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Tayyeb JZ, Priya M, Guru A, Kishore Kumar MS, Giri J, Garg A, Agrawal R, Mat KB, Arockiaraj J. Multifunctional curcumin mediated zinc oxide nanoparticle enhancing biofilm inhibition and targeting apoptotic specific pathway in oral squamous carcinoma cells. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:423. [PMID: 38489102 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09407-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral health remains a significant global concern with the prevalence of oral pathogens and the increasing incidence of oral cancer posing formidable challenges. Additionally, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains has complicated treatment strategies, emphasizing the urgent need for alternative therapeutic approaches. Recent research has explored the application of plant compounds mediated with nanotechnology in oral health, focusing on the antimicrobial and anticancer properties. METHODS In this study, curcumin (Cu)-mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) were synthesized and characterized using SEM, EDAX, UV spectroscopy, FTIR, and XRD to validate their composition and structural features. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of ZnO-CU NPs was investigated through DPPH, ABTS, and zone of inhibition assays. Apoptotic assays and gene expression analysis were performed in KB oral squamous carcinoma cells to identify their anticancer activity. RESULTS ZnO-CU NPs showcased formidable antioxidant prowess in both DPPH and ABTS assays, signifying their potential as robust scavengers of free radicals. The determined minimal inhibitory concentration of 40 µg/mL against dental pathogens underscored the compelling antimicrobial attributes of ZnO-CU NPs. Furthermore, the interaction analysis revealed the superior binding affinity and intricate amino acid interactions of ZnO-CU NPs with receptors on dental pathogens. Moreover, in the realm of anticancer activity, ZnO-CU NPs exhibited a dose-dependent response against Human Oral Epidermal Carcinoma KB cells at concentrations of 10 µg/mL, 20 µg/mL, 40 µg/mL, and 80 µg/mL. Unraveling the intricate mechanism of apoptotic activity, ZnO-CU NPs orchestrated the upregulation of pivotal genes, including BCL2, BAX, and P53, within the KB cells. CONCLUSIONS This multifaceted approach, addressing both antimicrobial and anticancer activity, positions ZnO-CU NPs as a compelling avenue for advancing oral health, offering a comprehensive strategy for tackling both oral infections and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jehad Zuhair Tayyeb
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, 23890, Saudi Arabia
| | - Madhu Priya
- Department of Cariology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
| | - Ajay Guru
- Department of Cariology, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
| | - Meenakshi Sundaram Kishore Kumar
- Biomedical Research Unit and Laboratory Animal Centre (BRULAC), Department of Anatomy, Saveetha Dental College, Chennai, 600 077, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jayant Giri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering, Nagpur, India
| | - Akash Garg
- Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, Mathura, 281001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rutvi Agrawal
- Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, Mathura, 281001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Khairiyah Binti Mat
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Faculty of Agro‑Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli, 17600, Malaysia.
- Advanced Livestock and Aquaculture Research Group, Faculty of Agro‑Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, Jeli, 17600, Malaysia.
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Chengalpattu District, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Woitschach F, Kloss M, Schlodder K, Borck A, Grabow N, Reisinger EC, Sombetzki M. Bacterial Adhesion and Biofilm Formation of Enterococcus faecalis on Zwitterionic Methylmethacrylat and Polysulfones. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:868338. [PMID: 35651751 PMCID: PMC9149206 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.868338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm-associated implant infections represent a major challenge for healthcare systems around the world due to high patient burden and enormous costs incurred. Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is the most prevalent enterococcal species identified in biofilm-associated infections. The steadily growing areas of application of implants demand a solution for the control of bacterial infections. Therefore, the development of modified anti-microbial implant materials and the testing of the behavior of different relevant bacterial strains towards them display an indispensable task. Recently, we demonstrated an anti-microbial effect of zwitterionic modified silicone rubber (LSR) against Staphylococcus aureus. The aim of this study was to evaluate bacterial colonization and biofilm formation of another clinically relevant strain, E. faecalis, on this material in comparison to two of the most commonly used thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) and other modified LSR surfaces. By generating growth curves, crystal violet, and fluorescence staining, as well as analyzing the expression of biofilm-associated genes, we demonstrated no anti-microbial activity of the investigated materials against E. faecalis. These results point to the fact that anti-microbial effects of novel implant materials do not always apply across the board to all bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Woitschach
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Marlen Kloss
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Borck
- Biotronik SE & Co. KG, Research & Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Niels Grabow
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Emil Christian Reisinger
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Martina Sombetzki
- Division of Tropical Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Center of Internal Medicine II, University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
- *Correspondence: Martina Sombetzki,
