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Sela R, Halpern M. The Chironomid Microbiome Plays a Role in Protecting Its Host From Toxicants. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.796830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organisms are assemblages of the host and their endogenous bacteria, which are defined as microbiomes. The host and its microbiome undergo a mutual evolutionary process to adapt to changes in the environment. Chironomids (Diptera; Chironomidae), are aquatic insects that grow and survive in polluted environments; however, the mechanisms that protect them under these conditions are not fully understood. Here we present evidence that the chironomids’ microbiome enables them to survival in polluted environments. It has been demonstrated that about 40% of the microbiota that inhabit Chironomus transvaalensis egg masses and larvae has the potential to detoxify different toxicants. Metagenomic analysis of Chironomus ramosus larvae demonstrated the presence of genes in the insects’ microbiome that can help the insects to survive in hostile environments. A set of experiments demonstrated that short exposure of C. transvaalensis larvae to metals significantly changed their microbiota composition in comparison to unexposed larvae. Another experiment, that followed Koch’s postulates, demonstrated that disinfected C. transvaalensis larvae can survive toxic lead and chromium exposure when they are recolonized with bacteria that can detoxify these toxic metals. This accumulating research, points to the conclusion that the chironomid microbiome plays a role in protecting its host from toxicants.
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Tan L, Nishimura H, Wang YF, Sun ZY, Tang YQ, Kida K, Morimura S. Effect of organic loading rate on thermophilic methane fermentation of stillage eluted from ethanol fermentation of waste paper and kitchen waste. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 127:582-588. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Kuncham R, Sivaprakasam T, Puneeth Kumar R, Sreenath P, Nayak R, Thayumanavan T, Subba Reddy GV. Bacterial fauna associating with chironomid larvae from lakes of Bengaluru city, India - A 16s rRNA gene based identification. GENOMICS DATA 2017; 12:44-48. [PMID: 28316932 PMCID: PMC5342978 DOI: 10.1016/j.gdata.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Chironomid larvae that inhabit in aquatic sediments play an important role as vector for bacterial pathogens. Its life cycle consists of four stages i.e. eggs, larvae, pupae and adult. In the present study we identified bacterial species associated with whole larvae of chironomids from 11 lake sediments of Bangalore region using 16s rRNA gene Sanger sequencing. We found that larvae from all lake sediments associated with bacterial species which include key pathogens. Totally we identified 65 bacterial isolates and obtained GenBank accession numbers (KX980423 - KX980487). Phylogenetic tree constructed using MEGA 7 software and tree analysis highlight the predominant bacterial community associated with larvae which include Enterobacteriaceae (43.08%; 28 isolates) and Aeromonas (24.62%; 16 isolates), Shewanella, Delftia, Bacillus (6.15%; 4 isolates each), Pseudomonas (4.62%; 3 isolates) and Exiguobacterium (3.08%; 2 isolates). Current findings state that among bacterial population Aeromonas, Enterobacter and Escherichia with serotypes are commonly associated with larvae in maximum lake points. In other hand Vibrio, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella, Shigella, Bacillus, and other bacterial species were identified moderately in all lakes. Interestingly, we identified first time Shigella Gram negative, rod shaped pathogenic organism of Enterobacteriaceae and Rheinheimera Gram negative, rod shaped organism associating chironomid larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramprasad Kuncham
- Eurofins Genomics India Pvt. Ltd, Bengaluru 560048, Karnataka, India
| | | | - R Puneeth Kumar
- Eurofins Genomics India Pvt. Ltd, Bengaluru 560048, Karnataka, India
| | - P Sreenath
- Eurofins Genomics India Pvt. Ltd, Bengaluru 560048, Karnataka, India
| | - Ravi Nayak
- Eurofins Genomics India Pvt. Ltd, Bengaluru 560048, Karnataka, India
| | - Tha Thayumanavan
- School of Biotechnology, Dr. G.R. Damodaran College of Science, Coimbatore 641014, Tamilnadu, India
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Monophyletic group of unclassified γ- Proteobacteria dominates in mixed culture biofilm of high-performing oxygen reducing biocathode. Bioelectrochemistry 2015; 106:167-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Laviad S, Lapidus A, Han J, Haynes M, Reddy T, Huntemann M, Pati A, Ivanova NN, Mavromatis K, Lang E, Rohde M, Markowitz V, Woyke T, Klenk HP, Kyrpides NC, Halpern M. High quality draft genome sequence of Brachymonas chironomi AIMA4(T) (DSM 19884(T)) isolated from a Chironomus sp. egg mass. Stand Genomic Sci 2015. [PMID: 26203340 PMCID: PMC4511610 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-015-0010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Brachymonas chironomi strain AIMA4T (Halpern et al., 2009) is a Gram-negative, non-motile, aerobic, chemoorganotroph bacterium. B. chironomi is a member of the Comamonadaceae, a family within the class Betaproteobacteria. This species was isolated from a chironomid (Diptera; Chironomidae) egg mass, sampled from a waste stabilization pond in northern Israel. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences placed strain AIMA4T in the genus Brachymonas. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence and annotation. The DNA GC content is 63.5%. The chromosome length is 2,509,395 bp. It encodes 2,382 proteins and 68 RNA genes. Brachymonas chironomi genome is part of the Genomic Encyclopedia of Type Strains, Phase I: the one thousand microbial genomes (KMG) project.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivan Laviad
- Dept. of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Alla Lapidus
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bionformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia ; Algorithmic Biology Lab, St. Petersburg Academic University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - James Han
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA
| | | | - Tbk Reddy
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA
| | | | - Amrita Pati
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Elke Lang
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Manfred Rohde
- Helmholz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Victor Markowitz
- Biological Data Management and Technology Center, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Tanja Woyke
