1
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Xie S, Li F. Ependymal cells: roles in central nervous system infections and therapeutic application. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:255. [PMID: 39385253 PMCID: PMC11465851 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03240-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 10/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Ependymal cells are arranged along the inner surfaces of the ventricles and the central canal of the spinal cord, providing anatomical, physiological and immunological barriers that maintain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) homeostasis. Based on this, studies have found that alterations in gene expression, cell junctions, cytokine secretion and metabolic disturbances can lead to dysfunction of ependymal cells, thereby participating in the onset and progression of central nervous system (CNS) infections. Additionally, ependymal cells can exhibit proliferative and regenerative potential as well as secretory functions during CNS injury, contributing to neuroprotection and post-injury recovery. Currently, studies on ependymal cell primarily focus on the basic investigations of their morphology, function and gene expression; however, there is a notable lack of clinical translational studies examining the molecular mechanisms by which ependymal cells are involved in disease onset and progression. This limits our understanding of ependymal cells in CNS infections and the development of therapeutic applications. Therefore, this review will discuss the molecular mechanism underlying the involvement of ependymal cells in CNS infections, and explore their potential for application in clinical treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Xie
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 2901 Cao Lang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 2901 Cao Lang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, 130 Dong An Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai, China.
- Tuberculosis Research Center, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, 2901 Cao Lang Road, Jinshan District, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Masemann D, Ludwig S, Boergeling Y. Advances in Transgenic Mouse Models to Study Infections by Human Pathogenic Viruses. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9289. [PMID: 33291453 PMCID: PMC7730764 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Medical research is changing into direction of precision therapy, thus, sophisticated preclinical models are urgently needed. In human pathogenic virus research, the major technical hurdle is not only to translate discoveries from animals to treatments of humans, but also to overcome the problem of interspecies differences with regard to productive infections and comparable disease development. Transgenic mice provide a basis for research of disease pathogenesis after infection with human-specific viruses. Today, humanized mice can be found at the very heart of this forefront of medical research allowing for recapitulation of disease pathogenesis and drug mechanisms in humans. This review discusses progress in the development and use of transgenic mice for the study of virus-induced human diseases towards identification of new drug innovations to treat and control human pathogenic infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yvonne Boergeling
- Institute of Virology Muenster, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; (D.M.); (S.L.)
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3
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Sridhar A, Simmini S, Ribeiro CMS, Tapparel C, Evers MM, Pajkrt D, Wolthers K. A Perspective on Organoids for Virology Research. Viruses 2020; 12:E1341. [PMID: 33238561 PMCID: PMC7700289 DOI: 10.3390/v12111341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models and cell lines are invaluable for virology research and host-pathogen interaction studies. However, it is increasingly evident that these models are not sufficient to fully understand human viral diseases. With the advent of three-dimensional organotypic cultures, it is now possible to study viral infections in the human context. This perspective explores the potential of these organotypic cultures, also known as organoids, for virology research, antiviral testing, and shaping the virology landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adithya Sridhar
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.S.); (D.P.)
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Salvatore Simmini
- Gastrointestinal Biology Group, STEMCELL Technologies UK Ltd., Cambridge CB28 9TL, UK;
| | - Carla M. S. Ribeiro
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Caroline Tapparel
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland;
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Geneva University Hospital, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Melvin M. Evers
- Department of Research and Development, uniQure Biopharma B.V., 1105 BE Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Dasja Pajkrt
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.S.); (D.P.)
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katja Wolthers
- OrganoVIR Labs, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (A.S.); (D.P.)