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Du Q, Yuan S, Zhao S, Fu D, Chen Y, Zhou Y, Cao Y, Gao Y, Xu X, Zhou X, He J. Coexistence of Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis increases biofilm virulence and periapical lesions in rats. BIOFOULING 2021; 37:964-974. [PMID: 34839774 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.1993836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study utilized an in vitro dual-species biofilm model and an in vivo rat post-treatment endodontic disease (PTED) model to investigate whether co-infection of Candida albicans and Enterococcus faecalis would aggravate periapical lesions. The results showed that co-culturing yielded a thicker and denser biofilm more tolerant to detrimental stresses compared with the mono-species biofilm, such as a starvation-alkalinity environment, mechanical shear force and bactericidal chemicals. Consistently, co-inoculation of E. faecalis and C. albicans significantly increased the extent of in vivo periapical lesions compared with mono-species infection. Specifically, coexistence of both microorganisms increased osteoclastic bone resorption and suppressed osteoblastic bone formation. The synergistic effects also up-regulated inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and IL-6. In summary, coexistence of C. albicans and E. faecalis increased periapical lesions by enhanced biofilm virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shasha Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuangyuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Di Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yifei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pediatrics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yangpei Cao
- Woody L. Hunt School of Dental Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, EI Paso, TX, USA
| | - Yuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinzhi He
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Antibiotic selection based on microbiology and resistance profiles of bile from gallbladder of patients with acute cholecystitis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2969. [PMID: 33536564 PMCID: PMC7859191 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82603-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
With the progression of acute cholecystitis, antimicrobial therapy becomes important for infection control. Current antibiotic recommendations were mostly based on reports of patients with acute cholangitis whose bile specimens were sampled from the biliary tract. However, as most infections of acute cholecystitis are limited to the gallbladder, direct sampling from the site increases the probability of identifying the causative pathogen. We investigated 321 positive bile cultures from 931 patients with acute cholecystitis who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy between January 2003 and December 2017. The frequency of enterococci declined (P = 0.041), whereas that of Enterobacteriales (P = 0.005), particularly Escherichia (P = 0.008), increased over time. The incidence of ciprofloxacin-resistant Enterobacteriales showed a significant increasing trend (P = 0.031). Vancomycin-resistant E.faecium, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriales, and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriales were recently observed. In grade I and II acute cholecystitis, there were no significant differences in perioperative outcomes in patients with and without early appropriate antimicrobial therapy. In conclusion, the changing incidence of frequently isolated microorganisms and their antibiotic resistance over time would be considered before selecting antibiotics for the treatment of acute cholecystitis. Surgery might be a crucial component of infection control in grade I and II acute cholecystitis.
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Abstract
Human fecal contamination is a crucial threat that results in difficulties in access to clean water. Enterococcus faecalis is a bacteria which is utilized as an indicator in polluted water. Nevertheless, existing strategies face several challenges, including low affinity and the need for labelling, which limit their access to large scale applications. Herein, a label-free fingerprint of the surface proteins of waterborne bacteria on a sensor was demonstrated for real-time bacteria detection from aqueous and water samples. The kinetic performance of the sensor was evaluated and shown to have a range of detection that spanned five orders of magnitude, having a low detection limit (3.4 × 104 cfu/mL) and a high correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.9957). The sensor also designated a high selectivity while other competitor bacteria were employed. The capability for multiple usage and long shelf-life are superior to other modalities. This is an impressive surface modification method that uses the target itself as a recognition element, ensuring a broad range of variability to replicate others with different structure, size and physical and chemical properties.
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6
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Pochhammer J, Kramer A, Schäffer M. [Enterococci and surgical site infections : Causal agent or harmless commensals?]. Chirurg 2018; 88:377-384. [PMID: 28233041 DOI: 10.1007/s00104-017-0388-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of enterococci in the context of peritonitis and surgical site infections (SSI) has not yet been definitively clarified but enterococci are being detected more frequently. Numerous resistances reduce the available antibiotic options. OBJECTIVE This article gives an overview of the pathogenic importance of enterococci and of current recommendations for therapy and prophylaxis. On the basis of our own data we discuss the relevance of enterococci for SSI. MATERIAL AND METHODS All colorectal resections carried out between January 2008 and September 2016 were retrospectively documented. Revision surgery, SSI and intra-abdominally or subcutaneously detected pathogens were recorded. RESULTS A total of 2713 interventions were evaluated with 28.3% having primary peritonitis. In 587 patients (21.6%) SSI followed, and pathogen determination was possible in 431 cases (73.4%). Enterococci were frequently found in re-operations (58.4%) and SSI (46.1%), with E. faecalis and E. faecium in approximately equal proportions. If intra-abdominal enterococci were detectable in patients with primary peritonitis, it was more common to develop SSI and enterococci were more frequently detected subcutaneously. Enterococci in SSI were found to be significantly more frequent in left hemicolectomies as well as in pre-existing renal insufficiency. CONCLUSION It can be inferred that enterococci are not adequately covered by commonly used perioperative antibiotic therapy or preoperative prophylaxis, which increases the risk for SSI by enterococci. This could be favored by selection of these pathogens due to the use of antibiotics without enterococcal efficacy (e. g. cephalosporins). The consideration in the choice of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis by the additional administration of ampicillin or vancomycin could be advantageous.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Pochhammer
- Klinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Thoraxchirurgie, Marienhospital Stuttgart, Vinzenz von Paul Kliniken, Böheimstr. 39, 70199, Stuttgart, Deutschland.
