Flavobacterium solisilvae sp. nov. and Flavobacterium silvaticum sp. nov., isolated from forest soil

Two Gram-stain-negative, yellow-pigmented and strictly aerobic bacteria, designated strains SE-s27^T and SE-s28^T, were isolated from forest soil. Both strains were non-motile rods that were catalase-positive and oxidase-negative and grew optimally at 25-30 °C, pH 8.0 and with 0 % (w/v) NaCl. Strain SE-s28^T produced flexirubin-type pigments, but strain SE-s27^T did not produce them. Both strains contained menaquinone-6 as the sole respiratory quinone and phosphatidylethanolamine as a major polar lipid. As the major cellular fatty acids (>10 %), SE-s27^T contained iso-C_15 : 1 and iso-C_15 : 1G, whereas SE-s28^T contained iso-C_15 : 0 and summed feature 3 comprising C_16 : 1ω7c and/or C_16 : 1ω6c and/or iso-C_15 : 0 2-OH. The DNA G+C contents of strains SE-s27^T and SE-s28^T were 33.1 and 44.3 mol%, respectively. The results of phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that SE-s27^T and SE-s28^T formed respective distinct phylogenetic lineages within the genus Flavobacterium. Strains SE-s27^T and SE-s28^T were most closely related to Flavobacterium macrobrachii an-8^T and Flavobacterium piscinae ICH-30^T with 98.0 and 94.5 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, respectively. In conclusion, strains SE-s27^T and SE-s28^T represent novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the names Flavobacterium solisilvae sp. nov. and Flavobacterium silvaticum sp. nov. are proposed. The type strains of F. solisilvae and F. silvaticum are SE-s27^T (=KACC 18802^T=JCM 31544^T) and SE-s28^T (=KACC 18803^T=JCM 31545^T), respectively.

Efficient removal of 17α-ethinylestradiol from secondary wastewater treatment effluent by a biofilm process incorporating biogenic manganese oxide and Pseudomonas putida strain MnB1

This study proposes a biofilm process to immobilize biogenic manganese oxide (BMO) and Pseudomonas putida MnB1 (BMO-MnB1), which shows excellent synergistic effects for 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) from secondary wastewater treatment effluent (WWTE). Modified granular activated carbon (M-GAC) was used as the packing carrier, inoculated with Pseudomonas putida MnB1 and Mn(II) to form the BMO-MnB1 biofilm. Feasibility tests were performed to compare the EE2 removal efficiency with that of the conventional biofilm process (BAC) for heterogeneous microbial communities. Results show that in the BAC, EE2 was removed mainly by adsorption, with biodegradation contributing only slightly to the overall performance. In contrast, the BMO-MnB1 biofilter outperformed the BAC. Furthermore, less than 4% of the total EE2 removed was extracted from the biofilter medium over 150 days of operation, confirming that EE2 was biodegraded by P. putida MnB1 or chemically oxidized by BMO. Our results suggest that BMO-MnB1 biofilm processes have high potential for practical applications in removal of endocrine disrupting compounds from wastewater effluent.

Flavobacterium tibetense sp. nov., isolated from a wetland

A novel, Gram-stain-negative, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterium, designated YH5^T, was isolated from the YonghuCo wetland on the Tibetan Plateau. The strain was able to grow optimally with 1 % (w/v) NaCl and tolerated up to 3 % NaCl. Growth occurred at pH 6-9 (optimum pH 7) and 10-37 °C (optimum 30 °C). Vitamins were not required for growth. The major polar lipid of strain YH5^T was phosphatidylethanolamine. The predominant respiratory quinone was menaquinone 6 (MK-6). The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 0 10-methyl and/or iso-C17 : 1ω9c, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, iso-C15 : 1 G and iso-C15 : 0 3-OH. Genome sequencing revealed a genome size of 2.74 Mbp and a G+C content of 33.3 mol%. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain YH5^T belonged to the genus Flavobacterium, with the closest neighbours Flavobacterium luticocti xz20^T (96.7 % similarity), Flavobacterium jejuense EC11^T (96.4 %), Flavobacterium jumunjinense HME7102^T (95.9 %) and Flavobacterium dongtanense LW30^T (95.6 %). DNA-DNA relatedness between strain YH5^T and the closest phylogenetically related strain F. luticocti xz20^T was 27.0 %. Strain YH5^T was clearly distinguished from the reference type strains based on phylogenetic analysis, DNA-DNA hybridization, fatty acid composition and a range of physiological and biochemical characteristics. Based on its phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain YH5^T is classified as a representative of a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium tibetense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YH5^T (=CICC 24247^T=KCTC 62174^T).