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4
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Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71) is one of the major causative agents of hand, foot, and mouth disease. EV-A71 infection is sometimes associated with severe neurological diseases such as acute encephalitis, acute flaccid paralysis, and cardiopulmonary failure. Therefore, EV-A71 is a serious public health concern. Scavenger receptor class B, member 2 (SCARB2) is a type III transmembrane protein that belongs to the CD36 family and is a major receptor for EV-A71. SCARB2 supports attachment and internalization of the virus and initiates conformational changes that lead to uncoating of viral RNA in the cytoplasm. The three-dimensional structure of the virus-receptor complex was elucidated by cryo-electron microscopy. Two α-helices in the head domain of SCARB2 bind to the G-H loop of VP1 and the E-F loop of VP2 capsid proteins of EV-A71. Uncoating takes place in a SCARB2- and low pH-dependent manner. In addition to SCARB2, other molecules support cell surface binding of EV-A71. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans, P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1, sialylated glycan, annexin II, vimentin, fibronectin, and prohibitin enhance viral infection by retaining the virus on the cell surface. These molecules are known as “attachment receptors” because they cannot initiate uncoating. In vivo, SCARB2 expression was observed in EV-A71 antigen-positive neurons and epithelial cells in the crypts of the palatine tonsils in patients that died of EV-A71 infection. Adult mice are not susceptible to infection by EV-A71, but transgenic mice that express human SCARB2 become susceptible to EV-A71 infection and develop neurological diseases similar to those observed in humans. Attachment receptors may also be involved in EV-A71 infection in vivo. Although heparan sulfate proteoglycans are expressed by many cultured cell lines and enhance infection by a subset of EV-A71 strains, they are not expressed by cells that express SCARB2 at high levels in vivo. Thus, heparan sulfate-positive cells merely adsorb the virus and do not contribute to replication or dissemination of the virus in vivo. In addition to these attachment receptors, cyclophilin A and human tryptophanyl aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase act as an uncoating regulator and an entry mediator that can confer susceptibility to non-susceptibile cells in the absence of SCARB2, respectively. The roles of attachment receptors and other molecules in EV-A71 pathogenesis remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyousuke Kobayashi
- Neurovirology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan
| | - Satoshi Koike
- Neurovirology Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, 156-8506, Japan.
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5
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Szibor M, Dhandapani PK, Dufour E, Holmström KM, Zhuang Y, Salwig I, Wittig I, Heidler J, Gizatullina Z, Gainutdinov T, Fuchs H, Gailus-Durner V, de Angelis MH, Nandania J, Velagapudi V, Wietelmann A, Rustin P, Gellerich FN, Jacobs HT, Braun T. Broad AOX expression in a genetically tractable mouse model does not disturb normal physiology. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:163-171. [PMID: 28067626 PMCID: PMC5312010 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.027839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants and many lower organisms, but not mammals, express alternative oxidases (AOXs) that branch the mitochondrial respiratory chain, transferring electrons directly from ubiquinol to oxygen without proton pumping. Thus, they maintain electron flow under conditions when the classical respiratory chain is impaired, limiting excess production of oxygen radicals and supporting redox and metabolic homeostasis. AOX from Ciona intestinalis has been used to study and mitigate mitochondrial impairments in mammalian cell lines, Drosophila disease models and, most recently, in the mouse, where multiple lentivector-AOX transgenes conferred substantial expression in specific tissues. Here, we describe a genetically tractable mouse model in which Ciona AOX has been targeted to the Rosa26 locus for ubiquitous expression. The AOXRosa26 mouse exhibited only subtle phenotypic effects on respiratory complex formation, oxygen consumption or the global metabolome, and showed an essentially normal physiology. AOX conferred robust resistance to inhibitors of the respiratory chain in organello; moreover, animals exposed to a systemically applied LD50 dose of cyanide did not succumb. The AOXRosa26 mouse is a useful tool to investigate respiratory control mechanisms and to decipher mitochondrial disease aetiology in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marten Szibor
- Institute of Biotechnology, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
- BioMediTech and Tampere University Hospital, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Finland
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Cardiac Development and Remodelling (Department I), Bad Nauheim D-61231, Germany
| | - Praveen K Dhandapani
- Institute of Biotechnology, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
- BioMediTech and Tampere University Hospital, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Eric Dufour
- BioMediTech and Tampere University Hospital, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Kira M Holmström
- Institute of Biotechnology, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