| | - A Kramer
- Institut für Hygiene und Umweltmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Deutschland
| | - M Schäffer
- Klinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Thoraxchirurgie, Marienhospital Stuttgart, Vinzenz von Paul Kliniken, Böheimstr. 39, 70199, Stuttgart, Deutschland
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7
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Nagendrababu V, Sheriff Sultan O, Kannathasan S, Patel AS, Chitra E, Neelakantan P, Davamani F. Root canal irrigants influence the hydrophobicity and adherence of Staphylococcus epidermidis to root canal dentin: an in vitro study. Restor Dent Endod 2017; 43:e1. [PMID: 29487832 PMCID: PMC5816986 DOI: 10.5395/rde.2018.43.e1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To determine the effect of root canal irrigants on the hydrophobicity and adherence of Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) to root canal dentin in vitro. Materials and Methods Root dentin blocks (n = 60) were randomly divided into 4 groups based on the irrigation regimen: group 1, saline; group 2, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); group 3, 5.25% NaOCl followed by 17% ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA); group 4, same as group 3 followed by 2% chlorhexidine (CHX). The hydrophobicity of S. epidermidis to root dentin was calculated by cell surface hydrophobicity while the adherence was observed by fluorescence microscopy, and bacteria were quantified using ImageJ software (National Institutes of Health). Statistical analysis of the data was done using Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test (p = 0.05). Results The hydrophobicity and adherence of S. epidermidis to dentin were significantly increased after irrigating with group 3 (NaOCl-EDTA) (p < 0.05), whereas in group 4 (NaOCl-EDTA-CHX) both hydrophobicity and adherence were significantly reduced (p < 0.05). Conclusions The adherence of S. epidermidis to dentin was influenced differently by root canal irrigants. Final irrigation with CHX reduces the bacterial adherence and may impact biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkateshbabu Nagendrababu
- Division of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Omer Sheriff Sultan
- Division of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | - Amir Shahreza Patel
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ebenezer Chitra
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Prasanna Neelakantan
- Discipline of Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Fabian Davamani
- Division of Applied Biomedical Science and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Vimont A, Fernandez B, Hammami R, Ababsa A, Daba H, Fliss I. Bacteriocin-Producing Enterococcus faecium LCW 44: A High Potential Probiotic Candidate from Raw Camel Milk. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:865. [PMID: 28572793 PMCID: PMC5436277 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial isolates from raw camel milk were screened for antibacterial activity using the agar diffusion assay. Ten isolates selected for their inhibition of Gram-positive bacteria were identified by 16S sequencing as Enterococcus faecium or durans. An isolate named E. faecium LCW 44 exhibited the broadest antibacterial spectrum with an inhibitory activity against several Gram-positive strains belonging to the genera Clostridium, Listeria, Staphylococcus, and Lactobacillus. E. faecium LCW 44 was shown to produce N-formylated enterocins L50A and L50B, as revealed by mass spectrometry and PCR analyses. This isolate did not harbor any of the virulence factors tested and was shown to be sensitive to all tested antibiotics. It showed high resistance to gastric and intestinal conditions (78 ± 4% survival). Its adhesion index was evaluated at 176 ± 86 and 24 ± 86 on Caco-2 cells and HT-29 cells, respectively, and it significantly reduced adhesion of Listeria monocytogenes by 65 and 49%, respectively. In Macfarlane broth (simulating the nutrient content of the colon), counts of L. monocytogenes were reduced by 2 log10 cycles after 24 h in co-culture with E. faecium LCW 44, compared to the increase of 4 log10 cycles when cultured alone. Comparison with a bacteriocin-non-producing mutant of E. faecium LCW 44 strongly suggests that inhibition of L. monocytogenes was due to bacteriocin production. Altogether, E. faecium LCW 44 thus has potential for use as a probiotic for humans and veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Vimont
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec CityQC, Canada
| | - Benoît Fernandez
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec CityQC, Canada
| | - Riadh Hammami
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec CityQC, Canada.,School of Nutrition Sciences, University of Ottawa, OttawaON, Canada
| | - Ahlem Ababsa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Ferhat Abbas University Sétif 1Sétif, Algeria
| | - Hocine Daba
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, Ferhat Abbas University Sétif 1Sétif, Algeria
| | - Ismaïl Fliss
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Quebec CityQC, Canada
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9
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Yuksel FN, Akcelik N, Akcelik M. Incidence of antibiotic resistance and virulence determinants in Enterococcus faecium and Enterococcus faecalis strains, isolated from traditional cheeses in Turkey. MOLECULAR GENETICS MICROBIOLOGY AND VIROLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.3103/s089141681504014x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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10