Flavobacterium effusum sp. nov., isolated from a freshwater river

A yellowish-orange-coloured bacterial strain, PSI-22^T, was isolated from a freshwater river in Taiwan. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain PSI-22^T belonged to the genus Flavobacterium and showed the highest identity with respect to Flavobacterium dispersum MVW-23^T (98.0 %), Flavobacterium tistrianum GB 56.1^T (97.1 %), Flavobacterium denitrificans ED5^T (97.1 %) and Flavobacterium daemonense THG-DJ7^T (97.0 %) and less than 97 % to other members of the genus. Cells of strain PSI-22^T were Gram-negative, strictly aerobic, motile by gliding and rod-shaped. Optimal growth occurred at 30 °C, pH 6 and in the presence of 0.5 % NaCl. Strain PSI-22^T contained iso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) as the predominant fatty acids. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, one uncharacterized aminophospholipid, one uncharacterized aminophosphoglycolipid, two uncharacterized aminolipids, one uncharacterized phospholipid and one uncharacterized lipid. The major polyamine was homospermidine. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-6 and the DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA was 41.4 mol%. The DNA-DNA hybridization value for strain PSI-22^T with F. dispersum BCRC 80978^T, F. tistrianum KCTC 42679^T, F. denitrificans DSM 15936^T and F. daemonense KACC 17651^T was less than 30 %. On the basis of the phylogenetic inference and phenotypic data, strain PSI-22^T should be classified as a novel species, for which the name Flavobacterium effusum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is PSI-22^T (=BCRC 80973^T=LMG 29553^T=KCTC 52233^T).

Flavobacterium phocarum sp. nov., isolated from soils of a seal habitat in Antarctica

A Gram-stain-negative, yellow-pigmented, non-flagellated, gliding, rod-shaped, oxidase-negative and catalase-positive bacterium, designated SE14^T, was isolated from soil on King George Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Strain SE14^T grew at 4-25 °C (optimum, 20 °C), at pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0-7.5) and with 0-3.0 % NaCl (optimum, 1.0-1.5 %), and could not produce flexirubin-type pigments. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed the the isolate belonged to the genus Flavobacterium. Strain SE14^T had the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Flavobacterium antarcticum, F. tegetincola and F. degerlachei with 95.8, 95.5 and 95.2 %, respectively. The strain SE14^T consisted of a clade with Flavobacteriumnoncentrifugens (16S rRNA gene sequence similarity 94.9 %) and F. qiangtangense (16S rRNA gene sequence similarity 94.2 %) and simultaneously formed a distinct phyletic lineage in the neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree. Polar lipids of the strain included phosphatidylethanolamine and four unidentified aminolipids. Strain SE14^T contained anteiso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 and a mixture of iso-C15 : 0 2-OH and/or C16 : 1ω7c as the main fatty acids, and the only respiratory quinone was menaquinone-6. The genomic DNA G+C content was 42.3 mol%. The polyphasic taxonomic study revealed that strain SE14^T belongs to a novel species within the genus Flavobacterium , and the name Flavobacterium phocarum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SE14^T (=CCTCC AB 2017225^T=KCTC 52612^T).

Flavobacterium jejuensis sp. nov., isolated from marine brown alga Ecklonia cava

A bacterial strain, designated EC11(T) was isolated from brown alga Ecklonia cava collected from Jeju Island, Korea. EC11(T) was identified as a Gram-negative, rod-shaped and yellow-pigmented bacterial strain. The strain EC11(T) grew over a temperature range of 10 °C to 30 °C (optimally at 25 °C), and a pH range of 6.0-10.5 (optimally at pH 7.5). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain EC11(T) belongs to the genus Flavobacterium. Strain EC11(T) shared close similarity with Flavobacterium jumunjinense HME7102(T) (96.4%), Flavobacterium dongtanense LW30(T) (95.8%), Flavobacterium haoranii LQY-7(T) (95.3%), and Flavobacterium urocaniciphilum (95.1%). The major fatty acids (> 5%) were iso-C17:0 3-OH (22.4%), iso-C15:0 3-OH (19.0%), C15:0 (12.4%), summed feature 3 (comprising C16:1 ω7c/ C16:1 ω6c; 9.78%), iso-C15:1 G (9.6%), and iso-C16:0 3-OH (9.0%). The DNA G+C content was 28.1 mol% and the strain contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, two unknown aminolipids and three unknown polar lipids. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analysis, strain EC11T represents a novel species of the Flavobacterium genus, for which the name Flavobacterium jejuensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of F. jejuensis is EC11(T) (=KCTC 42149(T) = JCM 30735(T)).