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Redox Sensing Modulates the Activity of the ComE Response Regulator of Streptococcus mutans. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:e0033021. [PMID: 34516285 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00330-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans, a dental pathogen, encodes the ComDE two-component system comprised of a histidine kinase (ComD) and a response regulator (ComE). This system is necessary for production of bacteriocins and development of genetic competence. ComE interacts with its cognate promoters to activate the transcription of bacteriocin and competence-related genes. Previous transcriptomic studies indicated that expressions of bacteriocin genes were upregulated in the presence of oxygen. To understand the relationship between the aerobic condition and bacteriocin expression, we analyzed the S. mutans ComE sequence and its close homologs. Surprisingly, we noticed the presence of cysteine (Cys) residues located at positions 200 and 229, which are highly conserved among the ComE homologs. Here, we investigated the role of Cys residues of S. mutans ComE in the activation of bacteriocin transcription using the PnlmA promoter that expresses bacteriocin NlmA. We constructed both single mutants and double mutants by replacing the Cys residues with serine and performed complementation assays. We observed that the presence of Cys residues is essential for PnlmA activation. With purified ComE mutant proteins, we found that ComE double mutants displayed a nearly 2-fold lower association rate than wild-type ComE. Furthermore, 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid (ANS) fluorescence studies indicated that the double mutants displayed wider conformation changes than wild-type ComE. Finally, we demonstrated that close streptococcal ComE homologs successfully activate the PnlmA expression in vivo. This is the first report suggesting that S. mutans ComE and its homologs can sense the oxidation status of the cell, a phenomenon similar to the AgrA system of Staphylococcus aureus but with different outcomes. IMPORTANCE Streptococci are an important species that prefer to grow under anaerobic or microaerophilic environments. Studies have shown that streptococci growth in an aerobic environment generates oxidative stress responses by activating various defense systems, including production of antimicrobial peptides called bacteriocins. This study highlights the importance of a two-component response regulator (ComE) that senses the aerobic environment and induces bacteriocin production in Streptococcus mutans, a dental pathogen. We believe increased bacteriocin secretion under aerobic conditions is necessary for survival and colonization of S. mutans in the oral cavity by inhibiting other competing organisms. Redox sensing by response regulator might be a widespread phenomenon since two other ComE homologs from pathogenic streptococci that inhabit diverse environmental niches also perform a similar function.
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Zhang H, Wang Q, Liu H, Kong B, Chen Q. In vitro growth performance, antioxidant activity and cell surface physiological characteristics of Pediococcus pentosaceus R1 and Lactobacillus fermentum R6 stressed at different NaCl concentrations. Food Funct 2021; 11:6376-6386. [PMID: 32613220 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02309g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the impact of NaCl concentrations on the growth performance, antioxidant activity, and cell surface physiological characteristics of Pediococcus pentosaceus R1 and Lactobacillus fermentum R6. The growth of the two strains was significantly inhibited by 4 and 6% NaCl and stagnated at 8% NaCl (P < 0.05). Compared with the control, both strains showed higher acid-producing activity, antioxidant activity and autoaggregation ability at 2 or 4% NaCl. A lower cell surface hydrophobicity of the two strains was observed with increased NaCl concentrations. High NaCl concentrations resulted in cell surface damage and deformation and even slowed the proliferation of the strains, and led to significant shifts in amide A and amide III groups in proteins and the C-H stretching of >CH2 in fatty acids (P < 0.05). In summary, appropriate NaCl concentrations (2 and 4%) improved the antioxidant activity of the two strains, while the higher NaCl concentrations (6%) decreased their antioxidant activity, which may be due to the associated changes in the cell surface structural properties of the two strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China.
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Swetha DL, Vinay C, Uloopi KS, RojaRamya KS, Chandrasekhar R. Antibacterial and Mechanical Properties of Pit and Fissure Sealants Containing Zinc Oxide and Calcium Fluoride Nanoparticles. Contemp Clin Dent 2020; 10:477-482. [PMID: 32308323 PMCID: PMC7150578 DOI: 10.4103/ccd.ccd_805_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Pit and fissure sealants (PFSs) are the most effective preventive materials in dentistry. Secondary caries around the sealed pits and fissures at the material-tooth interface and the wear of the material remains the common problems. To address these problems, efforts have been made by incorporating zinc oxide (ZnO) and calcium fluoride (CaF2) nanoparticles (NPs) into the sealants to develop caries-inhibiting and stress-bearing sealants. Aim Evaluation of antibacterial and mechanical properties of PFS containing ZnO and CaF2 NPs. Settings and Design This was an in vitro study. Materials and Methods A total of 196 fissure sealant samples were divided into six test groups and a control group. The test group samples were prepared by incorporating two concentrations (0.5 wt% and 1 wt%) of ZnO and CaF2 NPs into the sealants. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by direct contact test; compressive and flexural strengths were evaluated by a universal testing machine. Statistical Analysis Used Statistical analysis was done by one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test. Results Sealants containing 1 wt% ZnO and CaF2 NPs and their mixture exhibited significantly higher antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus when compared to control group (P < 0.001). Samples with ZnO NPs exhibited similar mechanical properties as conventional sealant (control group); however, the samples with CaF2 NPs showed inferior mechanical properties (P < 0.05). Conclusion The observations of the study infer that sealants containing 1 wt% ZnO and CaF2 NPs and their mixture exhibited superior antibacterial activity. The mechanical properties of samples containing ZnO and mixture of ZnO and CaF2 particles remained comparable to the conventional sealants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dara Lakshmi Swetha
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - C Vinay
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - K S Uloopi
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Kakarla Sri RojaRamya
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Rayala Chandrasekhar
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Ferrándiz MJ, Cercenado MI, Domenech M, Tirado-Vélez JM, Escolano-Martínez MS, Yuste J, García E, de la Campa AG, Martín-Galiano AJ. An Uncharacterized Member of the Gls24 Protein Superfamily Is a Putative Sensor of Essential Amino Acid Availability in Streptococcus pneumoniae. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2019; 77:471-487. [PMID: 29978356 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-018-1218-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteins belonging to the Gls24 superfamily are involved in survival of pathogenic Gram-positive cocci under oligotrophic conditions and other types of stress, by a still unknown molecular mechanism. In Firmicutes, this superfamily includes three different valine-rich orthologal families (Gls24A, B, C) with different potential interactive partners. Whereas the Streptococcus pneumoniae Δgls24A deletion mutant experienced a general long growth delay, the Δgls24B mutant grew as the parental strain in the semisynthetic AGCH medium but failed to grow in the complex Todd-Hewitt medium. Bovine seroalbumin (BSA) was the component responsible for this phenotype. The effect of BSA on growth was concentration-dependent and was maintained when the protein was proteolyzed but not when heat-denatured, suggesting that BSA dependence was related to oligopeptide supplementation. Global transcriptional analyses of the knockout mutant revealed catabolic derepression and induction of chaperone and oligopeptide transport genes. This mutant also showed increased sensibility to cadmium and high temperature. The Δgls24B mutant behaved as a poor colonizer in the nasopharynx of mice and showed 20-fold competence impairment. Experimental data suggest that Gls24B plays a central role as a sensor of amino acid availability and its connection to sugar catabolism. This metabolic rewiring can be compensated in vitro, at the expenses of external oligopeptide supplementation, but reduce important bacteria skills prior to efficiently address systemic virulence traits. This is an example of how metabolic factors conserved in enterococci, streptococci, and staphylococci can be essential for survival in poor oligopeptide environments prior to infection progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Ferrándiz
