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Schwan CL, Dallman TJ, Cook PW, Vipham J. A case report of Salmonella enterica serovar Corvallis from environmental isolates from Cambodia and clinical isolates in the UK. Access Microbiol 2022; 4:000315. [PMID: 35252753 PMCID: PMC8895601 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Corvallis (S. Corvallis) has been identified as a human pathogen and as a food contaminant. Diarrhoeal disease is a common diagnosis in tourists visiting Southeast Asia, often with unknown aetiology. However, numerous public health institutes have identified Salmonella as a common causative agent when consuming contaminated food and water. Genomic data from environmental isolates from a Cambodian informal market were uploaded to the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) platform, allowing the novel sequences to be compared to global whole-genome sequence archives. The comparison revealed that two human clinical isolates from England and four of the environmental isolates were closely related, with an average single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) difference of 1 (0-3 SNPs). A maximum-likelihood tree based on core SNPs was generated comparing the 4 isolates recovered from a Cambodian informal market with 239 isolates of S. Corvallis received from routine surveillance of human salmonellosis in England and confirmed the close relationship. In addition, the environmental isolates clustered into a broader phylogenetic group within the S. Corvallis population containing 68 additional human isolates, of which 42 were from patients who reported recent international travel, almost exclusively to Southeast Asia. The environmental isolates of S. Corvallis isolated from an informal market in Cambodia are concerning for public health due to their genetic similarity to isolates (e.g. clinical isolates from the UK) with known human virulence and pathogenicity. This study emphasizes the benefits of global and public data sharing of pathogen genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla L. Schwan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, 300 Carlton St., Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | | | - Peter W. Cook
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jessie Vipham
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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Schwan CL, Lomonaco S, Bastos LM, Cook PW, Maher J, Trinetta V, Bhullar M, Phebus RK, Gragg S, Kastner J, Vipham JL. Genotypic and Phenotypic Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles in Non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica Strains Isolated From Cambodian Informal Markets. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:711472. [PMID: 34603240 PMCID: PMC8481621 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.711472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica is a pathogen of global importance, particularly in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). The presence of antimicrobial resistant (AMR) strains in market environments poses a serious health threat to consumers. In this study we identified and characterized the genotypic and phenotypic AMR profiles of 81 environmental S. enterica strains isolated from samples from informal markets in Cambodia in 2018–2019. AMR genotypes were retrieved from the NCBI Pathogen Detection website (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pathogens/) and using ResFinder (https://cge.cbs.dtu.dk/services/) Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs) were identified with SPIFinder (https://cge.cbs.dtu.dk/services/). Susceptibility testing was performed by broth microdilution according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) standard guidelines M100-S22 using the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) Sensititre Gram Negative plate. A total of 17 unique AMR genes were detected in 53% (43/81) of the isolates, including those encoding tetracycline, beta-lactam, sulfonamide, quinolone, aminoglycoside, phenicol, and trimethoprim resistance. A total of 10 SPIs (SPI-1, 3–5, 8, 9, 12–14, and centisome 63 [C63PI]) were detected in 59 isolates. C63PI, an iron transport system in SPI-1, was observed in 56% of the isolates (n = 46). SPI-1, SPI-4, and SPI-9 were present in 13, 2, and 5% of the isolates, respectively. The most common phenotypic resistances were observed to tetracycline (47%; n = 38), ampicillin (37%; n = 30), streptomycin (20%; n = 16), chloramphenicol (17%; n = 14), and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (16%; n = 13). This study contributes to understanding the AMR genes present in S. enterica isolates from informal markets in Cambodia, as well as support domestic epidemiological investigations of multidrug resistance (MDR) profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla L Schwan
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Sara Lomonaco
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Leonardo M Bastos
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Peter W Cook
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Joshua Maher
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Valentina Trinetta
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Manreet Bhullar
- Department of Horticulture and Natural Resources, Kansas State University, Olathe, KS, United States
| | - Randall K Phebus
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Sara Gragg
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Justin Kastner
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Jessie L Vipham
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States
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Schwan CL, Desiree K, Bello NM, Bastos L, Hok L, Phebus RK, Gragg S, Kastner J, Vipham JL. Prevalence of Salmonella enterica Isolated from Food Contact and Nonfood Contact Surfaces in Cambodian Informal Markets. J Food Prot 2021; 84:73-79. [PMID: 33393619 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-20-112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The lack of hygiene and sanitation practices and insufficient infrastructure in Cambodian informal markets may increase the risk of food contamination, specifically raw vegetables, which in turn may increase the chances of contracting a foodborne disease. The aims of this study in informal markets in Cambodia were (i) to quantify the prevalence of Salmonella enterica based upon differences in season of the year (rainy versus dry), surface types (food contact surfaces versus nonfood contact surfaces), and location of vendors within the market (inside versus outside) and (ii) to characterize S. enterica serotype prevalence. A total of 310 samples were screened for S. enterica prevalence following the U.S. Department of Agriculture guidelines, and results were confirmed by PCR assay. Whole genome sequencing was used to determine the serotype for each isolate in silico using SeqSero 1.0 on draft genomes. A total of 78 samples were confirmed positive for S. enterica. During the dry season, S. enterica was more prevalent on food contact surfaces than on nonfood contact surfaces (estimated probability of detection [confidence interval]: 0.41 [0.25, 0.59] and 0.17 [0.08, 0.32], respectively; P = 0.002), but no differences were apparent in the rainy season. No differences in S. enterica prevalence were found based on location within the market (P = 0.61). Sixteen S. enterica serotypes were detected across multiple surfaces. The most common S. enterica serotypes were Rissen (18 isolates), Hvittingfoss (11), Corvallis (10), Krefeld (8), Weltevreden (6), and Altona (6). Accurate data on the prevalence of S. enterica in informal markets are crucial for the development of effective surveillance and implementation of suitable intervention strategies at the domestic level, thus preventing foodborne illness. HIGHLIGHTS
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla L Schwan
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1853-2553 [C.L.S.])
| | - Karina Desiree
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1853-2553 [C.L.S.])
| | - Nora M Bello
- Department of Statistics, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Leonardo Bastos
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Lyda Hok
- Faculty of Agronomy and Center of Excellence on Sustainable Agricultural Intensification and Nutrition, Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Randall K Phebus
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1853-2553 [C.L.S.])
| | - Sara Gragg
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1853-2553 [C.L.S.])
| | - Justin Kastner
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
| | - Jessie L Vipham
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, Food Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1853-2553 [C.L.S.])
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