorescein leakage assay. Statistical significance was calculated using one-way ANOVA and significance was set at p < 0.05. Results Using the Caco-2 cell model for polarized epithelial cells, we report that Zika virus preferentially infects polarized cells from the apical route and is released vectorially through the basolateral route. Our data also indicates that release occurs without disruption of cell permeability. Conclusions Our results show that ZIKV has directional infection and egress in a polarized cell system. This mechanism of directional infection may be one of the mechanisms that enables the cross the epithelial barrier effectively without a disruption in cell monolayer integrity. Elucidation of entry and release characteristics of Zika virus in polarized epithelial cells can lead to better understanding of virus dissemination in the host, and can help in developing effective therapeutic interventions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12985-019-1200-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasi Tamhankar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jean L Patterson
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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Gammaherpesvirus BoHV-4 infects bovine respiratory epithelial cells mainly at the basolateral side. Vet Res 2019; 50:11. [PMID: 30736853 PMCID: PMC6368735 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0629-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus 4 (BoHV-4) is a gammaherpesvirus that is widespread in cattle. However, only a few studies about the pathogenesis of BoHV-4 primary infection have been reported. In the present study, ex vivo models with bovine nasal and tracheal mucosa explants were used to study the cellular BoHV-4-host interactions. Infection was observed in nasal but not in tracheal epithelial cells. To find a possible correlation between the integrity and restricted infection of the respiratory epithelium, both nasal mucosal and tracheal explants were treated with EGTA, a drug that disrupts the intercellular junctions, before inoculation. The infection was analyzed based on the number of plaques, plaque latitude and number of infected single cells, as determined by immunofluorescence. BoHV-4 infection in nasal mucosal explants was enhanced upon opening the tight junctions with EGTA. Infection in tracheal explants was only found after treatment with EGTA. In addition, primary bovine respiratory epithelial cells (BREC) were isolated, grown at the air–liquid interface and infected either at the apical or basolateral side by BoHV-4. The results showed that BoHV-4 preferentially bound to and entered BREC at the basolateral surfaces of both nasal and tracheal epithelial cells. The percentage of BoHV-4 infection was significantly increased both from nasal and tracheal epithelial cells after treatment with EGTA, which indicates that the BoHV-4 receptor is mainly located at the basolateral surface of these cells. Thus, our findings demonstrate that integrity of the respiratory epithelium is crucial in the host’s innate defense against primary BoHV-4 infections.
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Ramirez L, Betanzos A, Raya-Sandino A, González-Mariscal L, Del Angel RM. Dengue virus enters and exits epithelial cells through both apical and basolateral surfaces and perturbs the apical junctional complex. Virus Res 2018; 258:39-49. [PMID: 30278191 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dengue is the most relevant mosquito-borne viral disease in the world. It has been estimated that 390 million infections of dengue occur each year. Dengue virus (DENV) infection can be asymptomatic or can produce a self-limited febrile illness called dengue fever (DF) or a severe form of the infection called severe dengue. In some viruses, the entry and egress from cells, occur in a specific domain of polarized endothelial and epithelial cells. In this study, we investigated whether the entry and release of DENV was polarized in epithelial cells, and evaluated the effect of DENV infection on cellular junctions of epithelial cells. We used MDCK epithelial cells, which serve as an excellent model to study a functional barrier due to the presence of an apical junctional complex (AJC), and showed that entry and release of DENV from the cells, is bipolar. Additionally, we performed paracellular flux, diffusion of membrane lipid, immunofluorescence and immunoblotting assays to evaluate the integrity of the AJC during DENV infection. We observed that at later stages of infection, DENV altered the barrier function causing a decrease in the transepithelial electrical resistance and the degradation and delocalization of TJ and AJ proteins. The present study contributes to understand how DENV traverse epithelia in order to cause a productive infection, and provides insights into the mechanism of DENV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abigail Betanzos
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Mexico; Conacyt, Mexico
| | - Arturo Raya-Sandino
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísicay Neurociencias. CINVESTAV-IPN, Mexico, D.F., Mexico
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6