- BioMediTech and Tampere University Hospital, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Institute of Biotechnology, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Isabelle Salwig
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Cardiac Development and Remodelling (Department I), Bad Nauheim D-61231, Germany
| | - Ilka Wittig
- Functional Proteomics, SFB 815 Core Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main D-60590, Germany
- German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site RheinMain, Frankfurt, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence "Macromolecular Complexes", Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main D-60590, Germany
| | - Juliana Heidler
- Functional Proteomics, SFB 815 Core Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main D-60590, Germany
| | | | | | - Helmut Fuchs
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Valérie Gailus-Durner
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabě de Angelis
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health GmbH, Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Chair of Experimental Genetics, Center of Life and Food Sciences Weihenstephan, TU Munich, Emil-Erlenmeyer-Forum 2, Freising-Weihenstephan 85350, Germany
- Member of German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingolstaedter Landstrasse 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Jatin Nandania
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vidya Velagapudi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Astrid Wietelmann
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Cardiac Development and Remodelling (Department I), Bad Nauheim D-61231, Germany
| | - Pierre Rustin
- INSERM UMR 1141 and Université Paris 7, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris 75019, France
| | - Frank N Gellerich
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg D-39118, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Magdeburg D-39120, Germany
| | - Howard T Jacobs
- Institute of Biotechnology, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
- BioMediTech and Tampere University Hospital, FI-33014 University of Tampere, Finland
| | - Thomas Braun
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Cardiac Development and Remodelling (Department I), Bad Nauheim D-61231, Germany
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6
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Khan S, Toyoda H, Linehan M, Iwasaki A, Nomoto A, Bernhardt G, Cello J, Wimmer E. Poliomyelitis in transgenic mice expressing CD155 under the control of the Tage4 promoter after oral and parenteral poliovirus inoculation. J Gen Virol 2014; 95:1668-1676. [PMID: 24784416 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.064535-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An important step in poliovirus (PV) infection by the oral route in humans is replication of the virus in lymphatic tissues of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, thought to be mainly in the Peyer's patches of the small intestine. No immunocompetent transgenic (tg) mice that express human PV receptor (CD155) under the control of different promoters can be infected orally. The mouse orthologue of human CD155 is Tage4, a protein expressed at the surface of enterocytes and in the Peyer's patches. We describe here the generation of a tg mouse model in which the Tage4 promoter was used to drive expression of the human PV receptor-coding region (Tage4-CD155tg mice). In this model, CD155 expression was observed by immunostaining in different regions in the Peyer's patches but not in their germinal centres. Although a similar pattern of staining was observed between 3- and 6-week-old Tage4-CD155tg mice, poliomyelitis was only seen in the younger mice after PV infection by the oral route. When compared with TgPVR21 mice that expressed CD155 driven by its human promoter, 3-week-old Tage4-CD155tg mice were more susceptible to gut infection and paralysis following feeding with PV. Also, Tage4-CD155tg mice exhibited higher susceptibility to poliomyelitis after parenteral inoculation of PV. Remarkably, the LD50 after intracerebral inoculation of PV was similar in both CD155 tg mouse strains. The CD155 tg mouse model reported here, although moderately susceptible to oral infection, may be suitable to study mechanisms of PV replication in the gastrointestinal tract and to dissect important aspects of PV neuroinvasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaukat Khan
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Hidemi Toyoda
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Melissa Linehan
- Department of Immunology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Akiko Iwasaki
- Department of Immunology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Akio Nomoto
- Microbial Chemistry Research Foundation, Institute of Microbial Chemistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Günter Bernhardt
- Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jeronimo Cello
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Eckard Wimmer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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7
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Evaluation of ferritin-overexpressing brain in newly developed transgenic mice. Magn Reson Imaging 2011; 29:179-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2010.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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8