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - María I Cercenado
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miriam Domenech
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Tirado-Vélez
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jose Yuste
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ernesto García
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Adela G de la Campa
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- Presidencia, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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Goswami G, Panda D, Samanta R, Boro RC, Modi MK, Bujarbaruah KM, Barooah M. Bacillus megaterium adapts to acid stress condition through a network of genes: Insight from a genome-wide transcriptome analysis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16105. [PMID: 30382109 PMCID: PMC6208408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34221-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-seq analysis of B. megaterium exposed to pH 7.0 and pH 4.5 showed differential expression of 207 genes related to several processes. Among the 207 genes, 11 genes displayed increased transcription exclusively in pH 4.5. Exposure to pH 4.5 induced the expression of genes related to maintenance of cell integrity, pH homeostasis, alternative energy generation and modification of metabolic processes. Metabolic processes like pentose phosphate pathway, fatty acid biosynthesis, cysteine and methionine metabolism and synthesis of arginine and proline were remodeled during acid stress. Genes associated with oxidative stress and osmotic stress were up-regulated at pH 4.5 indicating a link between acid stress and other stresses. Acid stress also induced expression of genes that encoded general stress-responsive proteins as well as several hypothetical proteins. Our study indicates that a network of genes aid B. megaterium G18 to adapt and survive in acid stress condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunajit Goswami
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, 785013, India.,Department of Life-Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786004, Assam, India
| | - Debashis Panda
- Distributed Information Centre, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, 785013, India
| | - Ramkrishna Samanta
- Department of Life-Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786004, Assam, India
| | - Robin Chandra Boro
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, 785013, India
| | - Mahendra Kumar Modi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, 785013, India.,Distributed Information Centre, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, 785013, India
| | - Kamal Malla Bujarbaruah
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, 785013, India
| | - Madhumita Barooah
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, 785013, India.
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Shabayek S, Spellerberg B. Acid Stress Response Mechanisms of Group B Streptococci. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2017; 7:395. [PMID: 28936424 PMCID: PMC5594096 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Group B streptococcus (GBS) is a leading cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity in the United States and Europe. It is part of the vaginal microbiota in up to 30% of pregnant women and can be passed on to the newborn through perinatal transmission. GBS has the ability to survive in multiple different host niches. The pathophysiology of this bacterium reveals an outstanding ability to withstand varying pH fluctuations of the surrounding environments inside the human host. GBS host pathogen interations include colonization of the acidic vaginal mucosa, invasion of the neutral human blood or amniotic fluid, breaching of the blood brain barrier as well as survival within the acidic phagolysosomal compartment of macrophages. However, investigations on GBS responses to acid stress are limited. Technologies, such as whole genome sequencing, genome-wide transcription and proteome mapping facilitate large scale identification of genes and proteins. Mechanisms enabling GBS to cope with acid stress have mainly been studied through these techniques and are summarized in the current review
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Shabayek
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of UlmUlm, Germany.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal UniversityIsmailia, Egypt
| | - Barbara Spellerberg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, University of UlmUlm, Germany
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Chen MJ, Tang HY, Chiang ML. Effects of heat, cold, acid and bile salt adaptations on the stress tolerance and protein expression of kefir-isolated probiotic Lactobacillus kefiranofaciens M1. Food Microbiol 2017; 66:20-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2017.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Jiang S, Chen S, Zhang C, Zhao X, Huang X, Cai Z. Effect of the Biofilm Age and Starvation on Acid Tolerance of Biofilm Formed by Streptococcus mutans Isolated from Caries-Active and Caries-Free Adults. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040713. [PMID: 28358306 PMCID: PMC5412299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is considered a leading cause of dental caries. The capability of S. mutans to tolerate low pH is essential for its cariogenicity. Aciduricity of S. mutans is linked to its adaptation to environmental stress in oral cavity. This study aimed to investigate the effect of biofilm age and starvation condition on acid tolerance of biofilm formed by S. mutans clinical isolates. S. mutans clinical strains isolated from caries-active (SM593) and caries-free (SM18) adults and a reference strain (ATCC25175) were used for biofilm formation. (1) Both young and mature biofilms were formed and then exposed to pH 3.0 for 30 min with (acid-adapted group) or without (non-adapted group) pre-exposure to pH 5.5 for three hours. (2) The mature biofilms were cultured with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (starved group) or TPY (polypeptone-yeast extract) medium (non-starved group) at pH 7.0 for 24 h and then immersed in medium of pH 3.0 for 30 min. Biofilms were analyzed through viability staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy. In all three strains, mature, acid-adapted and starved biofilms showed significantly less destructive structure and more viable bacteria after acid shock than young, non-adapted and non-starved biofilms, respectively (all p < 0.05). Furthermore, in each condition, SM593 biofilm was denser, with a significantly larger number of viable bacteria than that of SM18 and ATCC25175 (all p < 0.05). Findings demonstrated that mature, acid-adapted and starvation might protect biofilms of all three S. mutans strains against acid shock. Additionally, SM593 exhibited greater aciduricity compared to SM18 and ATCC25175, which indicated that the colonization of high cariogenicity of clinical strains may lead to high caries risk in individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, 246 Yangqiao Zhong Road, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Shuai Chen
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, 246 Yangqiao Zhong Road, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Chengfei Zhang
- Department of Endodontics, Comprehensive Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Xingfu Zhao
- Department of Endodontology, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital of Nankai University, 75 North Dagu Road, Heping District, Tianjin 300000, China.
| | - Xiaojing Huang
- Department of Endodontics and Operative Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, 246 Yangqiao Zhong Road, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Zhiyu Cai
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou 350001, China.
