Psychrobacter jeotgali sp. nov., isolated from jeotgal, a traditional Korean fermented seafood

Occurrence of biogenic amines and their correlation with bacterial communities in the Ivorian traditional fermented fish adjuevan during the storage

Adjuevan is an Ivorian traditional fermented fish used as a condiment. However, the fermentation process and storage conditions may lead to the production of biogenic amines (BA) which can induce severe human toxicological effects. Thus, this study aimed to reveal the bacterial community diversity and the BA contents during the storage. Samples of adjuevan from the fish species Chloroscombrus chrysurus, Galeoides decadactylus, and Thunnus thynnus were collected from local producers, stored at ambient temperature (28-30 °C) and in a refrigerator (4 °C) over a period of 8 weeks. At 2-week intervals, BA were determined by HPLC and the bacterial communities analyzed using high-throughput sequencing (NGS) of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Results showed that histamine, cadaverine, putrescine, and tyramine were the major compounds. In adjuevan from T. thynnus, the level of histamine was over the maximum level of 200 mg/kg determined by Codex Alimentarius. For the other amines, no safety concerns are related. In total, 21 bacterial genera with a relative abundance ≥ 1% and belonging to 14 families and 5 phyla were detected. The Bacillaceae family was the most found at ambient temperature while Staphylococcaceae and Enterococcaceae were the most abundant in a refrigerator. The analysis of correlation showed that the increase of Lentibacillus leads to a decrease of the major BA at ambient temperature. On the contrary, the increase of Staphylococcus, Lactobacillus, Psychrobacter, Peptostreptococcus, and Fusobacterium leads to an increase of these biogenic compounds. Thus, Lentibacillus acted as BA-oxidizing bacteria while the others were found as BA-producing bacteria during adjuevan storage.

In-Depth Investigation of the Safety of Wooden Shelves Used for Traditional Cheese Ripening

The main goal of this research was to characterize the bacterial diversity of the wooden boards used for aging traditional Sicilian cheeses and to evaluate whether pathogenic bacteria are associated with these surfaces. Eighteen cheese dairy factories producing three traditional cheese typologies (PDO Pecorino Siciliano, PDO Piacentinu Ennese, and Caciocavallo Palermitano) were selected within the region of Sicily. The wooden shelf surfaces were sampled by a destructive method to detach wood splinters as well as by a nondestructive brushing to collect microbial cells. Scanning electron microscopy showed the presence of almost continuous bacterial formations on the majority of the shelves analyzed. Yeasts and fungal hyphae were also visualized, indicating the complexity of the plank communities. The amplicon library of the 16S rRNA gene V3-V4 region was paired-end sequenced using the Illumina MiSeq system, allowing the identification of 14 phyla, 32 classes, 52 orders, 93 families, and 137 genera. Staphylococcus equorum was identified from all wooden surfaces, with a maximum abundance of 64.75%. Among cheese-surface-ripening bacteria, Brevibacterium and Corynebacterium were detected in almost all samples. Several halophilic (Halomonas, Tetragenococcus halophilus, Chromohalobacter, Salimicrobium, Marinococcus, Salegentibacter, Haererehalobacter, Marinobacter, and Idiomarinaceae) and moderately halophilic (Salinicoccus, Psychrobacter, and Salinisphaera) bacteria were frequently identified. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were present at low percentages in the genera Leuconostoc, Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Pediococcus, and Streptococcus. The levels of viable microorganisms on the wooden shelves ranged between 2.4 and 7.8 log CFU/cm2. In some cases, LAB were counted at very high levels (8.2 log CFU/cm2). Members of the Enterobacteriaceae family were detected in a viable state for only six samples. Coagulase-positive staphylococci, Salmonella spp., and Listeria monocytogenes were not detected. Seventy-five strains belonged to the genera Leuconostoc, Lactococcus, Pediococcus, Enterococcus, Lactobacillus, and Weissella. IMPORTANCE This study provides evidence for the lack of pathogenic bacteria on the wooden shelves used to ripen internal bacterially ripened semihard and hard cheeses produced in Sicily. These three cheeses are not inoculated on their surfaces, and surface ripening is not considered to occur or, at least, does not occur at the same extent as surface-inoculated smear cheeses. Several bacterial groups identified from the wooden shelves are typically associated with smear cheeses, strongly suggesting that PDO Pecorino Siciliano, PDO Piacentinu Ennese, and Caciocavallo Palermitano cheese rind contributes to their final organoleptic profiles.