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Pfeiffer JK. Innate host barriers to viral trafficking and population diversity: lessons learned from poliovirus. Adv Virus Res 2010; 77:85-118. [PMID: 20951871 PMCID: PMC3234684 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385034-8.00004-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Poliovirus is an error-prone enteric virus spread by the fecal-oral route and rarely invades the central nervous system (CNS). However, in the rare instances when poliovirus invades the CNS, the resulting damage to motor neurons is striking and often permanent. In the prevaccine era, it is likely that most individuals within an epidemic community were infected; however, only 0.5% of infected individuals developed paralytic poliomyelitis. Paralytic poliomyelitis terrified the public and initiated a huge research effort, which was rewarded with two outstanding vaccines. During research to develop the vaccines, many questions were asked: Why did certain people develop paralysis? How does the virus move from the gut to the CNS? What limits viral trafficking to the CNS in the vast majority of infected individuals? Despite over 100 years of poliovirus research, many of these questions remain unanswered. The goal of this chapter is to review our knowledge of how poliovirus moves within and between hosts, how host barriers limit viral movement, how viral population dynamics impact viral fitness and virulence, and to offer hypotheses to explain the rare incidence of paralytic poliovirus disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie K Pfeiffer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Arita M, Wakita T, Shimizu H. Characterization of pharmacologically active compounds that inhibit poliovirus and enterovirus 71 infectivity. J Gen Virol 2008; 89:2518-2530. [PMID: 18796721 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.2008/002915-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Poliovirus (PV) and enterovirus 71 (EV71) cause severe neurological symptoms in their infections of the central nervous system. To identify compounds with anti-PV and anti-EV71 activities that would not allow the emergence of resistant mutants, we performed drug screening by utilizing a pharmacologically active compound library targeting cellular factors with PV and EV71 pseudoviruses that encapsidated luciferase-encoding replicons. We have found that metrifudil (N-[2-methylphenyl]methyl)-adenosine) (an A2 adenosine receptor agonist), N(6)-benzyladenosine (an A1 adenosine receptor agonist) and NF449 (4,4',4'',4'''-[carbonylbis[imino-5,1,3-benzenetriyl bis(carbonyl-imino)]] tetrakis (benzene-1,3-disulfonic acid) octasodium salt) (a Gs-alpha inhibitor) have anti-EV71 activity, and that GW5074 (3-(3, 5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzylidine-5-iodo-1,3-dihydro-indol-2-one)) (a Raf-1 inhibitor) has both anti-PV and anti-EV71 activities. EV71 mutants resistant to metrifudil, N(6)-benzyladenosine and NF449 were isolated after passages in the presence of these compounds, but mutants resistant to GW5074 were not isolated for both PV and EV71. The inhibitory effect of GW5074 was not observed in Sendai virus infection and the treatment did not induce the expression of OAS1 and STAT1 mRNA. Small interfering RNA treatment against putative cellular targets of GW5074, including Raf-1, B-Raf, Pim-1, -2, and -3, HIPK2, GAK, MST2 and ATF-3, did not consistently suppress PV replication. Moreover, downregulation of Raf-1 and B-Raf did not affect the sensitivity of RD cells to the inhibitory effect of GW5074. These results suggest that GW5074 has strong and selective inhibitory effect against the replication of PV and EV71 by inhibiting conserved targets in the infection independently of the interferon response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minetaro Arita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shimizu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
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10
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Abstract
Poliomyelitis has long served as a model for studies of viral pathogenesis, but there remain many important gaps in our understanding of this disease. It is the intent of this review to highlight these residual but important questions, in light of a possible future moratorium on research with polioviruses. Salient questions include: (1) What cells in the gastrointestinal tract are initially infected and act as the source of excreted virus? (2) What is the receptor used by mouse-adapted strains of poliovirus and how can some polioviruses use both mouse and primate receptors? (3) What determines species differences in susceptibility of the gastrointestinal tract to polioviruses? Why cannot PVR transgenic mice be infected by the natural enteric route? (4) Why are neuroadapted polioviruses unable to infect nonneural cells? (5) What is the role of postentry blocks in replication as determinants of neurovirulence? (6) What route(s) does poliovirus take to enter the central nervous system and how does it cross the blood-brain barrier? (7) Why does poliovirus preferentially attack lower motor neurons in contrast to many other neuronal types within the central nervous system? (8) Does cellular immunity play any role in recovery from acute infection or in vaccine-induced protection? (9) In which cells does poliovirus persist in patients with gamma-globulin deficiencies? (10) Is there any evidence that poliovirus genomes can persist in immunocompetent hosts? (11) Why has type 2 poliovirus been eradicated while types 1 and 3 have not? (12) Can transmission of vaccine-derived polioviruses be prevented with inactivated poliovirus vaccine? (13) What is the best strategy to control and eliminate vaccine-derived polioviruses?