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Moghaddam TK, Zhang J, Du G. UvrA expression of Lactococcus lactis NZ9000 improve multiple stresses tolerance and fermentation of lactic acid against salt stress. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2017; 54:639-649. [PMID: 28298677 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2493-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Lactococcus lactis is subjected to several stressful conditions during industrial fermentation including oxidation, heating and cooling, acid, high osmolarity/dehydration and starvation. DNA lesion is a major cause of genetic instability in L. lactis that usually occurs at a low frequency, but it is greatly enhanced by environmental stresses. DNA damages produced by these environmental stresses are thought to induce DNA double-strand breaks, leading to illegitimate recombination. Nucleotide excision repair (NER) protein UvrA suppresses multiple stresses-induced illegitimate recombination. UvrA protein can survive a coincident condition of environmental harsh conditions, multiple stress factors supposedly encountered in the host and inducing UvrA in L. lactis. In this study the expression of UvrA and growth performance and viability of control strain L. lactisVector and recombinant strain L. lactisUvrA under multiple stress conditions were determined. The recombinants strain had 30.70 and 52.67% higher growth performances when subjected to acidic and osmotic stresses conditions. In addition, the L. lactisUvrA strain showed 1.85-, 1.65-, and 2.40-fold higher biomass, lactate production, and lactate productivity, compared with the corresponding values for L. lactisVector strain during the osmotic stress. Results demonstrated NER system is involved in adaptation to various stress conditions and suggested that cells with a compromised UvrA as DNA repair system have an enhanced protection behavior in L. lactis NZ9000 against DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taher Khakpour Moghaddam
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122 People's Republic of China.,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122 People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122 People's Republic of China.,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122 People's Republic of China
| | - Guocheng Du
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122 People's Republic of China.,School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122 People's Republic of China
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Abstract
The oral environment contains diverse communities of micro-organisms including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses. Studies of oral ecology have led to an appreciation of the complexity of the interactions that oral micro-organisms have with the host in both health and disease. Despite this, diseases such as dental caries and periodontal diseases are still worldwide human ailments, resulting in a high level of morbidity and an economic burden to society. Proteomics offers a new approach to the understanding of holistic changes occurring as oral micro-organisms adapt to environmental change within their habitats in the mouth.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Macarthur
- Institute of Dental Research, Westmead Centre for Oral Health, PO Box 533, Wentworthville, NSW 2145, Australia
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Schott AS, Behr J, Quinn J, Vogel RF. MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry Enables a Comprehensive and Fast Analysis of Dynamics and Qualities of Stress Responses of Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei F19. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165504. [PMID: 27783652 PMCID: PMC5082675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are widely used as starter cultures in the manufacture of foods. Upon preparation, these cultures undergo various stresses resulting in losses of survival and fitness. In order to find conditions for the subsequent identification of proteomic biomarkers and their exploitation for preconditioning of strains, we subjected Lactobacillus (Lb.) paracasei subsp. paracasei TMW 1.1434 (F19) to different stress qualities (osmotic stress, oxidative stress, temperature stress, pH stress and starvation stress). We analysed the dynamics of its stress responses based on the expression of stress proteins using MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry (MS), which has so far been used for species identification. Exploiting the methodology of accumulating protein expression profiles by MALDI-TOF MS followed by the statistical evaluation with cluster analysis and discriminant analysis of principle components (DAPC), it was possible to monitor the expression of low molecular weight stress proteins, identify a specific time point when the expression of stress proteins reached its maximum, and statistically differentiate types of adaptive responses into groups. Above the specific result for F19 and its stress response, these results demonstrate the discriminatory power of MALDI-TOF MS to characterize even dynamics of stress responses of bacteria and enable a knowledge-based focus on the laborious identification of biomarkers and stress proteins. To our knowledge, the implementation of MALDI-TOF MS protein profiling for the fast and comprehensive analysis of various stress responses is new to the field of bacterial stress responses. Consequently, we generally propose MALDI-TOF MS as an easy and quick method to characterize responses of microbes to different environmental conditions, to focus efforts of more elaborate approaches on time points and dynamics of stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Sophie Schott
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Jürgen Behr
- Bavarian Center for Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Jennifer Quinn
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
| | - Rudi F. Vogel
- Lehrstuhl für Technische Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany
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Binepal G, Gill K, Crowley P, Cordova M, Brady LJ, Senadheera DB, Cvitkovitch DG. Trk2 Potassium Transport System in Streptococcus mutans and Its Role in Potassium Homeostasis, Biofilm Formation, and Stress Tolerance. J Bacteriol 2016; 198:1087-100. [PMID: 26811321 PMCID: PMC4800877 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00813-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Potassium (K(+)) is the most abundant cation in the fluids of dental biofilm. The biochemical and biophysical functions of K(+) and a variety of K(+) transport systems have been studied for most pathogenic bacteria but not for oral pathogens. In this study, we establish the modes of K(+) acquisition in Streptococcus mutans and the importance of K(+) homeostasis for its virulence attributes. The S. mutans genome harbors four putative K(+) transport systems that included two Trk-like transporters (designated Trk1 and Trk2), one glutamate/K(+) cotransporter (GlnQHMP), and a channel-like K(+) transport system (Kch). Mutants lacking Trk2 had significantly impaired growth, acidogenicity, aciduricity, and biofilm formation. [K(+)] less than 5 mM eliminated biofilm formation in S. mutans. The functionality of the Trk2 system was confirmed by complementing an Escherichia coli TK2420 mutant strain, which resulted in significant K(+) accumulation, improved growth, and survival under stress. Taken together, these results suggest that Trk2 is the main facet of the K(+)-dependent cellular response of S. mutans to environment stresses. IMPORTANCE Biofilm formation and stress tolerance are important virulence properties of caries-causing Streptococcus mutans. To limit these properties of this bacterium, it is imperative to understand its survival mechanisms. Potassium is the most abundant cation in dental plaque, the natural environment of S. mutans. K(+) is known to function in stress tolerance, and bacteria have specialized mechanisms for its uptake. However, there are no reports to identify or characterize specific K(+) transporters in S. mutans. We identified the most important system for K(+) homeostasis and its role in the biofilm formation, stress tolerance, and growth. We also show the requirement of environmental K(+) for the activity of biofilm-forming enzymes, which explains why such high levels of K(+) would favor biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gursonika Binepal
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kamal Gill
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paula Crowley
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Martha Cordova
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - L Jeannine Brady
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Dilani B Senadheera
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dennis G Cvitkovitch
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Photodynamic Antimicrobial Chemotherapy for Root Canal System Asepsis: A Narrative Literature Review. Int J Dent 2015; 2015:269205. [PMID: 26783392 PMCID: PMC4689923 DOI: 10.1155/2015/269205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim. The aim of this comprehensive literature review was to address the question: Does photodynamic therapy (PDT) improve root canal disinfection through significant bacterial reduction in the root canal system? Methodology. A comprehensive narrative literature review was performed to compare PDT effect with sodium hypochlorite as the comparative classical irrigant. Two reviewers independently conducted literature searches using a combination of medical subject heading terms and key words to identify relevant studies comparing information found in 7 electronic databases from January 2000 to May 2015. A manual search was performed on bibliography of articles collected on electronic databases. Authors were contacted to ask for references of more research not detected on the prior electronic and manual searches. Results. The literature search provided 62 titles and abstracts, from which 29 studies were related directly to the search theme. Considering all publications, 14 (48%) showed PDT to be more efficient in antimicrobial outcome than NaOCl (0.5-6% concentration) used alone and 2 (7%) revealed similar effects between them. Toluidine blue and methylene blue are the most used photosensitizers and most commonly laser has 660 nm of wavelength with a 400 nm diameter of intracanal fiber. Conclusions. PDT has been used without a well-defined protocol and still remains at an experimental stage waiting for further optimization. The level of evidence available in clinical studies to answer this question is low and at high risk of bias.