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Van Cleemput J, Poelaert KCK, Laval K, Maes R, Hussey GS, Van den Broeck W, Nauwynck HJ. Access to a main alphaherpesvirus receptor, located basolaterally in the respiratory epithelium, is masked by intercellular junctions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16656. [PMID: 29192251 PMCID: PMC5709510 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16804-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The respiratory epithelium of humans and animals is frequently exposed to alphaherpesviruses, originating from either external exposure or reactivation from latency. To date, the polarity of alphaherpesvirus infection in the respiratory epithelium and the role of respiratory epithelial integrity herein has not been studied. Equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV1), a well-known member of the alphaherpesvirus family, was used to infect equine respiratory mucosal explants and primary equine respiratory epithelial cells (EREC), grown at the air-liquid interface. EHV1 binding to and infection of mucosal explants was greatly enhanced upon destruction of the respiratory epithelium integrity with EGTA or N-acetylcysteine. EHV1 preferentially bound to and entered EREC at basolateral cell surfaces. Restriction of infection via apical inoculation was overcome by disruption of intercellular junctions. Finally, basolateral but not apical EHV1 infection of EREC was dependent on cellular N-linked glycans. Overall, our findings demonstrate that integrity of the respiratory epithelium is crucial in the host’s innate defence against primary alphaherpesvirus infections. In addition, by targeting a basolaterally located receptor in the respiratory epithelium, alphaherpesviruses have generated a strategy to efficiently escape from host defence mechanisms during reactivation from latency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolien Van Cleemput
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Katrien C K Poelaert
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Kathlyn Laval
- Department of Molecular Biology and Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, 119 Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey, 08544, USA
| | - Roger Maes
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Gisela S Hussey
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, 784 Wilson Road, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Wim Van den Broeck
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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7
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Pixuna virus modifies host cell cytoskeleton to secure infection. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5757. [PMID: 28720756 PMCID: PMC5515931 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05983-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Pixuna virus (PIXV) is an enzootic member of the Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus complex and belongs to the New World cluster of alphaviruses. Herein we explore the role of the cellular cytoskeleton during PIXV replication. We first identified that PIXV undergoes an eclipse phase consisting of 4 h followed by 20 h of an exponential phase in Vero cells. The infected cells showed morphological changes due to structural modifications in actin microfilaments (MFs) and microtubules (MTs). Cytoskeleton-binding agents, that alter the architecture and dynamics of MFs and MTs, were used to study the role of cytoskeleton on PIXV replication. The virus production was significantly affected (p < 0.05) after treatment with paclitaxel or nocodazole due to changes in the MTs network. Interestingly, disassembly of MFs with cytochalasin D, at early stage of PIXV replication cycle, significantly increased the virus yields in the extracellular medium (p < 0.005). Furthermore, the stabilization of actin network with jasplakinolide had no effect on virus yields. Our results demonstrate that PIXV relies not only on intact MTs for the efficient production of virus, but also on a dynamic actin network during the early steps of viral replication.
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Kobayashi S, Suzuki T, Kawaguchi A, Phongphaew W, Yoshii K, Iwano T, Harada A, Kariwa H, Orba Y, Sawa H. Rab8b Regulates Transport of West Nile Virus Particles from Recycling Endosomes. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:6559-68. [PMID: 26817838 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.712760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) particles assemble at and bud into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and are secreted from infected cells through the secretory pathway. However, the host factor related to these steps is not fully understood. Rab proteins, belonging to the Ras superfamily, play essential roles in regulating many aspects of vesicular trafficking. In this study, we sought to determine which Rab proteins are involved in intracellular trafficking of nascent WNV particles. RNAi analysis revealed that Rab8b plays a role in WNV particle release. We found that Rab8 and WNV antigen were colocalized in WNV-infected human neuroblastoma cells, and that WNV infection enhanced Rab8 expression in the cells. In addition, the amount of WNV particles in the supernatant of Rab8b-deficient cells was significantly decreased compared with that of wild-type cells. We also demonstrated that WNV particles accumulated in the recycling endosomes in WNV-infected cells. In summary, these results suggest that Rab8b is involved in trafficking of WNV particles from recycling endosomes to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Kobayashi
- From the Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20, W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan, Laboratory of Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-Ku, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Akira Kawaguchi
- From the Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20, W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Wallaya Phongphaew
- From the Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20, W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Kentaro Yoshii
- Laboratory of Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Iwano
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 1110 Shimo-Kateau, Chuo, Yamanashi 409-3898, Japan
| | - Akihiro Harada
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, and
