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Sivapragasam S, Grove A. The Link between Purine Metabolism and Production of Antibiotics in Streptomyces. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8020076. [PMID: 31174282 PMCID: PMC6627660 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8020076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress and starvation causes bacterial cells to activate the stringent response. This results in down-regulation of energy-requiring processes related to growth, as well as an upregulation of genes associated with survival and stress responses. Guanosine tetra- and pentaphosphates (collectively referred to as (p)ppGpp) are critical for this process. In Gram-positive bacteria, a main function of (p)ppGpp is to limit cellular levels of GTP, one consequence of which is reduced transcription of genes that require GTP as the initiating nucleotide, such as rRNA genes. In Streptomycetes, the stringent response is also linked to complex morphological differentiation and to production of secondary metabolites, including antibiotics. These processes are also influenced by the second messenger c-di-GMP. Since GTP is a substrate for both (p)ppGpp and c-di-GMP, a finely tuned regulation of cellular GTP levels is required to ensure adequate synthesis of these guanosine derivatives. Here, we discuss mechanisms that operate to control guanosine metabolism and how they impinge on the production of antibiotics in Streptomyces species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitha Sivapragasam
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
| | - Anne Grove
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA.
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Qi H, Zhao S, Fu H, Wen J, Jia X. Coupled cell morphology investigation and metabolomics analysis improves rapamycin production in Streptomyces hygroscopicus. Biochem Eng J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Wentzel A, Sletta H, Consortium S, Ellingsen TE, Bruheim P. Intracellular Metabolite Pool Changes in Response to Nutrient Depletion Induced Metabolic Switching in Streptomyces coelicolor. Metabolites 2012; 2:178-94. [PMID: 24957373 PMCID: PMC3901196 DOI: 10.3390/metabo2010178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A metabolite profiling study of the antibiotic producing bacterium Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) has been performed. The aim of this study was to monitor intracellular metabolite pool changes occurring as strains of S. coelicolor react to nutrient depletion with metabolic re-modeling, so-called metabolic switching, and transition from growth to secondary metabolite production phase. Two different culture media were applied, providing depletion of the key nutrients phosphate and L-glutamate, respectively, as the triggers for metabolic switching. Targeted GC-MS and LC-MS methods were employed to quantify important primary metabolite groups like amino acids, organic acids, sugar phosphates and other phosphorylated metabolites, and nucleotides in time-course samples withdrawn from fully-controlled batch fermentations. A general decline, starting already in the early growth phase, was observed for nucleotide pools and phosphorylated metabolite pools for both the phosphate and glutamate limited cultures. The change in amino acid and organic acid pools were more scattered, especially in the phosphate limited situation while a general decrease in amino acid and non-amino organic acid pools was observed in the L-glutamate limited situation. A phoP deletion mutant showed basically the same metabolite pool changes as the wild-type strain M145 when cultivated on phosphate limited medium. This implies that the inactivation of the phoP gene has only little effect on the detected metabolite levels in the cell. The energy charge was found to be relatively constant during growth, transition and secondary metabolite production phase. The results of this study and the employed targeted metabolite profiling methodology are directly relevant for the evaluation of precursor metabolite and energy supply for both natural and heterologous production of secondary metabolites in S. coelicolor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Wentzel
- Department of Biotechnology, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Sem Sælandsvei 2a, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway; Emails: (H.S.); (T.E.E.)
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælandsvei 6/8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (P.B.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +47-9320-0776; Fax: +47-7359-6995
| | - Havard Sletta
- Department of Biotechnology, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Sem Sælandsvei 2a, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway; Emails: (H.S.); (T.E.E.)
| | - Stream Consortium
- Coordinator: E. M. H. Wellington, Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK;
| | - Trond E. Ellingsen
- Department of Biotechnology, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Sem Sælandsvei 2a, N-7465 Trondheim, Norway; Emails: (H.S.); (T.E.E.)
| | - Per Bruheim
- Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Sem Sælandsvei 6/8, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway; (P.B.)