Paenihalocynthiibacter styelae gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from stalked sea squirt Styela clava

A Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterial strain, MYP1-1^T, was isolated from the intestine of a stalked sea squirt (Styela clava) of the South Sea in the Republic of Korea. The neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain MYP1-1^T clustered with the type strains of Halocynthiibacter species and Pseudohalocynthiibacter aestuariivivens. Strain MYP1-1^T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 97.0-97.6 % to the type strains of Halocynthiibacter namhaensis, Halocynthiibacter arcticus and P. aestuariivivens. The phylogenetic tree based on genomic sequences showed that strain MYP1-1^T formed a distinct branch separating it from the type strains of two Halocynthiibacter species and P. aestuariivivens and other taxa. The DNA G+C content of strain MYP1-1^T from its genomic sequence was 55.0 mol%. Strain MYP1-1^T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C_18 : 1  ω7c as the major fatty acid. The major polar lipids of strain MYP1-1^T were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified lipid and one unidentified aminolipid. The differences in fatty acid and polar lipid profiles and other differential phenotypic properties made it reasonable to distinguish strain MYP1-1^T from the genera Halocynthiibacter and Pseudohalocynthiibacter. On the basis of the polyphasic taxonomic investigations, we conclude that strain MYP1-1^T constitutes a new genus and species within the class Alphaproteobacteria, for which the name Paenihalocynthiibacter styelae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MYP1-1^T (=KCTC 82143^T=NBRC 114355^T).

Ancylomarina salipaludis sp. nov., isolated from a salt marsh

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and rod-shaped or filamentous bacterial strain, designated SHSM-M15^T, was isolated from a salt marsh at Siheung in Republic of Korea and identified by polyphasic taxonomic study. Strain SHSM-M15^T grew optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 1.0-2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain SHSM-M15^T clusters with the type strain of Ancylomarina subtilis, showing 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 97.8 %. Strain SHSM-M15^T had 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of less than 93.7 % with the type strains of other recognised species. Strain SHSM-M15^T contained MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C_15 : 0, iso-C_15 : 0 3-OH and anteiso-C_15 : 0 as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipid detected in strain SHSM-M15^T was phosphatidylethanolamine. The DNA G+C content of strain SHSM-M15^T from genomic sequence was 36.6 %. Mean DNA-DNA relatedness value between strain SHSM-M15^T and the type strain of A. subtilis was 18 % and the average nucleotide identity value between strain SHSM-M15^T and the type strain of A. subtilis was 87.98 %. The phylogenetic and genetic data and differential phenotypic properties indicated that strain SHSM-M15^T is separated from A. subtilis. On the basis of the polyphasic data presented, strain SHSM-M15^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Ancylomarina, for which the name Ancylomarina salipaludis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SHSM-M15^T (=KACC 19862^T=NBRC 113749^T).

Aliishimia ponticola gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from seawater

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and coccoid, ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated MYP11^T, was isolated from seawater around Jeju island, Republic of Korea and identified by polyphasic taxonomic study. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain MYP11^T joined the cluster comprising the type strains of Shimiaabyssi, Shimiaaestuarii and Shimiaaquaeponti, showing 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 96.3-96.8 %. Strain MYP11^T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 94.2-94.9 % to the type strains of other Shimia species. In the upgma dendrogram based on the average nucleotide identity values of genomic sequences, strain MYP11^T formed an evolutionary lineage independent of those of Shimia species and other taxa. Strain MYP11^T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C_18 : 1  ω7c and cyclo C_19 : 0  ω8c as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain MYP11^T were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, two unidentified lipids and one unidentified aminolipid. The DNA G+C content of strain MYP11^T was 63.1 or 61.5 mol%. The differences in the fatty acid and polar lipid profiles and DNA G+C contents made it reasonable to distinguish strain MYP11^T from the type strains of S. abyssi, S. aestuarii and S. aquaeponti and those of other Shimia species. On the basis of the polyphasic data presented here, strain MYP11^T is considered to constitute a new genus and species within the class Alphaproteobacteria, for which the name Aliishimia ponticola gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MYP11^T (=KCTC 62899^T=NBRC 113544^T).