| | - Hiroaki Kariwa
- Laboratory of Public Health, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, N18, W9, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yasuko Orba
- From the Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20, W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- From the Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, N20, W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE) and Global Virus Network (GVN), Hokkaido University, N20, W10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
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9
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Huang JX, Blaskovich MA, Cooper MA. Cell- and biomarker-based assays for predicting nephrotoxicity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 10:1621-35. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.967681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Burlaud-Gaillard J, Sellin C, Georgeault S, Uzbekov R, Lebos C, Guillaume JM, Roingeard P. Correlative scanning-transmission electron microscopy reveals that a chimeric flavivirus is released as individual particles in secretory vesicles. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93573. [PMID: 24681578 PMCID: PMC3969332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The intracellular morphogenesis of flaviviruses has been well described, but flavivirus release from the host cell remains poorly documented. We took advantage of the optimized production of an attenuated chimeric yellow fever/dengue virus for vaccine purposes to study this phenomenon by microscopic approaches. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the release of numerous viral particles at the cell surface through a short-lived process. For transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies of the intracellular ultrastructure of the small number of cells releasing viral particles at a given time, we developed a new correlative microscopy method: CSEMTEM (for correlative scanning electron microscopy - transmission electron microscopy). CSEMTEM analysis suggested that chimeric flavivirus particles were released as individual particles, in small exocytosis vesicles, via a regulated secretory pathway. Our morphological findings provide new insight into interactions between flaviviruses and cells and demonstrate that CSEMTEM is a useful new method, complementary to SEM observations of biological events by intracellular TEM investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Burlaud-Gaillard
- Plate-Forme RIO des Microscopies, PPF ASB, Université François Rabelais and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Caroline Sellin
- Département Bioprocess, Upstream Platform, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Sonia Georgeault
- Plate-Forme RIO des Microscopies, PPF ASB, Université François Rabelais and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Rustem Uzbekov
- Plate-Forme RIO des Microscopies, PPF ASB, Université François Rabelais and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Claude Lebos
- Plate-Forme RIO des Microscopies, PPF ASB, Université François Rabelais and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Jean-Marc Guillaume
- Département Bioprocess, Upstream Platform, Sanofi Pasteur, Marcy l'Etoile, France
| | - Philippe Roingeard
- Plate-Forme RIO des Microscopies, PPF ASB, Université François Rabelais and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
- INSERM U966, Université François Rabelais and CHRU de Tours, Tours, France
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11
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Lim PJ, Chu JJH. A polarized cell model for Chikungunya virus infection: entry and egress of virus occurs at the apical domain of polarized cells. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2661. [PMID: 24587455 PMCID: PMC3930524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has resulted in several outbreaks in the past six decades. The clinical symptoms of Chikungunya infection include fever, skin rash, arthralgia, and an increasing incidence of encephalitis. The re-emergence of CHIKV with more severe pathogenesis highlights its potential threat on our human health. In this study, polarized HBMEC, polarized Vero C1008 and non-polarized Vero cells grown on cell culture inserts were infected with CHIKV apically or basolaterally. Plaque assays, viral binding assays and immunofluorescence assays demonstrated apical entry and release of CHIKV in polarized HBMEC and Vero C1008. Drug treatment studies were performed to elucidate both host cell and viral factors involved in the sorting and release of CHIKV at the apical domain of polarized cells. Disruption of host cell myosin II, microtubule and microfilament networks did not disrupt the polarized release of CHIKV. However, treatment with tunicamycin resulted in a bi-directional release of CHIKV, suggesting that N-glycans of CHIKV envelope glycoproteins could serve as apical sorting signals. Polarized cells are found in many parts of the human body and are characterized by the presence of two distinct plasma membrane domains: the apical domain facing the lumen and the basolateral domain facing the underlying tissues. Polarized epithelial cells line the major cavities of our body, while polarized endothelial cells line the blood-tissue interface, both of which protect our body against the invasion of biological pathogens. Thus, many pathogens have to invade the monolayer of epithelial or endothelial cells in order to establish infection. During infection with Chikungunya virus, a mosquito vector bites a human host and inoculates the virus into the host's bloodstream. In recent epidemics of Chikungunya infection, more severe clinical manifestations such as neurological complications were observed. As such, we studied the infection of Chikungunya virus in polarized cells in an aim to provide explanations for the more severe pathogenesis observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Jin Lim