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Gomez-Escribano JP, Martín JF, Hesketh A, Bibb MJ, Liras P. Streptomyces clavuligerus relA-null mutants overproduce clavulanic acid and cephamycin C: negative regulation of secondary metabolism by (p)ppGpp. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2008; 154:744-755. [PMID: 18310021 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2007/011890-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The (p)ppGpp synthetase gene, relA, of Streptomyces clavuligerus was cloned, sequenced and shown to be located in a genomic region that is highly conserved in other Streptomyces species. relA-disrupted and relA-deleted mutants of S. clavuligerus were constructed, and both were unable to form aerial mycelium or to sporulate, but regained these abilities when complemented with wild-type relA. Neither ppGpp nor pppGpp was detected in the S. clavuligerus relA-deletion mutant. In contrast to another study, clavulanic acid and cephamycin C production increased markedly in the mutants compared to the wild-type strain; clavulanic acid production increased three- to fourfold, while that of cephamycin C increased about 2.5-fold. Complementation of the relA-null mutants with wild-type relA decreased antibiotic yields to approximately wild-type levels. Consistent with these observations, transcription of genes involved in clavulanic acid (ceaS2) or cephamycin C (cefD) production increased dramatically in the relA-deleted mutant when compared to the wild-type strain. These results are entirely consistent with the growth-associated production of both cephamycin C and clavulanic acid, and demonstrate, apparently for the first time, negative regulation of secondary metabolite biosynthesis by (p)ppGpp in a Streptomyces species of industrial interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Gomez-Escribano
- Área de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Juan F Martín
- Instituto de Biotecnología (INBIOTEC), Parque Científico de León, Av. Real 1, 24006 León, Spain.,Área de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
| | - A Hesketh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - M J Bibb
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - P Liras
- Instituto de Biotecnología (INBIOTEC), Parque Científico de León, Av. Real 1, 24006 León, Spain.,Área de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana s/n, 24071 León, Spain
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5
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Regulatory mechanisms controlling antibiotic production in Streptomyces clavuligerus. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 35:667-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-008-0351-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Demain AL, Vaishnav P. Involvement of nitrogen-containing compounds in beta-lactam biosynthesis and its control. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2006; 26:67-82. [PMID: 16809098 DOI: 10.1080/07388550600671466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of beta-lactam antibiotics by fungi and actinomycetes is markedly affected by compounds containing nitrogen. The different processes employed by the spectrum of microbes capable of making these valuable compounds are affected differently by particular compounds. Ammonium ions, except at very low concentrations, exert negative effects via nitrogen metabolite repression, sometimes involving the nitrogen regulatory gene nre. Certain amino acids are precursors or inducers, whereas others are involved in repression and, in certain cases, as inhibitors of biosynthetic enzymes and of enzymes supplying precursors. The most important amino acids from the viewpoint of regulation are lysine, methionine, glutamate and valine. Surprisingly, diamines such as diaminopropane, putrescine and cadaverine induce cephamycin production by actinomycetes. In addition to penicillins and cephalosporins made by fungi and cephamycins made by actinomycetes, other beta-lactams are made by actinomycetes and unicellular bacteria. These include clavams (e.g., clavulanic acid), carbapenems (e.g., thienamycin), nocardicins and monobactams. Here also, amino acids are precursors and inhibitors, but only little is known about regulation. In the case of the simplest carbapenem made by unicellular bacteria, i.e., 1-carba-2-em-3-carboxylic acid, quorum sensors containing homoserine lactone are inducers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold L Demain
- Charles A. Dana Research Institute for Scientists Emeriti, Drew University, Madison, NJ 07940, USA.