Colwellia ponticola sp. nov., isolated from seawater

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated OISW-25^T, was isolated from seawater in Republic of Korea. Strain OISW-25^T grew optimally at 25 °C and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. The phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain OISW-25^T fell within the clade comprising the type strains of Colwellia species. Strain OISW-25^T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 97.5, 97.2 and 97.1 % to the type strains of C. piezophila, C. maris and C. psychrerythraea, respectively, and of 93.6-96.6 % to the type strains of the other Colwellia species. The average nucleotide identity values between strain OISW-25^T and C. piezophila ATCC BAA-637^T and two non-type strains of C. psychrerythraea were 78.16-79.35 % and DNA-DNA relatedness value of strain OISW-25^T with the type strain of C. maris was 17 %. The DNA G+C content of strain OISW-25^T was 39.2 mol% (HPLC) or 38.7 mol% (genome data). Strain OISW-25^T contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and summed feature 3 (C_16 : 1  ω7c and/or C_16 : 1  ω6c) and C_16 : 0 as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain OISW-25^T were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. Distinguished phenotypic properties, along with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain OISW-25^T is distinct from Colwellia species. On the basis of the data presented, strain OISW-25^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Colwellia, for which the name Colwellia ponticola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is OISW-25^T (=KCTC 62426^T=NBRC 113187^T).

Paenimaribius caenipelagi gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a tidal flat

A Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, non-motile and ovoid- or rod-shaped bacterial strain, JBTF-M29^T, was isolated from tidal flat sediment sampled from the Yellow Sea, Republic of Korea. The neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain JBTF-M29^T clustered with the type strains of Maribius species and this cluster joined the clade comprising Pseudomaribius and Palleronia species. Strain JBTF-M29^T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 96.2-96.6 % to the type strains of three Maribius species, of 96.4 % to the type strain of Pseudomaribius aestuariivivens and of 93.9-94.7 % to the type strains of three Palleronia species. In the UPGMA dendrogram based on the ANI values of genomic sequences, strain JBTF-M29^T formed an evolutionary lineage independent of the genera Maribius and Palleronia and some other taxa. Strain JBTF-M29^T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C_18 : 1  ω7c and C_18 : 0 as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain JBTF-M29^T were phosphatidylglycerol and one unidentified aminolipid. The DNA G+C content of strain JBTF-M29^T was 64.5 mol%. The differences in fatty acid and polar lipid profiles and other differential phenotypic properties including nitrate reduction and casein hydrolysis made it reasonable to distinguish strain JBTF-M29^T from the genera Maribius, Pseudomaribius and Palleronia. Therefore, on the basis of the polyphasic taxonomic data presented here, strain JBTF-M29^T constitutes a new genus and species within the class Alphaproteobacteria, for which the name Paenimaribius caenipelagi gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JBTF-M29^T (=KACC 19867^T=NBRC 113548^T).

Empedobacter tilapiae sp. nov., isolated from an intestine of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, MRS2^T, was isolated from an intestine of Nile tilapia (Oreochromisniloticus) collected from the Republic of Korea. Strain MRS2^T grew optimally at 30 °C and in the presence of 0-2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain MRS2^T clustered with the type strains of Empedobacter species. It exhibited the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (98.5 %) to the type strain of Empedobacter falsenii and sequence similarities of 97.4-97.6 % to the type strains of two other Empedobacter species. Strain MRS2^T contained MK-6 as the predominant ubiquinone and summed feature 3 (C_16 : 1ω7c and/or C_16 : 1ω6c), iso-C_17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C_15 : 0 as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain MRS2^T were phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified lipid and one unidentified aminolipid. The DNA G+C contents of strain MRS2^T were 32.2 mol% or 30.65 mol%. Strain MRS2^T exhibited DNA-DNA relatedness values of 12-20 % to the type strains of Empedobacter falsenii, Empedobacter brevis and Empedobacter stercoris. The average nucleotide identity values between strain MRS2^T and five strains of E. falsenii and E. brevis were 84.8-91.0 %. The phylogenetic, genetic and differential phenotypic properties indicated that strain MRS2^T is separated from Empedobacter species. On the basis of the data presented here, strain MRS2^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Empedobacter, for which the name Empedobactertilapiae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MRS2^T (=KCTC 62904^T=NBRC 113550^T).