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
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Fu YY, Sibley E, Tang SC. Transient cytochalasin-D treatment induces apically administered rAAV2 across tight junctions for transduction of enterocytes. J Gen Virol 2009; 89:3004-3008. [PMID: 19008386 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.2008/001446-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Enteropathogens are known to disrupt apical actin filaments and/or tight-junction barriers of intestinal epithelial cells to promote infection. In this study, we show that a controlled, cytochalasin-D (Cyto-D)-mediated disruption of actin filaments and tight junctions enhanced the apical delivery of the gene-therapy vector recombinant adeno-associated virus serotype 2 (rAAV2). This increase in transduction efficiency can be attributed to the enhanced delivery of rAAV2 across the Cyto-D disrupted tight junctions, allowing basolateral entry of rAAV2. Previously, we have shown that MG101 and doxorubicin are capable of overcoming proteasome-mediated transduction barriers of rAAV2 in enterocytes. In this study, when Cyto-D was combined with MG101 and doxorubicin in apical delivery of rAAV2 to transduce the differentiated Caco-2 enterocytes, a synergistic >2300-fold increase in transgene expression was achieved. We conclude that Cyto-D is capable of permeating the polarized enterocytes for rAAV2 transduction, which may potentially be a useful device to facilitate intestinal gene transfer via the gut lumen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Yuan Fu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Eric Sibley
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shiue-Cheng Tang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC
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13
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Basolateral entry and release of New and Old World arenaviruses from human airway epithelia. J Virol 2008; 82:6034-8. [PMID: 18417570 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00100-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of arenaviruses from rodent hosts to humans is generally thought to occur through inhalation or ingestion of dust or droplets containing viral particles. Here we demonstrate that two identified arenavirus receptors, alpha-dystroglycan (alpha-DG) and transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), are expressed in polarized human airway epithelia. Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus strains with high or low alpha-DG affinity and Junin virus, which binds TfR1, efficiently infected polarized epithelia only when applied to the basolateral surface or when injury compromised tight junction integrity. Viral egress from infected epithelia exhibited basolateral polarity. This study demonstrates that respiratory entry of arenaviruses occurs via basolateral receptors.
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Chu JJH, Ng ML. Viral and cellular determinants of West Nile virus entry and morphogenesis. Future Virol 2008. [DOI: 10.2217/17460794.3.1.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The re-emergence of the Old World flavivirus – West Nile in the Western hemisphere – has spurred intense research to decipher the host-cellular and viral determinants in contributing to West Nile virus pathogenesis. The increasing understanding of the complex interactions between West Nile virus and host cells will definitely help to accelerate the development of clinically effective antiviral therapies and a vaccine. In this review article, we present a perspective on the recent advances in revealing how the host-cellular factors are engaged during the entry, morphogenesis and assembly of West Nile virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Jang-Hann Chu
- National University of Singapore, Flavivirology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 5 Science Drive 2, 117597 Singapore
| | - Mah-Lee Ng
- National University of Singapore, Flavivirology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 5 Science Drive 2, 117597 Singapore
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Li J, Bhuvanakantham R, Howe J, Ng ML. Identifying the region influencing the cis-mode of maturation of West Nile (Sarafend) virus using chimeric infectious clones. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 334:714-20. [PMID: 16018972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.06.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2005] [Accepted: 06/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
West Nile (Sarafend) virus [WN(S)V] has been shown to egress by budding at the plasma membrane of infected cells. However, the region influencing this mode of virus release remains to be deciphered. In this study, we have constructed three chimeric clones in which specific regions of West Nile (Wengler) virus [WN(W)V] were replaced for the corresponding regions of WN(S)V in the full-length infectious clone of WN(S)V to define the region responsible for the cis-mode of WN(S)V maturation. The WN(W)V matures by the trans-mode. All of the resulting chimeric viruses were found to be infective. Transmission electron microscopy analyses performed in Vero cells infected with these chimeric viruses disclosed that the 5' end of the WN(S)V genome plays a major role in influencing the process of maturation at the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Li
- Flavivirology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
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16