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Wilson CE, Cathro PC, Rogers AH, Briggs N, Zilm PS. Clonal diversity in biofilm formation by Enterococcus faecalis in response to environmental stress associated with endodontic irrigants and medicaments. Int Endod J 2014; 48:210-9. [PMID: 24749689 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIM To determine whether clonal diversity within E. faecalis affects biofilm formation when exposed to antimicrobial compounds found in endodontic medicaments and irrigants. METHODOLOGY Five human isolates of E. faecalis were compared; biofilms were grown in microtitre trays in the presence of sodium hypochlorite, calcium hydroxide, chlorhexidine, tetracycline or clindamycin. Biofilms were quantified by staining with crystal violet and optical density determined with a microplate reader. Slime production (an amorphous extracellular matrix comprising polysaccharides, glycoproteins and glycolipids loosely attached to the cell surface) was determined qualitatively by growth on Congo red agar plates. Linear mixed models were used to examine whether medicaments affected biofilm growth of the isolates in the presence of the medicaments or irrigants. RESULTS Overall, different endodontic antimicrobials significantly altered biofilm growth in E. faecalis isolates. Two E. faecalis isolates significantly (P < 0.0001) increased biofilm formation in the presence of tetracycline and one in the presence of NaOCl (P = 0.018). Qualitatively, slime production also varied between isolates and correlated with biofilm production. CONCLUSIONS When subjected to sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) levels of antimicrobial compounds found in endodontic medicaments, E. faecalis isolates demonstrated significant clonal variation in their capacity to form biofilms. Interestingly, there was a correlation between slime production and the ability of isolates to form a biofilm in the presence of antimicrobials. The results indicate that isolates of E. faecalis that form biofilms in response to endodontic medicaments may be more likely to survive endodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Wilson
- Oral Microbiology, School of Dentistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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11
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Peng Z, Krey V, Wei H, Tan Q, Vogelmann R, Ehrmann MA, Vogel RF. Impact of actin on adhesion and translocation of Enterococcus faecalis. Arch Microbiol 2013; 196:109-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-013-0943-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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12
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Łysakowska ME, Denys A, Klimek L, Ciebiada-Adamiec A, Sienkiewicz M. The Activity of Silver Nanoparticles (Axonnite) on Clinical and Environmental Strains ofEnterococcusspp. Microb Drug Resist 2013; 19:21-9. [DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2012.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrzej Denys
- Medical and Sanitary Microbiology Department, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Leszek Klimek
- Department of Materials Investigation, Technical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
- Dentistry Technics Department, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Ciebiada-Adamiec
- Medical Diagnostic Laboratory Center, Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital, Lodz, Poland
| | - Monika Sienkiewicz
- Medical and Sanitary Microbiology Department, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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13
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Guaglianone E, Cardines R, Vuotto C, Di Rosa R, Babini V, Mastrantonio P, Donelli G. Microbial biofilms associated with biliary stent clogging. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 59:410-20. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2010.00686.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Marcotte L, Tabrizian M. Sensing surfaces: Challenges in studying the cell adhesion process and the cell adhesion forces on biomaterials. Ing Rech Biomed 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmret.2007.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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15
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van Merode AEJ, Duval JFL, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ, Krom BP. Increased adhesion of Enterococcus faecalis strains with bimodal electrophoretic mobility distributions. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2008; 64:302-6. [PMID: 18358705 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2008.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 02/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Initial adhesion is a determinant in the development of microbial biofilms. It is influenced, amongst others, by the surface hydrophobicity and the electrostatic characteristics of the substratum and adhering organisms. Enterococcus faecalis strains, grown in pure cultures, generally display subpopulations with different electrokinetic features, reflected in a bimodal electrophoretic mobility distribution. Here, the initial adhesion kinetics of five heterogeneous and five homogeneous E. faecalis strains were followed in a parallel-plate flow chamber. After 4h of flow, heterogeneous strains adhered in significantly higher numbers than homogeneous strains (7.3 x 10(6) and 1.9 x 10(6)cm(-2), respectively), but the initial deposition rates were not significantly influenced (740 and 600 cm(-2)s(-1), respectively). Apparently, initial deposition of bacteria is mainly governed by attractive Lifshitz-Van der Waals forces that overwhelm the electrostatic repulsion energy barrier, thus resulting in similar initial deposition rates for the various bacterial populations investigated. In contrast, during later stages of adhesion, bacteria in heterogeneous cultures likely experience a lower electrostatic repulsion from already adhering bacteria than bacteria in homogeneous cultures, thus allowing a closer proximity of the bacteria with respect to each other, which ultimately leads to increased adhesion after 4 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annet E J van Merode