Altererythrobacter aquimixticola sp. nov., isolated from sediment sampled at the junction between the ocean and a freshwater spring

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and coccoid-, ovoid- or rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated SSKS-13^T, was isolated from sediment sampled at the junction between the ocean and a freshwater spring at Jeju island, Republic of Korea. Strain SSKS-13^T grew optimally at 37 °C and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain SSKS-13^T fell within the clade comprising the type strains of Altererythrobacter species, clustering with the type strains of Altererythrobacter lauratis, Altererythrobacter palmitatis and Altererythrobacter buctensis having 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 97.2-97.6 %. Strain SSKS-13^T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of less than 97.0 % to the type strains of the other recognized species. Strain SSKS-13^T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1 ω7c as the major fatty acid. The major polar lipids detected in strain SSKS-13^T were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and sphingoglycolipid. The DNA G+C content of strain SSKS-13^T was 64.6 mol%. The mean DNA-DNA relatedness values of strain SSKS-13^T with the type strains of A. lauratis, A. palmitatis and A. buctensis were 11.7-25.3 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic data, proved that strain SSKS-13^T is distinct from recognized Altererythrobacter species. On the basis of the data presented here, strain SSKS-13^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Altererythrobacter, for which the name Altererythrobacter aquimixticola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SSKS-13^T (=KACC 19863^T=KCTC 62900^T=NBRC 113545^T).

Altererythrobacter insulae sp. nov., a lipolytic bacterium isolated from a tidal flat

A lipolytic, Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and coccoid, ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated BPTF-M16^T, was isolated from tidal flat sediment on the Yellow Sea in the Republic of Korea. Strain BPTF-M16^T grew optimally at 30 °C and in the presence of 2.0-3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. A phylogenetic tree of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain BPTF-M16^T fell within the clade comprising the type strains of Altererythrobacter species. Strain BPTF-M16^T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 98.0 and 97.1 % to the type strains of Altererythrobacterishigakiensis and Altererythrobactermarinus, respectively, and of less than 97.0 % to the type strains of the other recognized species. Strain BPTF-M16^T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1ω7c as the major fatty acid. The major polar lipids detected in strain BPTF-M16^T were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, sphingoglycolipid and one unidentified glycolipid. Mean DNA-DNA relatedness values of strain BPTF-M16^T with the type strains of A. ishigakiensis and A. marinus were 22 and 13 %, respectively. The average nucleotide identity value between strain BPTF-M16^T and the type strain of A. ishigakiensis was 76.80 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic data, revealed that strain BPTF-M16^T is separated from recognized Altererythrobacter species. On the basis of the data presented here, strain BPTF-M16^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Altererythrobacter, for which the name Altererythrobacter insulae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BPTF-M16^T (=KCTC 62421^T=KACC 19609^T=NBRC 113190^T).

Roseovarius ponticola sp. nov., a novel lipolytic bacterium of the family Rhodobacteraceae isolated from seawater

A lipolytic, Gram-negative, aerobic, non-motile and pleomorphic bacterial strain, designated W-SW3^T, was isolated from seawater around Wando, an island of South Korea, and its taxonomic position was determined using a polyphasic approach. Its optimal growth occurred at 30 °C, pH 7.0-8.0 and 2.0-4.0% (w/v) NaCl. Neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain W-SW3^T belonged to the genus Roseovarius of the family Rhodobacteraceae, by showing the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity value (97.3%) to the type strain of Roseovarius nanhaiticus. Strain W-SW3^T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 93.2-95.6% to the type strains of the other Roseovarius species. Ubiquinone-10 was found as the predominant ubiquinone and C_18:1ω7c and C_16:0 were found as the major fatty acids. Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified lipid and one unidentified aminolipid were major polar lipids detected. The DNA G + C content of strain W-SW3^T was 63.9 mol%. Mean DNA-DNA relatedness values of strain W-SW3^T with the type strains of R. nanhaiticus and R. antarcticus were 18 and 9%, respectively. The phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic data, made it possible strain W-SW3^T to be separated from other recognized species of the genus Roseovarius. On the basis of the data presented, strain W-SW3^T represents a novel species of the genus Roseovarius, for which the name Roseovarius ponticola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is W-SW3^T (= KCTC 62424^T = KACC 19615^T = NBRC 113186^T).