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Cordo SM, Acuña MCY, Candurra NA. Polarized entry and release of Junin virus, a New World arenavirus. J Gen Virol 2005; 86:1475-1479. [PMID: 15831960 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.80473-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Junin virus (JUNV), the causative agent of Argentine haemorrhagic fever, is a human pathogen that naturally enters the body through the epithelial cells of the respiratory and digestive tracts. The interaction of JUNV with two types of polarized epithelial cultures, Vero C1008 and A549, was investigated. Radioactive virus-binding assays showed that JUNV infects polarized lines preferentially through the apical surface. High-level expression of viral nucleoprotein was detected in polarized cell lines infected through the apical domain. Virus production from apical media was about 100-fold higher than that found into the basolateral medium. Confocal-immunofluorescence analysis revealed high-level expression of glycoprotein at the apical-membrane surface. Disruption of the microtubule network by colchicine impaired JUNV vectorial release. This is the first study to analyse the interaction between a member of the virus family Arenaviridae and polarized epithelial cells, showing preferential entry and release from the apical plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Cordo
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria Pab II, CP 1428, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maximiliano Cesio Y Acuña
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria Pab II, CP 1428, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nélida A Candurra
- Laboratorio de Virología, Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria Pab II, CP 1428, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Hunsperger E, Roehrig JT. Characterization of West Nile viral replication and maturation in peripheral neurons in culture. J Neurovirol 2005; 11:11-22. [PMID: 15804955 DOI: 10.1080/13550280590900454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The North American West Nile virus (WNV), New York 1999 strain, appears to be highly neurotropic, and its neuroinvasiveness is an important aspect of human disease. The authors have developed an in vitro model to study WNV replication and protein processing in neurons. They compared WNV infection of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons (sensory neurons) and PC-12 cells (sympathetic neurons) to WNV infection of the mosquito cell line, C6/36, and Vero cells. WNV infection of both neuronal cell types and C6/36 cells was not cytopathic up to 30 days post infection, and continual viral shedding was observed during this period. However, WNV infection of Vero cells was lytic. Interestingly, WNV infection of neurons was not efficient, requiring a high multiplicity of infection of > or = 10. Indirect immunofluorescence assays using normal and confocal microscopy with flavivirus-reactive antibodies and WNV-infected neurons demonstrated viral antigen mostly associated with the plasma membrane and in the neurite processes. Treatment of WNV-infected C6/36, PC-12, or DRG cells with brefeldin A (BFA; a trans-Golgi inhibitor) or nocadazole (a beta-tubulin inhibitor) had little effect on viral maturation and secretion. Treatment of WNV-infected Vero cells with BFA resulted in a 1000-fold decrease in viral titer, but nocodazole had no effect. Our studies suggest that even though PC-12 and DRG neurons are mammalian cells, viral protein processing and maturation in these cells more closely resembles replication in C6/36 insect cells than in mammalian Vero cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Hunsperger
- Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, Department of Health and Human Services, Fort Collins, CO 80522, USA.
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18
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Chu JJH, Ng ML. Interaction of West Nile virus with alpha v beta 3 integrin mediates virus entry into cells. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:54533-41. [PMID: 15475343 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m410208200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional receptor for the flavivirus West Nile (WNV) infection has been characterized in this study with a combination of biochemical and molecular approaches. A 105-kDa protease-sensitive glycoprotein that binds WNV was isolated from the plasma membrane of cells permissive to WNV infection. The protein was subjected to peptide sequencing, and this glycoprotein was identified as a member of the integrin superfamily. Infection of WNV was shown to be markedly inhibited in Vero cells pretreated with blocking antibodies against alpha(v)beta(3) integrin and its subunits by receptor competition assay. It was also noted that cells pretreated with antibodies against alpha(v)beta(3) integrin can effectively inhibit flavivirus Japanese encephalitis but to a lesser extent flavivirus dengue infections. West Nile virus entry is independent of divalent cations and is not highly blocked by arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptides, suggesting that the interaction between the virus and alpha(v)beta(3) integrin is not highly dependent on the classical RGD binding motif. In addition, gene silencing of the beta(3) integrin subunit in cells has resulted in cells largely resistant to WNV infection. In contrast, expression of recombinant human beta(3) integrin substantially increased the permissiveness of CS-1 melanoma cells for WNV infection. Soluble alpha(v)beta(3) integrin can also effectively block WNV infection in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, WNV infection also triggered the outside-in signaling pathway via the activation of integrin-associated focal adhesion kinase. The identification of alpha(v)beta(3) integrin as a receptor for WNV provides insight into virus-receptor interaction, hence creating opportunities in the development of anti-viral strategies against WNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Jang-Hann Chu