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Effect of Tissue Fluids on Hydrophobicity and Adherence of Enterococcus faecalis to Dentin. J Endod 2007; 33:1421-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2007.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2007] [Revised: 07/18/2007] [Accepted: 07/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Whitman RL, Przybyla-Kelly K, Shively DA, Byappanahalli MN. Incidence of the enterococcal surface protein (esp) gene in human and animal fecal sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2007; 41:6090-6095. [PMID: 17937286 DOI: 10.1021/es070817t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of the enterococcal surface protein (esp) gene in the opportunistic pathogens Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium is well-documented in clinical research. Recently, the esp gene has been proposed as a marker of human pollution in environmental waters; however, information on its relative incidence in various human and animal fecal sources is limited. We have determined the occurrence of the esp gene in enterococci from human (n=64) and animal (n=233) fecal samples by polymerase chain reaction using two primer sets: one presumably specific for E. faecium (esp(fm)) and the other for both E. faecalis and E. faecium (esp(fs/fm)). We believe that this research is the first to explore the use of esp(fs/fm) for the detection of human waste in natural environmental settings. The incidence in human sources was 93.1% esp(fm) and 100% esp(fs/fm) in raw sewage influent; 30% for both esp(fm) and esp(fs/fm) in septic waste; and 0% esp(fm) and 80% esp(fs/fm) in active pit toilets. The overall occurrence of the gene in animal feces was 7.7% (esp(fs/fm)) and 4.7% (esp(fm)); animal types with positive results included dogs (9/43, all esp(fm)), gulls (10/34, esp(fs/fm); 2/34, esp(fm)), mice (3/22, all esp(fs/fm)), and songbirds (5/55, all esp(fs/fm)). The esp gene was not detected in cat (0/34), deer (0/4), goose (0/18), or raccoon (0/23) feces. The inconsistent occurrence, especially in septic and pit toilet sewage, suggests a low statistical power of discrimination between animal and human sources, which means a large number of replicates should be collected. Both esp(fm) and esp(fs/fm) were common in raw sewage, but neither one efficiently differentiated between animal and other human sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Whitman
- U.S. Geological Survey, Great Lakes Science Center, Lake Michigan Ecological Research Station, 1100 Mineral Springs Road, Porter, Indiana 46304, USA
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Chen G, Walker SL. Role of solution chemistry and ion valence on the adhesion kinetics of groundwater and marine bacteria. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:7162-9. [PMID: 17523680 DOI: 10.1021/la0632833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The role of solution chemistry on bacterial adhesion has been investigated using a radial stagnation point flow (RSPF) system. This experimental system utilized an optical microscope and an image-capturing device to directly observe the deposition kinetics of a groundwater bacterium, Burkholderia cepacia G4g, and a marine bacterium, Halomonas pacifica g. Experiments were carried out under well-controlled hydrodynamic and solution chemistry conditions, allowing for the sensitivity of bacterial adhesion behavior to be examined under a range of ionic strength and valence (KCl vs CaCl2) simulating groundwater and marine environments. Complimentary cell characterization techniques were conducted to evaluate the electrophoretic mobility, hydrophobicity, surface charge density, and viability of the bacteria under the same range of conditions. Solution chemistry was found to have a marked effect on the electrokinetic and surface properties of bacteria and the quartz collector, as well as on the resulting rate of bacterial deposition. Comparable adhesion trends were observed for B. cepacia G4g and H. pacifica g. Specifically, the deposition rates of the two bacteria species in both KCl and CaCl2 solutions increased with ionic strength, a trend consistent with traditional Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek (DLVO) theory, which considers the combination of van der Waals and electrostatic double-layer interaction forces. However, in some cases, experimental results showed bacterial deposition behavior to deviate from DLVO predictions. On the basis of the systematic investigation of bacterial cell characteristics, it was found that Ca2+ ions play a distinct role on bacterial surface charge, hydrophobicity, and deposition behaviors. It is further suggested that bacterial adhesion is determined by the combined influence of DLVO interactions, electrosteric interactions associated with solution chemistry, and the hydrodynamics of the deposition system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gexin Chen
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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19
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Donelli G, Guaglianone E, Di Rosa R, Fiocca F, Basoli A. Plastic biliary stent occlusion: factors involved and possible preventive approaches. Clin Med Res 2007; 5:53-60. [PMID: 17456835 PMCID: PMC1855334 DOI: 10.3121/cmr.2007.683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Endoscopic biliary stenting is today the most common palliative treatment for patients suffering from obstructive jaundice associated with malignant hepatobiliary tumors or benign strictures. However, recurrent jaundice, with or without cholangitis, is a major complication of a biliary endoprosthesis insertion. Thus, stent removal and replacement with a new one frequently occurs as a consequence of device blockage caused by microbial biofilm growth and biliary sludge accumulation in the lumen. Factors and mechanisms involved in plastic stent clogging arising from epidemiological, clinical and experimental data, as well as the possible strategies to prevent biliary stent failure, will be reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianfranco Donelli
- Department of Technologies and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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20