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11
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Kuss SK, Etheredge CA, Pfeiffer JK. Multiple host barriers restrict poliovirus trafficking in mice. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000082. [PMID: 18535656 PMCID: PMC2390757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/06/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA viruses such as poliovirus have high mutation rates, and a diverse viral population is likely required for full virulence. We previously identified limitations on poliovirus spread after peripheral injection of mice expressing the human poliovirus receptor (PVR), and we hypothesized that the host interferon response may contribute to the viral bottlenecks. Here, we examined poliovirus population bottlenecks in PVR mice and in PVR mice that lack the interferon alpha/beta receptor (PVR-IFNAR-/-), an important component of innate immunity. To monitor population dynamics, we developed a pool of ten marked polioviruses discriminated by a novel hybridization-based assay. Following intramuscular or intraperitoneal injection of the ten-virus pool, a major bottleneck was observed during transit to the brain in PVR mice, but was absent in PVR-IFNAR-/- mice, suggesting that the interferon response was a determinant of the peripheral site-to-brain bottleneck. Since poliovirus infects humans by the fecal-oral route, we tested whether bottlenecks exist after oral inoculation of PVR-IFNAR-/- mice. Despite the lack of a bottleneck following peripheral injection of PVR-IFNAR-/- mice, we identified major bottlenecks in orally inoculated animals, suggesting physical barriers may contribute to the oral bottlenecks. Interestingly, two of the three major bottlenecks we identified were partially overcome by pre-treating mice with dextran sulfate sodium, which damages the colonic epithelium. Overall, we found that viral trafficking from the gut to other body sites, including the CNS, is a very dynamic, stochastic process. We propose that multiple host barriers and the resulting limited poliovirus population diversity may help explain the rare occurrence of viral CNS invasion and paralytic poliomyelitis. These natural host barriers are likely to play a role in limiting the spread of many microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon K. Kuss
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chris A. Etheredge
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Julie K. Pfeiffer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
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12
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Arita M, Nagata N, Sata T, Miyamura T, Shimizu H. Quantitative analysis of poliomyelitis-like paralysis in mice induced by a poliovirus replicon. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:3317-3327. [PMID: 17030866 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82172-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poliovirus (PV) infection causes severe paralysis, typically of the legs, by destruction of the motor neurons in the spinal cord. In this study, the relationship between PV replication in the spinal cord, damage in the motor neurons and poliomyelitis-like paralysis was analysed in transgenic mice expressing the human PV receptor (TgPVR21). First, a PV replicon encoding firefly luciferase in place of the capsid genes (PV-Fluc mc) was trans-encapsidated in 293T cells and the trans-encapsidated PV-Fluc mc (TE-PV-Fluc mc) was then inoculated into the spinal cords of TgPVR21 mice. TE-PV-Fluc mc was recovered with a titre of 6.3 x 10(7) infectious units ml(-1), which was comparable to those of PV1 strains. TgPVR21 mice inoculated with TE-PV-Fluc mc showed non-lethal paralysis of the hindlimbs, with severity ranging from a decline in grip strength to complete flaccid paralysis. The replication of TE-PV-Fluc mc in the spinal cord reached peak levels at 10 h post-inoculation (p.i.), followed by the appearance of paralysis at as early as 12 h p.i., reaching a plateau at 16 h p.i. Histological analysis showed a correlation between the lesion and the severity of the clinical symptoms in most mice. However, severe paralysis could also be observed with an apparently low lesion score, where as few as 5.3 x 10(2) motor neurons (1.4 % of the susceptible cells in the lumbar cord) were infected by TE-PV-Fluc mc. These results indicate that PV replication in a small population of the motor neurons was critical for severe residual poliomyelitis-like paralysis in TgPVR21 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minetaro Arita
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Noriyo Nagata
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Tetsutaro Sata
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Miyamura
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shimizu