- Flavivirology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, 5 Science Drive 2, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597
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Chu JJH, Ng ML. The mechanism of cell death during West Nile virus infection is dependent on initial infectious dose. J Gen Virol 2004; 84:3305-3314. [PMID: 14645911 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19447-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of West Nile (WN) virus-induced cell death is determined by the initial infectious dose. In Vero cells infected with WN virus at an m.o.i. of 10 or greater, morphological changes characteristic of necrosis were observed as early as 8 h post-infection (p.i.). Pathological changes included extensive cell swelling and loss of plasma membrane integrity, as revealed by optical and electron microscopy. High extracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was observed together with leakage of the high mobility group 1 (HMGB1) protein into the extracellular space. When cells undergo necrosis, they release the HMGB1 protein, a pro-inflammatory mediator cytokine. At high infectious doses, loss of cell plasma membrane integrity was due to the profuse budding of WN progeny virus particles during maturation. When this profuse budding process was disrupted using cytochalasin B, LDH activity was reduced dramatically. In contrast, WN virus-induced cell killing occurred predominantly by apoptosis when cells were infected with an m.o.i. of </=1; the process of apoptosis observed was much later after infection (32 h p.i.). Fragmentation of DNA, chromatin condensation and formation of apoptotic bodies were all observed. This WN virus-induced apoptosis pathway was initiated by the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria and was accompanied by the formation of apoptosomes. In turn, this led to the activation of caspase-9 and -3, and to the cleavage of the poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J H Chu
- Flavivirology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, 5 Science Drive 2, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore
| | - M L Ng
- Flavivirology Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, 5 Science Drive 2, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore
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Chu JJH, Choo BGH, Lee JWM, Ng ML. Actin filaments participate in West Nile (Sarafend) virus maturation process. J Med Virol 2003; 71:463-72. [PMID: 12966555 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
West Nile (Sarafend) virus has previously been shown to egress by budding at the plasma membrane of infected cells, but relatively little is known about the mechanism involved in this mode of release. During the course of this study, it was discovered that actin filaments take part in the virus maturation process. Using dual-labeled immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy at late infection (10 hr p.i.), co-localization of viral structural (envelope and capsid) proteins with actin filaments was confirmed. The virus structural proteins were also immunoprecipitated with anti-actin antibody, further demonstrating the strong association between the two components. Perturbation of actin filaments by cytochalasin B strongly inhibited the release of West Nile virus (approximately 10,000-fold inhibition) when compared with the untreated cells. Infectious virus particles were recovered after the removal of cytochalasin B. Further confirmation was obtained when nucleocapsid particles were found associated with disrupted actin filaments at the periphery of cytochalasin B-treated cells. Together, these results showed that actin filaments do indeed have a key role in the release of West Nile (Sarafend) virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J H Chu
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117597, Republic of Singapore
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Chu JJH, Ng ML. Characterization of a 105-kDa plasma membrane associated glycoprotein that is involved in West Nile virus binding and infection. Virology 2003; 312:458-69. [PMID: 12919750 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00261-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study attempts to isolate and characterize West Nile virus-binding molecules on the plasma membrane of Vero and murine neuroblastoma cells that is responsible for virus entry. Pretreatment of Vero cells with proteases, glycosidases (endoglycosidase H, alpha-mannosidase), and sodium periodate strongly inhibited West Nile virus infection, whereas treatments with phospholipases and heparinases had no effect. The virus overlay protein blot detected a 105-kDa molecule on the plasma membrane extract of Vero and murine neuroblastoma cells that bind to WN virus. Treatment of the 105-kDa molecules with beta-mercaptoethanol resulted in the virus binding to a series of lower molecular weight bands ranging from 30 to 40 kDa. The disruption of disulfide-linked subunits did not affect virus binding. N-linked sugars with mannose residues on the 105-kDa membrane proteins were found to be important in virus binding. Specific antibodies against the 105-kDa glycoprotein were highly effective in blocking virus entry. These results strongly supported the possibility that the 105-kDa protease-sensitive glycoprotein with complex N-linked sugars could be the putative receptor for WN virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J H Chu
- Department of Microbiology, 5 Science Drive 2, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
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