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Latasa C, Solano C, Penadés JR, Lasa I. Biofilm-associated proteins. C R Biol 2006; 329:849-57. [PMID: 17067927 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2006.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Revised: 07/03/2006] [Accepted: 07/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although exopolysaccharides are important and often essential compounds of the biofilm matrix, recent evidences suggest that a group of surface proteins plays a leading role during the development of the microbial communities. The first member of this group of proteins was described in a Staphylococcus aureus bovine mastitis isolate and was named Bap, for biofilm-associated protein. Later on, other surface proteins homologous to Bap and involved in biofilm development have been described in many gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. In this review, we have summarized our knowledge about three members of this group of proteins: Bap of S. aureus, Esp of Enterococcus faecalis and BapA of Salmonella enterica ser. Enteritidis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Latasa
- Laboratory of Microbial Biofilms, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología & Departamento de Producción Agraria, Universidad Pública de Navarra-CSIC, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
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21
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van Merode AEJ, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ, Krom BP. Influence of culture heterogeneity in cell surface charge on adhesion and biofilm formation by Enterococcus faecalis. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:2421-6. [PMID: 16547028 PMCID: PMC1428413 DOI: 10.1128/jb.188.7.2421-2426.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm formation is an increasing problem in medicine, due to the intrinsic resistance of microorganisms in the biofilm mode of growth against the host immune system and antimicrobial therapy. Adhesion is an important step in biofilm formation, influenced, among other factors, by the surface hydrophobicities and charges of both the substratum and the adhering microorganisms. Enterococcus faecalis strains generally display subpopulations with different surface charges, expressed as bimodal zeta potential distributions. Two-thirds of E. faecalis strains isolated from clogged biliary stents displayed such heterogeneity of surface charges in culture. In this study, the influence of this culture heterogeneity on initial adhesion and subsequent biofilm formation was investigated. Heterogeneous strains were retained in higher numbers on polystyrene than homogeneous strains. Also, biofilm formation was much more pronounced for heterogeneous strains than for homogeneous strains. In a population enriched to display only one subpopulation, fewer bacteria were retained than in its original heterogeneous culture. Also, the enriched subpopulation formed less biofilm than its original heterogeneous culture. The presence of ox bile during adhesion resulted in fewer retained bacteria, although heterogeneous strains were still retained in significantly higher numbers than were homogeneous strains, and, in general, the presence of ox bile reduced biofilm formation. The initial adhesion and biofilm formation were independent of the presence of the gene encoding the enterococcal surface protein (esp) or the expression of gelatinase (GelE). It is concluded that heterogeneity in cell surface charge represents an advantage for bacteria in the colonization of surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annet E J van Merode
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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22
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Tendolkar PM, Baghdayan AS, Shankar N. Putative surface proteins encoded within a novel transferable locus confer a high-biofilm phenotype to Enterococcus faecalis. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:2063-72. [PMID: 16513736 PMCID: PMC1428127 DOI: 10.1128/jb.188.6.2063-2072.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are opportunistic pathogens and among the leading causes of nosocomial infections. Enterococcus faecalis, the dominant species among infection-derived isolates, has recently been recognized as capable of forming biofilms on abiotic surfaces in vitro as well as on indwelling medical devices. A few bacterial factors known to contribute to biofilm formation in E. faecalis have been characterized. To identify additional factors which may be important to this process, we utilized a Tn917-based insertional mutagenesis strategy to generate a mutant bank in a high-biofilm-forming E. faecalis strain, E99. The resulting mutant bank was screened for mutants exhibiting a significantly reduced ability to form biofilms. One mutant, P101D12, which showed greater than 70% reduction in its ability to form biofilms compared to the wild-type parent, was further characterized. The single Tn917 insertion in P101D12 was mapped to a gene, bee-2, encoding a probable cell wall-anchored protein. Sequence information for the region flanking bee-2 revealed that this gene was a member of a locus (termed the bee locus for biofilm enhancer in enterococcus) comprised of five genes encoding three putative cell wall-anchored proteins and two probable sortases. Contour-clamped homogeneous electric field gel and Southern hybridization analyses suggested that the bee locus is likely harbored on a large conjugative plasmid. Filter mating assays using wild-type E99 or mutant P101D12 as a donor confirmed that the bee locus could transfer conjugally at high frequency to recipient E. faecalis strains. This represents the first instance of the identification of a mobile genetic element conferring biofilm-forming property in E. faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti M Tendolkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, P.O. Box 26901, Oklahoma City, OK 73190, USA