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15
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Kulshrestha S, Khan S, Hasan S, Khan ME, Misba L, Khan AU. Calcium fluoride nanoparticles induced suppression of Streptococcus mutans biofilm: an in vitro and in vivo approach. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:1901-1914. [PMID: 26610805 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7154-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Biofilm formation on the tooth surface is the root cause of dental caries and periodontal diseases. Streptococcus mutans is known to produce biofilm which is one of the primary causes of dental caries. Acid production and acid tolerance along with exopolysaccharide (EPS) formation are major virulence factors of S. mutans biofilm. In the current study, calcium fluoride nanoparticles (CaF2-NPs) were evaluated for their effect on the biofilm forming ability of S. mutans in vivo and in vitro. The in vitro studies revealed 89 % and 90 % reduction in biofilm formation and EPS production, respectively. Moreover, acid production and acid tolerance abilities of S. mutans were also reduced considerably in the presence of CaF2-NPs. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images were in accordance with the other results indicating inhibition of biofilm without affecting bacterial viability. The qRT-PCR gene expression analysis showed significant downregulation of various virulence genes (vicR, gtfC, ftf, spaP, comDE) associated with biofilm formation. Furthermore, CaF2-NPs were found to substantially decrease the caries in treated rat groups as compared to the untreated groups in in vivo studies. Scanning electron micrographs of rat's teeth further validated our results. These findings suggest that the CaF2-NPs may be used as a potential antibiofilm applicant against S. mutans and may be applied as a topical agent to reduce dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shatavari Kulshrestha
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Shakir Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Sadaf Hasan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - M Ehtisham Khan
- Center of Excellence in Material Sciences (Nanomaterials), Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Lama Misba
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India
| | - Asad U Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, India.
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16
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Borkent D, Dixon PM. Equine peripheral and infundibular dental caries: A review and proposals for their investigation. EQUINE VET EDUC 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Borkent
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute; The University of Edinburgh; Midlothian UK
| | - P. M. Dixon
- Division of Veterinary Clinical Studies; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute; The University of Edinburgh; Midlothian UK
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17
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Liu C, Niu Y, Zhou X, Zheng X, Wang S, Guo Q, Li Y, Li M, Li J, Yang Y, Ding Y, Lamont RJ, Xu X. Streptococcus mutans copes with heat stress by multiple transcriptional regulons modulating virulence and energy metabolism. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12929. [PMID: 26251057 PMCID: PMC4528225 DOI: 10.1038/srep12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is closely associated with the virulence of Streptococcus mutans. The virulence expression of S. mutans is linked to its stress adaptation to the changes in the oral environment. In this work we used whole-genome microarrays to profile the dynamic transcriptomic responses of S. mutans during physiological heat stress. In addition, we evaluated the phenotypic changes, including, eDNA release, initial biofilm formation, extracellular polysaccharides generation, acid production/acid tolerance, and ATP turnover of S. mutans during heat stress. There were distinct patterns observed in the way that S. mutans responded to heat stress that included 66 transcription factors for the expression of functional genes being differentially expressed. Especially, response regulators of two component systems (TCSs), the repressors of heat shock proteins and regulators involved in sugar transporting and metabolism co-ordinated to enhance the cell’s survival and energy generation against heat stress in S. mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Liu
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China [2] Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China [3] Center for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Yulong Niu
- Key Lab of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China [2] Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Xin Zheng
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China [2] Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Shida Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Qiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yuqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Mingyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Jiyao Li
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China [2] Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Lab of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yi Ding
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China [2] Department of Periodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Richard J Lamont
- Center for Oral Health and Systemic Disease, School of Dentistry, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Xin Xu
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China [2] Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, PR China
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18
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Kumar CMS, Mande SC, Mahajan G. Multiple chaperonins in bacteria--novel functions and non-canonical behaviors. Cell Stress Chaperones 2015; 20:555-74. [PMID: 25986150 PMCID: PMC4463927 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-015-0598-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chaperonins are a class of molecular chaperones that assemble into a large double ring architecture with each ring constituting seven to nine subunits and enclosing a cavity for substrate encapsulation. The well-studied Escherichia coli chaperonin GroEL binds non-native substrates and encapsulates them in the cavity thereby sequestering the substrates from unfavorable conditions and allowing the substrates to fold. Using this mechanism, GroEL assists folding of about 10-15 % of cellular proteins. Surprisingly, about 30 % of the bacteria express multiple chaperonin genes. The presence of multiple chaperonins raises questions on whether they increase general chaperoning ability in the cell or have developed specific novel cellular roles. Although the latter view is widely supported, evidence for the former is beginning to appear. Some of these chaperonins can functionally replace GroEL in E. coli and are generally indispensable, while others are ineffective and likewise are dispensable. Additionally, moonlighting functions for several chaperonins have been demonstrated, indicating a functional diversity among the chaperonins. Furthermore, proteomic studies have identified diverse substrate pools for multiple chaperonins. We review the current perception on multiple chaperonins and their physiological and functional specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Santosh Kumar
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, 411007, India,
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19
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Wu RN, Wu ZX, Zhao CY, LV CM, Wu JR, Meng XJ. Identification of lactic acid bacteria in suancai, a traditional Northeastern Chinese fermented food, and salt response of Lactobacillus paracasei LN-1. ANN MICROBIOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-013-0776-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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20
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Hussain MA, Hosseini Nezhad M, Sheng Y, Amoafo O. Proteomics and the stressful life of lactobacilli. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2013; 349:1-8. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6968.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Malik A. Hussain
- Department of Wine; Food and Molecular Biosciences; Lincoln University; Lincoln; New Zealand
| | | | - Yu Sheng
- Department of Wine; Food and Molecular Biosciences; Lincoln University; Lincoln; New Zealand
| | - Omega Amoafo
- Department of Wine; Food and Molecular Biosciences; Lincoln University; Lincoln; New Zealand
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21
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Rezende TMB, Lima SMF, Petriz BA, Silva ON, Freire MS, Franco OL. Dentistry proteomics: From laboratory development to clinical practice. J Cell Physiol 2013; 228:2271-84. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taia M. B. Rezende
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia; Universidade Católica de Brasília; Brasília Distrito Federal Brazil
- Curso de Odontologia; Universidade Católica de Brasília; Brasília Distrito Federal Brazil
| | - Stella M. F. Lima
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia; Universidade Católica de Brasília; Brasília Distrito Federal Brazil
- Curso de Odontologia; Universidade Católica de Brasília; Brasília Distrito Federal Brazil
| | - Bernardo A. Petriz
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia; Universidade Católica de Brasília; Brasília Distrito Federal Brazil
| | - Osmar N. Silva
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia; Universidade Católica de Brasília; Brasília Distrito Federal Brazil
| | - Mirna S. Freire
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia; Universidade Católica de Brasília; Brasília Distrito Federal Brazil