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 4-7-1 Gakuen, Musashimurayama-shi, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
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13
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Mueller S, Wimmer E, Cello J. Poliovirus and poliomyelitis: a tale of guts, brains, and an accidental event. Virus Res 2005; 111:175-93. [PMID: 15885840 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2005.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Nearly 100 years after its discovery poliovirus remains one of most thoroughly studied and best understood virus models for the molecular virologist. While poliovirus has been of vital importance for our insight into picornavirus biology at the cellular and biochemical level, it is ironic to note that, due to the early success in defeating poliomyelitis in the developed world through vaccination, many of the basic aspects of poliovirus pathogenesis remain poorly understood. This is chiefly due to the lack of an adequate and affordable animal model, save of old world monkeys. Fundamental questions, such as the identity of the target cells during the enteric phase of infection, or mechanisms of systemic spread are still unanswered. This review will attempt to summarize our current knowledge of the molecular biology of poliovirus, its pathogenesis, as well as recent advances in the areas of cell and tissue tropism and mechanisms of central nervous system invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Mueller
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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Ravits J. Sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a hypothesis of persistent (non-lytic) enteroviral infection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 6:77-87. [PMID: 16036430 DOI: 10.1080/14660820510027026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Because of recently reported reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction evidence of enterovirus in sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (SALS) and because of newly available anti-enteroviral drugs binding enteroviral capsids, it is reasonable to re-formulate an enteroviral hypothesis of SALS using recent advances in molecular virology. Viral persistence is non-lytic and non-cytopathic infection that evades host's immune surveillance. Enteroviruses are known to cause persistent as well as lytic infection both in vitro and in vivo. Both virion as well as host factors modulate between persistent and lytic infection. Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a process of active non-necrotic cell death. It has complex interplay with viruses and may be either promoted or opposed by them. Apoptosis is a major factor in motor neuron death in SALS. Viral tropism is the process by which viruses select and propagate to target cells. It is controlled by capsid conformation and surface receptors on host cells. Enteroviruses have a region on their capsids known as the canyon which docks on such receptors. Docking induces conformational changes of the capsid and genome release. Poliovirus, tropic for motor neurons, docks on the poliovirus receptor, about which much is known. The virus penetrates the motor system focally after crossing either the blood-muscle or the blood-brain barriers. It propagates bidirectionally along axons and synapses to contiguous motor neurons, upper as well as lower, which sequester infection and create avenues for spread over long distances. If chronic and persistent rather than acute and lytic, such viruses trafficking in a finite system of non-dividing cells and inducing apoptosis would cause cell death that summates linearly rather than exponentially. Taken together, these explain signature clinical features of SALS - focal onset weakness, contiguous or regional spread of weakness, confinement to upper and lower motor neurons, and linear rates of progression. The hypothesis predicts the following testable investigations: 1) viral detection may be possible by applying amplification technology to optimally acquired nervous tissue processed by laser microdissection; 2) genetic susceptibility factors such as cell surface receptor polymorphisms may combine with sporadic exposure and chance penetration of the motor system in SALS; 3) a transgenic animal model might be created by inserting such genetic factors into an animal host and inoculating intramuscularly rather than intracerebrally biochemical fractions of SALS motor neurons at vulnerable periods in the developmental life cycle of the transgenic host; and 4) continual long-term administration of anti-enteroviral agents called capsid-binding compounds which stabilize capsids and prevent genome release might be efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Ravits
- Neurology Section, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Neurogenomics Laboratory, Benaroya Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98111, USA.