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Gomez-Escribano JP, Liras P, Pisabarro A, Martín JF. An rplKDelta29-PALG-32 mutation leads to reduced expression of the regulatory genes ccaR and claR and very low transcription of the ceaS2 gene for clavulanic acid biosynthesis in Streptomyces clavuligerus. Mol Microbiol 2006; 61:758-70. [PMID: 16803595 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2006.05266.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The transcriptional and translational control of the biosynthesis of the beta-lactamase inhibitor clavulanic acid is a subject of great scientific and industrial interest. To study the role of the ribosomal protein L11 on control of clavulanic acid gene transcription, the DNA region aspC-tRNA(trp)-secE-rplK-rplA-rplJ-rplL of Streptomyces clavuligerus was cloned and characterized. An S. clavuligerus rplK(DeltaPALG) mutant, with an internal 12 nucleotides in-frame deletion in the rplK gene, encoding the L11 (RplK) ribosomal protein lacking amino acids (29)PALG(32), was constructed by gene replacement. This deletion alters the L11 N-terminal domain that interacts with the RelA and class I releasing factors-mediated translational termination. The mutant grew well, showed threefold higher resistance to thiostrepton, did not form spores and lacked diffusible brown pigments, as compared with the wild-type strain. The wild-type phenotype was recovered by complementation with the native rplK gene. S. clavuligerus rplK(DeltaPALG) produced reduced levels of clavulanic acid (15-26% as compared with the wild type) and cephamycin C (40-50%) in cultures grown in defined SA and complex TSB media. The decreased yields resulted from an impaired transcription of the regulatory genes ccaR and claR and the cefD and ceaS2 genes for cephamycin and clavulanic acid biosynthesis respectively. Expression of ceaS2 encoding carboxyethylarginine synthase (CEAS), the precursor-committing enzyme for clavulanic acid biosynthesis, was particularly affected in this mutant. In the wild-type strain polyphosphorylated nucleotides peaked at 36-48 h of growth in SA cultures whereas expression of the cephamycin and clavulanic acid genes occurred 12-24 h earlier than the increase in ppGpp indicating that there is no strict correlation between the peak of ppGpp and the onset of transcription of the clavulanic acid and cephamycin C biosynthesis. The drastic effect of the rplK(DeltaPALG) mutation on the onset of expression of the ceaS2 and the regulatory ccaR and claR genes and the lack of correlation with ppGpp levels suggest that the onset of transcription of these genes is modulated by the conformational alteration of the N-terminal region of L11 probably by interaction with the nascent peptide releasing factors and with RelA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Gomez-Escribano
- Area de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad de León, Campus de Vegazana, s/n, 24071 León, Spain
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Jin W, Kim HK, Kim JY, Kang SG, Lee SH, Lee KJ. Cephamycin C production is regulated by relA and rsh genes in Streptomyces clavuligerus ATCC27064. J Biotechnol 2004; 114:81-7. [PMID: 15464601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2004.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2004] [Revised: 06/24/2004] [Accepted: 06/29/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effects of growth rate and nutrient uptake rate on the production of cephamycin C were determined in the parental strain, deltarelA mutant, and deltarsh null mutant of S. clavuligerus. Production of cephamycin C was inversely related to mycelium growth and the phosphate feed rate was more critical for the production of cephamycin C. On the contrary, the production of cephamycin C was completely abolished in the deltarelA mutant, but not in deltarsh mutant. The changes in the cephamycin C production by disruption of the relA and rsh genes are presumably associated with the consequent ability of the mutants to accumulate (p)ppGpp under nutrient starvation. Therefore, it is concluded that the stringent response of S. clavuligerus to starvation for nutrients is governed mainly by RelA rather than Rsh and that the response is more apparently regulated by the limitation of phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wook Jin
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Jin W, Ryu YG, Kang SG, Kim SK, Saito N, Ochi K, Lee SH, Lee KJ. Two relA/spoT homologous genes are involved in the morphological and physiological differentiation of Streptomyces clavuligerus. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2004; 150:1485-1493. [PMID: 15133110 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.26811-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study is focused on the involvement of the unusual nucleotide (p)ppGpp during the morphological and physiological differentiation of Streptomyces clavuligerus. In particular, the functional and structural elements of two genes encoding the proteins RelA and Rsh were identified. The relA gene encodes an 843 aa protein (RelA), while the rsh gene encodes a 738 aa protein (Rsh). The relA and rsh genes were disrupted by the insertion of a hygromycin resistance gene and an apramycin resistance gene, respectively. The synthesis of ppGpp in the relA gene-disrupted mutant was completely eliminated under conditions of starvation for amino acids, whereas synthesis persisted, but was greatly reduced in the rsh gene-disrupted mutant. The relA gene-disrupted mutant had a bald appearance on agar plate cultures and retarded growth in submerged culture, while the rsh-disrupted mutant was unchanged in growth characteristics relative to the wild-type culture. The production of both clavulanic acid and cephamycin C were completely abolished in the relA-disrupted mutant. Thus, it is concluded that the relA gene rather than rsh is essential for morphological and physiological differentiation in S. clavuligerus and that RelA primarily governs the stringent response of S. clavuligerus to starvation for amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wook Jin