| | - Octávio L. Franco
- Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia; Universidade Católica de Brasília; Brasília Distrito Federal Brazil
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22
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Characterization of Antimicrobial Peptides toward the Development of Novel Antibiotics. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:1055-81. [PMID: 24276381 PMCID: PMC3817730 DOI: 10.3390/ph6081055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 08/02/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial agents have eradicated many infectious diseases and significantly improved our living environment. However, abuse of antimicrobial agents has accelerated the emergence of multidrug-resistant microorganisms, and there is an urgent need for novel antibiotics. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have attracted attention as a novel class of antimicrobial agents because AMPs efficiently kill a wide range of species, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses, via a novel mechanism of action. In addition, they are effective against pathogens that are resistant to almost all conventional antibiotics. AMPs have promising properties; they directly disrupt the functions of cellular membranes and nucleic acids, and the rate of appearance of AMP-resistant strains is very low. However, as pharmaceuticals, AMPs exhibit unfavorable properties, such as instability, hemolytic activity, high cost of production, salt sensitivity, and a broad spectrum of activity. Therefore, it is vital to improve these properties to develop novel AMP treatments. Here, we have reviewed the basic biochemical properties of AMPs and the recent strategies used to modulate these properties of AMPs to enhance their safety.
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23
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Zhang BB, Chen L, Cheung PCK. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis of mycelial cells treated with Tween 80: differentially expressed protein related to enhanced metabolite production. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:10585-10591. [PMID: 23013510 DOI: 10.1021/jf303570d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis identified 40 differentially expressed proteins which explained the mechanisms underlying the stimulatory effect of Tween 80 for exopolysaccharide production in the mycelium of an edible mushroom Pleurotus tuber-regium. The up-regulation of fatty acid synthase alpha subunit FasA might promote the synthesis of long-chain fatty acids and their incorporation into the mycelial cell membranes, increasing the membrane permeability. A down-regulation of Phospholipase D1 and an up-regulation of Hypothetical protein PGUG_02954 might mediate signal transduction between the mycelial cells and the extracellular stimulus (Tween 80). The down-regulated ATP-binding cassette transporter protein might function as pumps to extrude exopolysaccharide out of the cells that lead to a significant increase in its production. The present results explained how stimulatory agents like Tween 80 can increase mycelial cell membrane permeability to enhance the production of useful extracellular metabolites by submerged fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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24
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Cole JN, Henningham A, Gillen CM, Ramachandran V, Walker MJ. Human pathogenic streptococcal proteomics and vaccine development. Proteomics Clin Appl 2012; 2:387-410. [PMID: 21136841 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200780048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Gram-positive streptococci are non-motile, chain-forming bacteria commonly found in the normal oral and bowel flora of warm-blooded animals. Over the past decade, a proteomic approach combining 2-DE and MS has been used to systematically map the cellular, surface-associated and secreted proteins of human pathogenic streptococcal species. The public availability of complete streptococcal genomic sequences and the amalgamation of proteomic, genomic and bioinformatic technologies have recently facilitated the identification of novel streptococcal vaccine candidate antigens and therapeutic agents. The objective of this review is to examine the constituents of the streptococcal cell wall and secreted proteome, the mechanisms of transport of surface and secreted proteins, and describe the current methodologies employed for the identification of novel surface-displayed proteins and potential vaccine antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason N Cole
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia
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25
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Aoki W, Kuroda K, Ueda M. Next generation of antimicrobial peptides as molecular targeted medicines. J Biosci Bioeng 2012; 114:365-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Zhang BB, Chen L, Cheung PCK. Proteomic insights into the stimulatory effect of Tween 80 on mycelial growth and exopolysaccharide production of an edible mushroom Pleurotus tuber-regium. Biotechnol Lett 2012; 34:1863-7. [PMID: 22714275 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-012-0975-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Proteomic analysis was applied to investigate the mechanism of the stimulatory effect of Tween 80 on the mycelial growth and exopolysaccharide production by an edible mushroom Pleurotus tuber-regium. 32 differentially expressed proteins were identified by one-dimension gel electrophoresis. Combined with our previous findings, the up-regulation of heat shock proteins might help to maintain cellular viability under environmental stress. The up-regulation of ATP:citrate lyase isoform 2 could suppress the activity of tricarboxylic acid cycle and, consequently, stimulate exopolysaccharide production. The present results provide important insight to the mechanism by which stimulatory agents (Tween 80) can increase the production of useful fungal metabolites and also fill the gap of our knowledge on the under-developed mushroom proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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27
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Xue X, Li J, Wang W, Sztajer H, Wagner-Döbler I. The global impact of the delta subunit RpoE of the RNA polymerase on the proteome of Streptococcus mutans. Microbiology (Reading) 2012; 158:191-206. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.047936-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Xue
- Research Group Microbial Communication, Division of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jinshan Li
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 West Beichen Road, Chaoyang District, 100101 Beijing, PR China
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, Technical University Hamburg-Harburg, Denickestr. 15, D-21071 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wei Wang
- Institute of Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering, Technical University Hamburg-Harburg, Denickestr. 15, D-21071 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Helena Sztajer
- Research Group Microbial Communication, Division of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Irene Wagner-Döbler
- Research Group Microbial Communication, Division of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstr. 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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28
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Tong Z, Tao R, Jiang W, Li J, Zhou L, Tian Y, Ni L. In vitro study of the properties of Streptococcus mutans in starvation conditions. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:1306-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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SDS–PAGE patterns of whole cell proteins of Streptococcus thermophilus: impact of strain, growth phase and adaptation and relationship with stress response. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-011-0722-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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30
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Nicolas GG, Lavoie MC. [Streptococcus mutans and oral streptococci in dental plaque]. Can J Microbiol 2011; 57:1-20. [PMID: 21217792 DOI: 10.1139/w10-095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The human oral microbial biota represents a highly diverse biofilm. Twenty-five species of oral streptococci inhabit the human oral cavity and represent about 20 % of the total oral bacteria. Taxonomy of these bacteria is complex and remains provisional. Oral streptococci encompass friends and foes bacteria. Each species has developed specific properties for colonizing the different oral sites subjected to constantly changing conditions, for competing against competitors, and for resisting external agressions (host immune system, physico-chemical shocks, and mechanical frictions). Imbalance in the indigenous microbial biota generates oral diseases, and under proper conditions, commensal streptococci can switch to opportunistic pathogens that initiate disease in and damage to the host. The group of "mutans streptococci" was described as the most important bacteria related to the formation of dental caries. Streptococcus mutans, although naturally present among the human oral microbiota, is the microbial species most strongly associated with carious lesions. This minireview describes the oral streptococci ecology and their biofilm life style by focusing on the mutans group, mainly S. mutans. Virulence traits, interactions in the biofilm, and influence of S. mutans in dental caries etiology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume G Nicolas
- Département de biochimie microbiologie et bioinformatique, Université Laval, Québec, Canada.