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van Merode AEJ, van der Mei HC, Busscher HJ, Waar K, Krom BP. Enterococcus faecalis strains show culture heterogeneity in cell surface charge. Microbiology (Reading) 2006; 152:807-814. [PMID: 16514160 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.28460-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion of micro-organisms to biotic and abiotic surfaces is an important virulence factor and involves different types of interactions.Enterococcus faecalis, a human commensal and an important opportunistic pathogen, has the ability to adhere to surfaces. Biliary stents frequently become clogged with bacterial biofilms, withE. faecalisas one of the predominant species. SixE. faecalisstrains isolated from clogged biliary stents were investigated for the presence of specific biochemical factors involved in their adhesion: aggregation substances (Aggs) and the enterococcal surface protein (encoded by theespgene). In addition, physico-chemical factors involved in adhesion (zeta potential and cell surface hydrophobicity) were determined, as well as the influence of ox bile on these properties. Two-thirds of the biliary stent isolates displayed culture heterogeneity in the pH dependence of their zeta potentials. Moreover, 24 out of 46 clinical isolates ofE. faecalis, including 11 laboratory strains, also displayed such heterogeneity. The culture heterogeneity was demonstrated to be a stable trait, not caused by quorum sensing, not plasmid mediated, and independent of the presence ofespand Agg. Data presented show that culture heterogeneity in zeta potential enhances adhesion to an abiotic surface. A higher prevalence of culture heterogeneity in zeta potential in pathogenic as compared to non-pathogenic isolates could indicate that this phenomenon might play a role in virulence and putatively in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annet E J van Merode
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, and University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henny C van der Mei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, and University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk J Busscher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, and University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Karola Waar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, and University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan P Krom
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, and University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands
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Waar K, van der Mei HC, Harmsen HJM, de Vries J, Atema-Smit J, Degener JE, Busscher HJ. Atomic force microscopy study on specificity and non-specificity of interaction forces between Enterococcus faecalis cells with and without aggregation substance. Microbiology (Reading) 2005; 151:2459-2464. [PMID: 16000736 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.27877-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus faecalis is one of the leading causes of hospital-acquired infections, and indwelling medical devices are especially prone to infection. E. faecalis expressing aggregation substance (Agg) adheres to biomaterial surfaces by means of positive cooperativity, i.e. the ability of one adhering organism to stimulate adhesion of other organisms in its immediate vicinity. In this study, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to measure the specificity and non-specificity of interaction forces between E. faecalis cells with and without Agg. Bacteria were attached to a substratum surface and a tip-less cantilever. Two E. faecalis strains expressing different forms of Agg showed nearly twofold higher interaction forces between bacterial cells than a strain lacking Agg [adhesive force (F
adh), −1·3 nN]. The strong interaction forces between the strains with Agg were reduced after adsorption of antibodies against Agg from −2·6 and −2·3 nN to −1·2 and −1·3 nN, respectively. This suggests that the non-specific interaction force between the enterococci amounts to approximately 1·2 nN, while the specific force component is only twofold stronger. Comparison of the results of the AFM interaction forces with the positive cooperativity after adhesion to a biomaterial in a parallel-plate flow chamber showed that in the absence of strong interaction forces between the cells, positive cooperativity was also absent. In conclusion, this is believed to be the first time that the influence of specific antibodies on interaction forces between E. faecalis cells has been demonstrated by AFM, thereby experimentally distinguishing between specific and non-specific force components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karola Waar
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, and University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henny C van der Mei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, and University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hermie J M Harmsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, and University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joop de Vries
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, and University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jelly Atema-Smit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, and University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - John E Degener
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, and University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk J Busscher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, and University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
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25