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Yong Gu Ryu
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Sung Gyun Kang
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Sung Keun Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
| | - Natsumi Saito
- National Food Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Kozo Ochi
- National Food Research Institute, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8642, Japan
| | - Sang Hee Lee
- Department of Biological Science, Myongji University, Yongin, Kyunggido 449-728, Korea
| | - Kye Joon Lee
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
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10
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Hodgson DA. Primary metabolism and its control in streptomycetes: a most unusual group of bacteria. Adv Microb Physiol 2001; 42:47-238. [PMID: 10907551 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2911(00)42003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Streptomycetes are Gram-positive bacteria with a unique capacity for the production of a multitude of varied and complex secondary metabolites. They also have a complex life cycle including differentiation into at least three distinct cell types. Whilst much attention has been paid to the pathways and regulation of secondary metabolism, less has been paid to the pathways and the regulation of primary metabolism, which supplies the precursors. With the imminent completion of the total genome sequence of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), we need to understand the pathways of primary metabolism if we are to understand the role of newly discovered genes. This review is written as a contribution to supplying these wants. Streptomycetes inhabit soil, which, because of the high numbers of microbial competitors, is an oligotrophic environment. Soil nutrient levels reflect the fact that plant-derived material is the main nutrient input; i.e. it is carbon-rich and nitrogen- and phosphate-poor. Control of streptomycete primary metabolism reflects the nutrient availability. The variety and multiplicity of carbohydrate catabolic pathways reflects the variety and multiplicity of carbohydrates in the soil. This multiplicity of pathways has led to investment by streptomycetes in pathway-specific and global regulatory networks such as glucose repression. The mechanism of glucose repression is clearly different from that in other bacteria. Streptomycetes feed by secreting complexes of extracellular enzymes that break down plant cell walls to release nutrients. The induction of these enzyme complexes is often coordinated by inducers that bear no structural relation to the substrate or product of any particular enzyme in the complex; e.g. a product of xylan breakdown may induce cellulase production. Control of amino acid catabolism reflects the relative absence of nitrogen catabolites in soil. The cognate amino acid induces about half of the catabolic pathways and half are constitutive. There are reduced instances of global carbon and nitrogen catabolite control of amino acid catabolism, which again presumably reflects the relative rarity of the catabolites. There are few examples of feedback repression of amino acid biosynthesis. Again this is taken as a reflection of the oligotrophic nature of the streptomycete ecological niche. As amino acids are not present in the environment, streptomycetes have rarely invested in feedback repression. Exceptions to this generalization are the arginine and branched-chain amino acid pathways and some parts of the aromatic amino acid pathways which have regulatory systems similar to Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis and other copiotrophic bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Hodgson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Janecek J, Tichý P, Spízek J, Vanĕk Z. Constitution of the metabolic type of streptomycetes during the first hours of cultivation. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1997; 42:75-96. [PMID: 9306651 DOI: 10.1007/bf02898713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Using the examples of biosynthesis of streptomycin, bialaphos, actinorhodin, oligoketides and autoregulators during the first hours of streptomycete cultivation, it is stressed that the external environment in cooperation with the internal metabolic abilities of the cell determines the metabolic type that would develop during the life cycle of the producing streptomycetes. If we accept that a certain metabolic type (from the point of view of the production of secondary metabolites) was determined already during the first hours of cultivation of the microorganisms, we must also admit that the availability of primary metabolites in the so-called production phase of growth (stationary phase, idiophase, etc.) is to a certain extent determined by the very early stages of strain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Janecek