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31
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Wang Y, Delettre J, Corrieu G, Béal C. Starvation induces physiological changes that act on the cryotolerance of Lactobacillus acidophilus RD758. Biotechnol Prog 2011; 27:342-50. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Khan AU, Islam B, Khan SN, Akram M. A proteomic approach for exploring biofilm in Streptococcus mutans. Bioinformation 2011; 5:440-5. [PMID: 21423890 PMCID: PMC3055159 DOI: 10.6026/97320630005440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation by Streptococcus mutans is considered as its principal virulence factor, causing dental caries. Mutants of S. mutans defective in biofilm formation were generated and analyzed to study the collective role of proteins in its formation. Mutants were characterized on the basis of adherence to saliva-coated surface, and biofilm formation. The confocal laser microscopy and scanning electron microscopy images showed that the control biofilms had cluster of cells covered by layer of exo-polysaccharide while the biofilms of mutants were thin and spaced. Two-dimensional protein electrophoresis data analysis identified 57 proteins that are either up (44 proteins) or down (13 proteins) regulated. These data points to the importance of up and down regulated proteins in the formation of biofilm in Streptococcus mutans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asad Ullah Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, India
| | - Barira Islam
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, India
| | - Shahper N Khan
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, India
| | - Mohammad Akram
- Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002, India
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33
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Bolean M, Paulino TDP, Thedei G, Ciancaglini P. Photodynamic Therapy with Rose Bengal Induces GroEL Expression inStreptococcus mutans. Photomed Laser Surg 2010; 28 Suppl 1:S79-84. [DOI: 10.1089/pho.2009.2635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mayte Bolean
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, FFCLRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Tony de Paiva Paulino
- Universidade Federal do Triangulo Mineiro-UFTM/CEFORES, CEP. 38.015-050, Uberaba, MG, Brasil
- Universidade de Uberaba, 38055-500, MG, Brasil
| | | | - Pietro Ciancaglini
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, FFCLRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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34
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The delta subunit of RNA polymerase, RpoE, is a global modulator of Streptococcus mutans environmental adaptation. J Bacteriol 2010; 192:5081-92. [PMID: 20675470 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00653-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The delta subunit of RNA polymerase, RpoE, is widespread in low-G+C Gram-positive bacteria and is thought to play a role in enhancing transcriptional specificity by blocking RNA polymerase binding at weak promoter sites and stimulating RNA synthesis by accelerating core enzyme recycling. Despite the well-studied biochemical properties of RpoE, a role for this protein in vivo has not been defined in depth. In this study, we show that inactivation of rpoE in the human dental caries pathogen Streptococcus mutans causes impaired growth and loss of important virulence traits, including biofilm formation, resistance to antibiotics, and tolerance to environmental stresses. Complementation of the mutant with rpoE expressed in trans restored its phenotype to wild type. The luciferase fusion reporter showed that rpoE was highly transcribed throughout growth and that acid and hydrogen peroxide stresses repressed rpoE expression. Transcriptome profiling of wild-type and ΔrpoE cells in the exponential and early stationary phase of growth, under acid and hydrogen peroxide stress and under both stresses combined, revealed that genes involved in histidine synthesis, malolactic fermentation, biofilm formation, and antibiotic resistance were downregulated in the ΔrpoE mutant under all conditions. Moreover, the loss of RpoE resulted in dramatic changes in transport and metabolism of carbohydrates and amino acids. Interestingly, differential expression, mostly upregulation, of 330 noncoding regions was found. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that RpoE is an important global modulator of gene expression in S. mutans which is required for optimal growth and environmental adaptation.
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35
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Proteomic analyses to reveal the protective role of glutathione in resistance of Lactococcus lactis to osmotic stress. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:3177-86. [PMID: 20348298 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02942-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that glutathione can protect Lactococcus lactis against oxidative stress and acid stress. In this study, we show that glutathione taken up by L. lactis SK11 can protect this organism against osmotic stress. When exposed to 5 M NaCl, L. lactis SK11 cells containing glutathione exhibited significantly improved survival compared to the control cells. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the integrity of L. lactis SK11 cells containing glutathione was maintained for at least 24 h, whereas autolysis of the control cells occurred within 2 h after exposure to this osmotic stress. Comparative proteomic analyses using SK11 cells containing or not containing glutathione that were exposed or not exposed to osmotic stress were performed. The results revealed that 21 of 29 differentially expressed proteins are involved in metabolic pathways, mainly sugar metabolism. Several glycolytic enzymes of L. lactis were significantly upregulated in the presence of glutathione, which might be the key for improving the general stress resistance of a strain. Together with the results of previous studies, the results of this study demonstrated that glutathione plays important roles in protecting L. lactis against multiple environmental stresses; thus, glutathione can be considered a general protectant for improving the robustness and stability of dairy starter cultures.