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA
| | - Hans-Peter Klenk
- Leibniz-Institute DSMZ - German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Nikos C Kyrpides
- DOE Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA ; Dept. of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Malka Halpern
- Dept. of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel ; Dept. of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Oranim, Kiryat Tivon, Israel
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Halpern M, Senderovich Y. Chironomid microbiome. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2015; 70:1-8. [PMID: 25421389 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-014-0536-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chironomids are abundant insects in freshwater habitats. They undergo a complete metamorphosis of four life stages: eggs, larvae, and pupae in water, and a terrestrial adult stage. Chironomids are known to be pollution-tolerant, but little is known about their resistance mechanisms to toxic substances. Here we review current knowledge regarding the chironomid microbiome. Chironomids were found as natural reservoirs of Vibrio cholerae and Aeromonas spp. A stable bacterial community was found in the egg masses and the larvae when both culture-dependent and -independent methods were used. A large portion of the endogenous bacterial species was closely related to species known as toxicant degraders. Bioassays based on Koch's postulates demonstrated that the chironomid microbiome plays a role in protecting its host from toxic hexavalent chromium and lead. V. cholerae, a stable resident in chironomids, is present at low prevalence. It degrades the egg masses by secreting haemagglutinin/protease, prevents eggs from hatching, and exhibits host pathogen interactions with chironomids. However, the nutrients from the degraded egg masses may support the growth of the other microbiome members and consequently control V. cholerae numbers in the egg mass. V. cholerae, other chironomid endogenous bacteria, and their chironomid host exhibit complex mutualistic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malka Halpern
- Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Oranim, Tivon, Israel,
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The protective role of endogenous bacterial communities in chironomid egg masses and larvae. ISME JOURNAL 2013; 7:2147-58. [PMID: 23804150 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2013.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Insects of the family Chironomidae, also known as chironomids, are distributed worldwide in a variety of water habitats. These insects display a wide range of tolerance toward metals and organic pollutions. Bacterial species known for their ability to degrade toxicants were identified from chironomid egg masses, leading to the hypothesis that bacteria may contribute to the survival of chironomids in polluted environments. To gain a better understanding of the bacterial communities that inhabit chironomids, the endogenous bacteria of egg masses and larvae were studied by 454-pyrosequencing. The microbial community of the egg masses was distinct from that of the larval stage, most likely due to the presence of one dominant bacterial Firmicutes taxon, which consisted of 28% of the total sequence reads from the larvae. This taxon may be an insect symbiont. The bacterial communities of both the egg masses and the larvae were found to include operational taxonomic units, which were closely related to species known as toxicant degraders. Furthermore, various bacterial species with the ability to detoxify metals were isolated from egg masses and larvae. Koch-like postulates were applied to demonstrate that chironomid endogenous bacterial species protect the insect from toxic heavy metals. We conclude that chironomids, which are considered pollution tolerant, are inhabited by stable endogenous bacterial communities that have a role in protecting their hosts from toxicants. This phenomenon, in which bacteria enable the continued existence of their host in hostile environments, may not be restricted only to chironomids.
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Zhang WY, Fang MX, Zhang WW, Xiao C, Zhang XQ, Yu ZP, Zhu XF, Wu M. Extensimonas vulgaris gen. nov., sp. nov., a member of the family Comamonadaceae. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2012; 63:2062-2068. [PMID: 23064351 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.038158-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel strain, named S4(T), was obtained from industrial wastewater in Xiaoshan, Zhejiang Province, China. Cells were Gram-negative, neutrophilic and non-spore-forming and moved by means of a polar flagellum. Normal cells were 0.8-0.9 × 1.3-1.9 µm and the cells elongated to 10-25 µm when cultivated at high temperatures. Strain S4(T) grew at 15-50 °C (optimum at 48 °C), pH 5.5-8.5 (optimum 7.0-7.5) and 0-2% (optimum 0.5%) (w/v) NaCl. Ubiquinone-8 was the predominant respiratory quinone. C16:0, summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c and/or iso-C15:0 2-OH) and C17:0 cyclo were the major cellular fatty acids. The major 3-OH fatty acid was C10:0 3-OH. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and an unknown aminoglycolipid. The genomic DNA G+C content was 68.8 mol%. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequences alignment, the most closely related strains were members of the genera Comamonas (94.6-95.6% similarities), Giesbergeria (94.9-95.6%), Acidovorax (94.8-95.4%), Brachymonas (94.1-95.2%) and Macromonas (95.1%). Phylogenetic analysis showed the closest relatives of strain S4(T) were members of the genus Macromonas. Based on phenotypic and phylogenetic characteristics, we suggest that strain S4(T) represents a novel species of a new genus of the family Comamonadaceae, for which the name Extensimonas vulgaris gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Extensimonas vulgaris is S4(T) (=CGMCC 1.10977(T)=JCM 17803(T)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Yan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Ming-Xu Fang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Wen-Wu Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Chuan Xiao
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Xin-Qi Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Zhi-Ping Yu
- Environmental Science Research & Design Institute of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310007, PR China
| | - Xu-Fen Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Min Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
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