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Piepersberg W. Molecular Biology, Biochemistry and Fermentation of Aminoglycoside Antibiotics. DRUGS AND THE PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 1997. [DOI: 10.1201/b14856-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Bushell ME, Smith J, Lynch HC. A physiological model for the control of erythromycin production in batch and cyclic fed batch culture. Microbiology (Reading) 1997; 143:475-480. [DOI: 10.1099/00221287-143-2-475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reported differences in antibiotic production dynamics resulting from altering the growth-limiting nutrient (growth-dissociated production in carbon-limited culture and apparent growth-associated production in nitrogen-limited culture) are due to the different effects on growth kinetics. The substrate affinity for nitrate is significantly lower than that for glucose, resulting in nitrogen limitation effectively occurring throughout the culture. Glucose limitation occurs later in the culture, coinciding with the induction of antibiotic production. Induction occurs at the start of nitrogen-limited culture so that production appears to be growth-associated. Evidence that this hypothesis is consistent with production kinetics in cyclic fed batch culture was also obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. E. Bushell
- Microbial Products Laboratory, Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 5XH, UK
| | - J. Smith
- Microbial Products Laboratory, Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 5XH, UK
| | - H. C. Lynch
- Microbial Products Laboratory, Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 5XH, UK
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Martínez-Costa OH, Arias P, Romero NM, Parro V, Mellado RP, Malpartida F. A relA/spoT homologous gene from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) controls antibiotic biosynthetic genes. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:10627-34. [PMID: 8631867 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.18.10627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A 0.972-kilobase pair DNA fragment from Streptomyces lividans that induces the production of the blue-pigmented antibiotic actinorhodine in S. lividans when cloned on a multicopy plasmid has led to the isolation of a 4-kilobase pair DNA fragment from Streptomyces coelicolor containing homologous sequence. Computer-assisted analysis of the DNA sequence revealed three putative open reading frames (ORFs), ORF1, ORF2, and ORF3. ORF2 extends beyond the sequenced DNA fragment, and its deduced product shares no similarities with any other known proteins in the data bases. ORF3 is also truncated, and its 41-amino acid C-terminal product is identical to the S. coelicolor adenine phosphoribosyltransferase. The 847-amino acid ORF1 protein, with a predicted molecular mass of 94.2 kDa, strongly resembled the relA and spoT gene products from Escherichia coli and the homologs from Vibrio sp. strain S14, Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus equisimilis H46A, and Mycoplasma genitalium. Unlike these proteins, the ORF1 amino acid sequence analysis revealed the presence of a putative ATP/GTP-binding domain. A mutant was generated by deleting most of the ORF1 gene that showed an actinorhodine-nonproducing phenotype, while undecylprodigiosin and the calcium-dependent antibiotic were unaffected. The mutant strain grew at a much lower rate than the wild-type strain, and spore formation was delayed. When the gene was propagated on a low copy number vector, not only was actinorhodine production restored, but actinorhodine and undecylprodigiosin production was enhanced in both the mutant and wild-type and morphological differentiation returned to wild-type characteristics. (p)ppGpp synthetase activity was not detected in purified ribosomes from the ORF1-deleted mutant, while it was restored by complementation of this strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- O H Martínez-Costa
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Campus Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain
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Sánchez L, Braña AF. Cell density influences antibiotic biosynthesis in Streptomyces clavuligerus. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1996; 142 ( Pt 5):1209-1220. [PMID: 8704961 DOI: 10.1099/13500872-142-5-1209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Production of cephamycin C and clavulanic acid by Streptomyces clavuligerus took place during the exponential phase of growth in a defined medium. Both antibiotic biosynthetic pathways were activated shortly after spore germination, but the timing and kinetics of activation were affected by inoculum density. Rapid activation was favoured by high inoculum density or by growth in medium conditioned by previous incubation of S. clavuligerus spores or mycelium. A heat-resistant conditioning factor able to accelerate the acquisition of antibiotic-biosynthetic capacity when added to low-density cultures was released in suspensions of spores in water. Conditioning factor was also obtained in suspensions of spores from different Streptomyces species or of Bacillus cells, indicating that the signal was not produced specifically by S. clavuligerus. Fractionation of conditioning factor showed that its effect was not due to a single molecule. The fractions contained amino acids (as free