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Lemme A, Sztajer H, Wagner-Döbler I. Characterization of mleR, a positive regulator of malolactic fermentation and part of the acid tolerance response in Streptococcus mutans. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:58. [PMID: 20178568 PMCID: PMC2834670 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background One of the key virulence determinants of Streptococcus mutans, the primary etiological agent of human dental caries, is its strong acid tolerance. The acid tolerance response (ATR) of S. mutans comprises several mechanisms that are induced at low pH and allow the cells to quickly adapt to a lethal pH environment. Malolactic fermentation (MLF) converts L-malate to L-lactate and carbon dioxide and furthermore regenerates ATP, which is used to translocate protons across the membrane. Thus, MLF may contribute to the aciduricity of S. mutans but has not been associated with the ATR so far. Results Here we show that the malolactic fermentation (mle) genes are under the control of acid inducible promoters which are induced within the first 30 minutes upon acid shock in the absence of malate. Thus, MLF is part of the early acid tolerance response of S. mutans. However, acidic conditions, the presence of the regulator MleR and L-malate were required to achieve maximal expression of all genes, including mleR itself. Deletion of mleR resulted in a decreased capacity to carry out MLF and impaired survival at lethal pH in the presence of L-malate. Gel retardation assays indicated the presence of multiple binding sites for MleR. Differences in the retardation patterns occurred in the presence of L-malate, thus demonstrating its role as co-inducer for transcriptional regulation. Conclusion This study shows that the MLF gene cluster is part of the early acid tolerance response in S. mutans and is induced by both low pH and L-malate.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Lemme
- Helmholtz-Centre for Infection Research, Division of Cell Biology, Braunschweig, Germany.
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Role of GlnR in acid-mediated repression of genes encoding proteins involved in glutamine and glutamate metabolism in Streptococcus mutans. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:2478-86. [PMID: 20173059 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02622-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The acid tolerance response (ATR) is one of the major virulence traits of Streptococcus mutans. In this study, the role of GlnR in acid-mediated gene repression that affects the adaptive ATR in S. mutans was investigated. Using a whole-genome microarray and in silico analyses, we demonstrated that GlnR and the GlnR box (ATGTNAN(7)TNACAT) were involved in the transcriptional repression of clusters of genes encoding proteins involved in glutamine and glutamate metabolism under acidic challenge. Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) analysis revealed that the coordinated regulation of the GlnR regulon occurred 5 min after acid treatment and that prolonged acid exposure (30 min) resulted in further reduction in expression. A lower level but consistent reduction in response to acidic pH was also observed in chemostat-grown cells, confirming the negative regulation of GlnR. The repression by GlnR through the GlnR box in response to acidic pH was further confirmed in the citBZC operon, containing genes encoding the first three enzymes in the glutamine/glutamate biosynthesis pathway. The survival rate of the GlnR-deficient mutant at pH 2.8 was more than 10-fold lower than that in the wild-type strain 45 min after acid treatment, suggesting that the GlnR regulon participates in S. mutans ATR. It is hypothesized that downregulation of the synthesis of the amino acid precursors in response to acid challenge would promote citrate metabolism to pyruvate, with the consumption of H(+) and potential ATP synthesis. Such regulation will ensure an optimal acid adaption in S. mutans.
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Inactivation of VicK affects acid production and acid survival of Streptococcus mutans. J Bacteriol 2009; 191:6415-24. [PMID: 19684142 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00793-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The regulation of acid production in and the tolerance to low pH of the cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans have garnered considerable attention since both of these properties contribute substantially to the virulence of this organism. Frequent or prolonged exposure to acid end products, mainly lactic acid, that are present following the consumption of dietary sugars erodes the dental enamel, thereby initiating dental caries. Here we report the involvement of the S. mutans VicK sensor kinase in both the acidogenicity and the aciduricity of this bacterium. When cultures were supplemented with glucose, the glycolytic rate of a VicK null mutant was significantly decreased compared to the glycolytic rate of the wild type (P < 0.05), suggesting that there was impaired acid production. Not surprisingly, the VicK deletion mutant produced less lactic acid, while an acid tolerance response assay revealed that loss of VicK significantly enhanced the survival of S. mutans (P < 0.05). Compared to the survival rates of the wild type, the survival rates of the VicK-deficient mutant were drastically increased when cultures were grown at pH 3.5 with or without preexposure to a signal pH (pH 5.5). Global transcriptional analysis using DNA microarrays and S. mutans wild-type UA159 and VicK deletion mutant strains grown at neutral and low pH values revealed that loss of VicK significantly affected expression of 89 transcripts more than twofold at pH 5.5 (P < 0.001). The affected transcripts included genes with putative functions in transport and maintenance of cell membrane integrity. While our results provide insight into the acid-inducible regulon of S. mutans, here we imply a novel role for VicK in regulating intracellular pH homeostasis in S. mutans.
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Burne RA, Ahn SJ, Wen ZT, Zeng L, Lemos JA, Abranches J, Nascimento M. Opportunities for disrupting cariogenic biofilms. Adv Dent Res 2009; 21:17-20. [PMID: 19710079 DOI: 10.1177/0895937409335593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R A Burne
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida 32610-0424, USA.
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Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae is a major pathogen in humans and animals. Virulence factors are often associated with mobile genetic elements, and their expression can be modulated by host factors. S. agalactiae harbors the genes for C5a peptidase (scpB) and Lmb on a composite transposon structure which is absent in many bovine isolates. To investigate whether these genes participate in the adaptation to human hosts, we determined the influence of human and bovine serum on the promoter activity of scpB and lmb by using fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis. Culture in the presence of 1 to 50% human serum resulted in a dose-dependent induction of reporter gene activity for scpB but not lmb. Reporter gene activity was, however, unchanged following growth in fetal calf serum. Interestingly, a bovine strain did not display any induction of scpB by either bovine or human serum. Reverse transcription-PCR analysis was used to confirm differential induction of scpB in S. agalactiae and showed a similar induction of the Streptococcus pyogenes C5a peptidase gene scpA by human but not bovine serum. The specific induction of the streptococcal C5a peptidase by human serum corresponds to the absence of scpB in many bovine S. agalactiae isolates and underlines the importance of this virulence factor for human infections.