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Ida-Hosonuma M, Iwasaki T, Yoshikawa T, Nagata N, Sato Y, Sata T, Yoneyama M, Fujita T, Taya C, Yonekawa H, Koike S. The alpha/beta interferon response controls tissue tropism and pathogenicity of poliovirus. J Virol 2005; 79:4460-9. [PMID: 15767446 PMCID: PMC1061561 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.7.4460-4469.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Poliovirus selectively replicates in neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem, although poliovirus receptor (PVR) expression is observed in both the target and nontarget tissues in humans and transgenic mice expressing human PVR (PVR-transgenic mice). We assessed the role of alpha/beta interferon (IFN) in determining tissue tropism by comparing the pathogenesis of the virulent Mahoney strain in PVR-transgenic mice and PVR-transgenic mice deficient in the alpha/beta IFN receptor gene (PVR-transgenic/Ifnar knockout mice). PVR-transgenic/Ifnar knockout mice showed increased susceptibility to poliovirus. After intravenous inoculation, severe lesions positive for the poliovirus antigen were detected in the liver, spleen, and pancreas in addition to the central nervous system. These results suggest that the alpha/beta IFN system plays an important role in determining tissue tropism by protecting nontarget tissues that are potentially susceptible to infection. We subsequently examined the expression of IFN and IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in the PVR-transgenic mice. In the nontarget tissues, ISGs were expressed even in the noninfected state, and the expression level increased soon after poliovirus infection. On the contrary, in the target tissues, ISG expression was low in the noninfected state and sufficient response after poliovirus infection was not observed. The results suggest that the unequal IFN response is one of the important determinants for the differential susceptibility of tissues to poliovirus. We consider that poliovirus replication was observed in the nontarget tissues of PVR-transgenic/Ifnar knockout mice because the IFN response was null in all tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Ida-Hosonuma
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Organization for Medical Research, Tokyo 183-8526, Japan
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Blondel B, Colbère-Garapin F, Couderc T, Wirotius A, Guivel-Benhassine F. Poliovirus, pathogenesis of poliomyelitis, and apoptosis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2005; 289:25-56. [PMID: 15791950 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-27320-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Poliovirus (PV) is the causal agent of paralytic poliomyelitis, an acute disease of the central nervous system (CNS) resulting in flaccid paralysis. The development of new animal and cell models has allowed the key steps of the pathogenesis of poliomyelitis to be investigated at the molecular level. In particular, it has been shown that PV-induced apoptosis is an important component of the tissue injury in the CNS of infected mice, which leads to paralysis. In this review the molecular biology of PV and the pathogenesis of poliomyelitis are briefly described, and then several models of PV-induced apoptosis are considered; the role of the cellular receptor of PV, CD155, in the modulation of apoptosis is also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Blondel
- Laboratoire des Virus Entérotropes et Stratégies Antivirales, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France.
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Koike S. [Molecular mechanism of tissue-specific infection of poliovirus]. Uirusu 2004; 54:205-12. [PMID: 15745158 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.54.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Poliovirus is the causative agent of an acute disease of the central nervous system, poliomyelitis. Poliovirus will be eradicated in the near future by a world-wide vaccination program. Poliovirus is a neurotropic virus that produces severe lesions selectively in the CNS. However, a basic question why poliovirus exhibits neurotropic property has not been elucidated. Poliovirus receptor and host factors involved in the translation initiation of viral protein, which are required for virus replication, play important roles in determining tissue tropism. We found that type I interferon response is also an important determinant of poliovirus tissue tropism. Type I interferon inhibits viral replication in the non-target tissues. The tissue tropism of poliovirus may be determined based on the balance of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Koike
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Organization for Medical Research, 2-6 Musashidai, Fuchu, Tokyo.
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Blondel B, Couderc T, Simonin Y, Gosselin AS, Guivel-Benhassine F. Poliovirus and Apoptosis. VIRUSES AND APOPTOSIS 2004; 36:151-69. [PMID: 15171611 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-74264-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Blondel
- Unité de Neurovirologie et Régénération du Système Nerveux, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris cedex 15, France
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Hughes SA, Thaker HM, Racaniello VR. Transgenic mouse model for echovirus myocarditis and paralysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:15906-11. [PMID: 14673080 PMCID: PMC307666 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2535934100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Echoviruses have been implicated in multiple human disease syndromes, including aseptic meningitis, paralysis, and heart disease, but no animal model is available for studying the pathogenesis of infection. Production of human integrin very late antigen 2, a receptor for echovirus type 1, in transgenic mice conferred susceptibility to viral infection. Intracerebral inoculation of newborn transgenic mice with echovirus leads to paralysis and wasting. No disease was observed in infected nontransgenic mice. In paralyzed mice significant damage was observed in the outer layers of the cerebrum, and numerous condensed neuronal nuclei were present. In contrast, intracerebral inoculation of adolescent (3- to 4-week-old) transgenic mice with echovirus type 1 did not lead to paralysis but an acute wasting phenotype and myocarditis. These findings establish human very late antigen 2 transgenic mice as a model for echovirus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Hughes
- Departments of Microbiology and Pathology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, 701 West 168th Street, New York, NY 10032, USA
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