amino acids and oligopeptides) in amounts that roughly correlated with their respective conditioning power. Furthermore, the conditioning effect was reproduced by supplementing defined medium with amino acids and peptides in concentration that mimicked those found in conditioning factor. When individually tested at concentrations in the micromolar range, only some amino acids were able to stimulate antibiotic biosynthetic capacity. This stimulation ws also promoted by low concentrations (less than 1 microgram ml-1) of peptide mixtures obtained with different proteolytic enzymes. The results suggest that both amino acids and peptides are responsible for the effects of conditioning factor released by spores. Possible implications of intercellular signalling on activation of secondary metabolism are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Sánchez
- Area de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - A F Braña
- Area de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Funcional, Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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Hopwood DA, Chater KF, Bibb MJ. Genetics of antibiotic production in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), a model streptomycete. BIOTECHNOLOGY (READING, MASS.) 1995; 28:65-102. [PMID: 8688641 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7506-9095-9.50009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D A Hopwood
- Department of Genetics, John Innes Centre, Colney, Norwich, UK
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Doull
- Department of Biology, Mount St. Vincent University, Halifax, N.S, Canada
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Allen NE. Biochemical mechanisms of resistance to non-cell wall antibacterial agents. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1995; 32:157-238. [PMID: 8577918 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70454-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N E Allen
- Infectious Disease Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA
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Blanco G, Rodicio MR, Puglia AM, Méndez C, Thompson CJ, Salas JA. Synthesis of ribosomal proteins during growth of Streptomyces coelicolor. Mol Microbiol 1994; 12:375-85. [PMID: 7545948 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1994.tb01027.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Changes in expression of ribosomal protein genes during growth and stationary phase of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) in liquid medium were studied. Proteins being synthesized were pulse-labelled with [35S]-methionine, separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and quantified using the BioImage computer software. Most of the ribosomal proteins were synthesized throughout the life cycle. Exceptions were two proteins whose synthesis drastically decreased at the approach of stationary phase. These two proteins were identified in purified ribosomes as homologues of Escherichia coli ribosomal proteins L10 and L7/L12, using antibodies raised against fusion proteins between these ribosomal proteins and Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase. The genes (rplJ and rplL) encoding the L10 and L7/L12 proteins were contained in a 1.2 kb BamHI fragment that was cloned and sequenced. The linkage and order of the genes coincide with other L10-L7/L12 operons. However, L11 and L1 genes were not present immediately upstream of the L10 gene, as is the case for E. coli and other bacteria. Instead, two open reading frames of unknown function were found immediately upstream of the L10 gene, in an adjacent 1.9 kb BamHI fragment.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Blanco
- Departamento de Biología Funcional, Universidad de Oviedo, Spain
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Takano E, Gramajo HC, Strauch E, Andres N, White J, Bibb MJ. Transcriptional regulation of the redD transcriptional activator gene accounts for growth-phase-dependent production of the antibiotic undecylprodigiosin in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2). Mol Microbiol 1992; 6:2797-804. [PMID: 1435258 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.1992.tb01459.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Transcription of redD, the activator gene required for production of the red-pigmented antibiotic undecylprodigiosin by Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), showed a dramatic increase during the transition from exponential to stationary phase. The increase in redD expression was followed by transcription of redX, a biosynthetic structural gene, and the appearance of the antibiotic in the mycelium, and coincided with the intracellular appearance of ppGpp. However, ppGpp production elicited either by nutritional shift-down of, or addition of serine hydroxamate to, exponentially growing cultures had no stimulatory effect on redD transcription. The presence of redD on a multicopy plasmid resulted in elevated levels of the redD transcript and production of redX and undecylprodigiosin during exponential growth; the normal growth-phase-dependent production of undecylprodigiosin appeared to be mediated entirely through the redD promoter, which shows limited similarity to the consensus sequence for the major class of eubacterial promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Takano
- John Innes Institute, John Innes Centre, Norwich, UK
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