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Tendolkar PM, Baghdayan AS, Gilmore MS, Shankar N. Enterococcal surface protein, Esp, enhances biofilm formation by Enterococcus faecalis. Infect Immun 2004; 72:6032-9. [PMID: 15385507 PMCID: PMC517584 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.10.6032-6039.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci play a dual role in human ecology. They serve as commensal organisms of the gastrointestinal tract and are also leading causes of multiple antibiotic-resistant hospital-acquired infection. Many nosocomial infections result from the ability of microorganisms to form biofilms. The molecular mechanisms involved in enterococcal biofilm formation are only now beginning to be understood. Enterococcal surface protein, Esp, has been reported to contribute to biofilm formation by Enterococcus faecalis. Recent studies have shown that enterococci form biofilms independently of Esp expression. To precisely determine what role Esp plays in E. faecalis biofilm formation, Esp was expressed on the cell surface of genetically well-defined, natively Esp-deficient strains, and isogenic Esp-positive and Esp-deficient strains were compared for their biofilm-forming ability. The results show that Esp expression leads to a significant increase in biofilm formation, irrespective of the strain tested. The contribution of Esp to biofilm formation was found to be most pronounced in the presence of 0.5% (wt/vol) or greater glucose. These results unambiguously define Esp as a key contributor to the ability of E. faecalis to form biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti M Tendolkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73190, USA
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Dworniczek E, Kuzko K, Mróz E, Wojciech Ł, Adamski R, Sobieszczańska B, Seniuk A. Virulence factors and in vitro adherence of Enterococcus strains to urinary catheters. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2004; 48:671-8. [PMID: 14976727 DOI: 10.1007/bf02993477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The ability to adhere in vitro to urinary catheters and the presence of enterococcal virulence factors was determined in 30 Enterococcus urinary isolates (12 E. faecalis, 12 E. faecium, 3 E. casseliflavus, 3 E. gallinarum). Silicone, siliconized latex and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) were examined by sonication quantitative culture technique and scanning electron microscope. As compared to E. faecalis and E. faecium, E. casseliflavus and E. gallinarum displayed lower adhesion to all synthetic materials. All the tests performed showed higher adherence of all tested strains to siliconized latex and silicone than to PVC. Biofilmforming ability was observed in 5 E. faecalis but in none of the remaining strains. The gene coding enterococcal surface protein (Esp) was detected in 7 E. faecalis and 6 E. faecium strains. Gelatinase was found in 1 E. faecalis, 2 E. faecium and hemolysins were found in 6 E. faecalis and 1 E. faecium strains. All E. casseliflavus and E. gallinarum strainswere negative for these traits. Hydrophobic type of cell surface (measured by its affinity for n-hexadecane) was shown in a few isolates. Bacterial adherence was not significantly associated with the above pathogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dworniczek
- Department of Microbiology, Medical University, Wrocław, Poland
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Eaton TJ, Gasson MJ. A variant enterococcal surface protein Esp(fm) in Enterococcus faecium; distribution among food, commensal, medical, and environmental isolates. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2002; 216:269-75. [PMID: 12435513 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11446.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are increasingly important causes of nosocomial disease. Also, they are associated with food and have a history of use as dairy starter and probiotic cultures. An enterococcal surface protein Esp(fs) is involved the virulence and biofilm-forming capacity of Enterococcus faecalis and recently we demonstrated the presence of a homologue Esp(fm) in E. faecium. Here we describe the complete structure of Esp(fm) and demonstrate that its distribution in E. faecium correlates with disease associated strains from a range of pathological sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy J Eaton
- Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, NR4 7UA, Norwich, UK.
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Waar K, van der Mei HC, Harmsen HJM, Degener JE, Busscher HJ. Adhesion to bile drain materials and physicochemical surface properties of Enterococcus faecalis strains grown in the presence of bile. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:3855-8. [PMID: 12147481 PMCID: PMC124027 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.8.3855-3858.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine whether growth in the presence of bile influences the surface properties and adhesion to hydrophobic bile drain materials of Enterococcus faecalis strains expressing aggregation substance (Agg) or enterococcal surface protein (Esp), two surface proteins that are associated with infections. After growth in the presence of bile, the strains were generally more hydrophobic by water contact angles and the zeta potentials were more negative than when the strains were grown in the absence of bile. Nitrogen was found in lower surface concentrations upon growth in the presence of bile, whereas higher surface concentrations of oxygen were measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Moreover, an up to twofold-higher number of bacteria adhered after growth in bile for E. faecalis not expressing Agg or Esp and E. faecalis with Esp on its surface. E. faecalis expressing Agg did not adhere in higher numbers after growth in bile, possibly because they mainly adhere through positive cooperativity and less through direct interactions with a substratum surface. Since adhesion of bacteria is the first step in biomaterial-centered infection, it can be concluded that growth in bile increases the virulence of E. faecalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karola Waar
- Department of Medical Microbiology. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
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