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The LiaFSR system regulates the cell envelope stress response in Streptococcus mutans. J Bacteriol 2009; 191:2973-84. [PMID: 19251860 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01563-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining cell envelope integrity is critical for bacterial survival, including bacteria living in a complex and dynamic environment such as the human oral cavity. Streptococcus mutans, a major etiological agent of dental caries, uses two-component signal transduction systems (TCSTSs) to monitor and respond to various environmental stimuli. Previous studies have shown that the LiaSR TCSTS in S. mutans regulates virulence traits such as acid tolerance and biofilm formation. Although not examined in streptococci, homologs of LiaSR are widely disseminated in Firmicutes and function as part of the cell envelope stress response network. We describe here liaSR and its upstream liaF gene in the cell envelope stress tolerance of S. mutans strain UA159. Transcriptional analysis established liaSR as part of the pentacistronic liaFSR-ppiB-pnpB operon. A survey of cell envelope antimicrobials revealed that mutants deficient in one or all of the liaFSR genes were susceptible to Lipid II cycle interfering antibiotics and to chemicals that perturbed the cell membrane integrity. These compounds induced liaR transcription in a concentration-dependent manner. Notably, under bacitracin stress conditions, the LiaFSR signaling system was shown to induce transcription of several genes involved in membrane protein synthesis, peptidoglycan biosynthesis, envelope chaperone/proteases, and transcriptional regulators. In the absence of an inducer such as bacitracin, LiaF repressed LiaR-regulated expression, whereas supplementing cultures with bacitracin resulted in derepression of liaSR. While LiaF appears to be an integral component of the LiaSR signaling cascade, taken collectively, we report a novel role for LiaFSR in sensing cell envelope stress and preserving envelope integrity in S. mutans.
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Rangel DE, Anderson AJ, Roberts DW. Evaluating physical and nutritional stress during mycelial growth as inducers of tolerance to heat and UV-B radiation in Metarhizium anisopliae conidia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 112:1362-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2008.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2007] [Revised: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Paes Leme AF, Bellato CM, Bedi G, Cury AADB, Koo H, Cury JA. Effects of sucrose on the extracellular matrix of plaque-like biofilm formed in vivo, studied by proteomic analysis. Caries Res 2008; 42:435-43. [PMID: 18832830 DOI: 10.1159/000159607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that sucrose promotes changes in the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of plaque-like biofilm (PLB), but its effect on protein expression has not been studied in vivo. Therefore, the protein compositions of ECM of PLB formed with and without sucrose exposure were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). For this purpose, a crossover study was conducted during two phases of 14 days each, during which a volunteer wore a palatal appliance containing eight enamel blocks for PLB accumulation. In each phase, a 20% sucrose solution or distilled and deionized water (control) were extraorally dripped onto the blocks 8x/day. On the 14th day, the PLB were collected, the ECM proteins were extracted, separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, digested by in-gel trypsin and MALDI-TOF MS analyzed. In the ECM of PLB formed under sucrose exposure, the following changes compared with the control PLB were observed: (1) the presence of upregulated proteins that may be involved in bacterial response to environmental changes induced by sucrose and (2) the absence of calcium-binding proteins that may partly explain the low inorganic concentration found in ECM of PLB formed under sucrose exposure. The findings showing that sucrose affected the ECM protein composition of PLB in vivo provide further insight into the unique cariogenic properties of this dietary carbohydrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F Paes Leme
- Piracicaba Dental School, UNICAMP, Piracicaba, Brazil
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Streit F, Delettre J, Corrieu G, Béal C. Acid adaptation ofLactobacillus delbrueckiisubsp.bulgaricusinduces physiological responses at membrane and cytosolic levels that improves cryotolerance. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 105:1071-80. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03848.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Sugimoto S, Abdullah-Al-Mahin, Sonomoto K. Molecular Chaperones in Lactic Acid Bacteria: Physiological Consequences and Biochemical Properties. J Biosci Bioeng 2008; 106:324-36. [DOI: 10.1263/jbb.106.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Affiliation(s)
- H Koo
- Eastman Department of Dentistry and Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14620, USA.
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Diversity of stress responses in dairy thermophilic streptococci. Int J Food Microbiol 2008; 124:34-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2007] [Revised: 02/14/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Guo LH, Wang HL, Liu XD, Duan J. Identification of protein differences between two clinical isolates of Streptococcus mutans by proteomic analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 23:105-11. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2007.00394.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Lembo FL, Longo PL, Ota-Tsuzuki C, Rodrigues CRMD, Mayer MPA. Genotypic and phenotypic analysis of Streptococcus mutans from different oral cavity sites of caries-free and caries-active children. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 22:313-9. [PMID: 17803628 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2007.00361.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Streptococcus mutans exhibits extensive genotypic diversity, but the role of this variation is poorly understood. This study aimed to determine the number and distribution of genotypes of S. mutans isolated from caries-active and caries-free children and to evaluate some of their phenotypic traits. METHODS Stimulated saliva, tongue surface and biofilms over sound and carious teeth surfaces were sampled from 10 caries-free and 11 caries-active children aged 5-8 years. A total of 339 isolates of S. mutans were genotyped by arbitrarily primed polymerase chain reaction using OPA2 primer. One isolate from each genotype was tested for its acid susceptibility and its ability to form a biofilm. RESULTS Fifty-one distinct genotypes were determined, one to three genotypes in each oral sample. A single genotype was detected in seven children, whereas the remaining 14 children exhibited two to seven genotypes. There were no significant differences in the number of genotypes detected in caries-free and caries-active children. No correlation was observed between the number of genotypes and the mutans streptococci salivary levels. Five of the six high biofilm-forming genotypes were obtained from caries-active children, although the differences in biofilm formation between isolates from caries-free and caries-active children were not statistically significant. Genotypes with low susceptibility to acid challenge were statistically more frequent among isolates from caries-active children than among those from caries-free children. CONCLUSION The present data suggested that there were differences in the distribution of genotypes of S. mutans according to the oral site and that S. mutans populations differ in their acid susceptibility and ability to form biofilms, factors allowing their colonization of sucrose-rich environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- F L Lembo
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
Oxygen profoundly affects the composition of oral biofilms. Recently, we showed that exposure of Streptococcus mutans to oxygen strongly inhibits biofilm formation and alters cell surface biogenesis. To begin to dissect the underlying mechanisms by which oxygen affects known virulence traits of S. mutans, transcription profiling was used to show that roughly 5% of the genes of this organism are differentially expressed in response to aeration. Among the most profoundly upregulated genes were autolysis-related genes and those that encode bacteriocins, the ClpB protease chaperone subunit, pyruvate dehydrogenase, the tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes, NADH oxidase enzymes, and certain carbohydrate transporters and catabolic pathways. Consistent with our observation that the ability of S. mutans to form biofilms was severely impaired by oxygen exposure, transcription of the gtfB gene, which encodes one of the primary enzymes involved in the production of water-insoluble, adhesive glucan exopolysaccharides, was down-regulated in cells growing aerobically. Further investigation revealed that transcription of gtfB, but not gtfC, was responsive to oxygen and that aeration causes major changes in the amount and degree of cell association of the Gtf enzymes. Moreover, inactivation of the VicK sensor kinase affected the expression and localization the GtfB and GtfC enzymes. This study provides novel insights into the complex transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulatory networks used by S. mutans to modulate virulence gene expression and exopolysaccharide production in response to changes in oxygen availability.
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