Pseudoruegeria insulae sp. nov., isolated from a tidal flat

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated BPTF-M20^T, was isolated from tidal flat sediment in the Yellow Sea, Republic of Korea. Strain BPTF-M20^T grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 2.0-3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain BPTF-M20^T fell within the clade comprising the type strains of Pseudoruegeria species. Strain BPTF-M20^T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 97.4-98.3 % to the type strains of Pseudoruegeria haliotis, Pseudoruegeria lutimaris, 'Pseudoruegeria litorisediminis' and Pseudoruegeria sabulilitoris and 96.4-96.9 % to the type strains of the other Pseudoruegeria species. Strain BPTF-M20^T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1ω7c as the major fatty acid. The major polar lipids detected in strain BPTF-M20^T were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified aminolipid and one unidentified glycolipid. The DNA G+C content of strain BPTF-M20^T was 63.2 mol%. Mean DNA-DNA relatedness values of strain BPTF-M20^T with the type strains of P. haliotis, P. lutimaris, P. sabulilitoris and 'P. litorisediminis' were 18-27 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic data, revealed that strain BPTF-M20^T was separated from recognized Pseudoruegeria species. On the basis of the data presented here, strain BPTF-M20^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Pseudoruegeria, for which the name Pseudoruegeriainsulae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BPTF-M20^T (=KACC 19614^T=KCTC 62422^T=NBRC 113188^T).

Pseudoruegeria litorisediminis sp. nov., a novel lipolytic bacterium of the family Rhodobacteraceae isolated from a tidal flat

A lipolytic bacterial strain, designated BPTF-M5^T, was isolated from a tidal flat sediment of the Yellow Sea in Republic of Korea, and identified by a polyphasic taxonomic approach. It was Gram negative, aerobic, non-motile and rod shaped. Strain BPTF-M5^T grew optimally at 30 °C and in the presence of 2.0-3.0% (w/v) NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain BPTF-M5^T fell within the clade comprising the type strains of Pseudoruegeria species. The novel strain exhibited the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity value (98.6%) to Pseudoruegeria marinistellae SF-16^T. Strain BPTF-M5^T exhibited sequence similarities of 97.0-98.5% to the type strains of five other Pseudoruegeria species and of less than 96.1% to other recognized species. Strain BPTF-M5^T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C_18:1 ω7c as the major fatty acid. Phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified aminolipid, one unidentified lipid and one unidentified glycolipid were detected as major polar lipids in the novel strain. The DNA G + C content of strain BPTF-M5^T was 63.3 mol%. DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain BPTF-M5^T and the type strains of the six Pseudoruegeria species were 11.0-24.3%. The phenotypic properties of strain BPTF-M5^T were clearly distinguished from those of the type strains of the six Pseudoruegeria species. Based on the polyphasic data presented, strain BPTF-M5^T represents a novel species of the genus Pseudoruegeria, for which the name Pseudoruegeria litorisediminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BPTF-M5^T (= KCTC 62420^T = KACC 19613^T = NBRC 113189^T).

Zhongshania ponticola sp. nov., a novel lipolytic bacterium of the class Gammaproteobacteria isolated from seawater

A bacterial strain, designated GM-8^T, which was isolated from seawater around Pohang in Republic of Korea, was subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. It was lipolytic, Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and coccoid, ovoid, or rod-shaped. Strain GM-8^T grew optimally at 30 °C and in the presence of 2.0-3.0% (w/v) NaCl. The phylogenetic trees of 16S rRNA gene sequences based on three algorithms showed that strain GM-8^T joined the clade comprising the type strains of Zhongshania species. The novel strain exhibited the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity value (98.6%) to Zhongshania borealis CL-AS9^T and sequence similarities of 97.7-98.3% to the type strains of three other Zhongshania species. Strain GM-8^T contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and C_17:1 ω8c, summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c and/or C_16:1 ω6c), and C_18:1 ω7c as the major fatty acids. Phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine were major polar lipids found in strain GM-8^T and the type strain of Zhongshania antarctica. The DNA G + C content of strain GM-8^T was 50.9 mol%. Mean DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain GM-8^T and the type strains of four other Zhongshania species were 13.3-20.3%. Its differential phenotypic traits, together with the phylogenetic and genetic evidences, revealed that strain GM-8^T is distinct from recognized species of the genus Zhongshania. On the basis of the data presented, strain GM-8^T represents a novel species of the genus Zhongshania, for which the name Zhongshania ponticola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GM-8^T (= KCTC 62425^T = KACC 19616^T = NBRC 113193^T).

Flaviramulus aestuariivivens sp. nov., isolated from a tidal flat

A Gram-stain-negative, non-flagellated, non-gliding, aerobic and ovoid or rod-shaped bacterium, designated OITF-51T, was isolated from a tidal flat in Oido, an island of South Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Strain OITF-51T grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. The neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain OITF-51T forms a cluster with the type strains of three species of the genus Flaviramulus. Strain OITF-51T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 97.0, 95.8 and 95.8 % to the type strains of Flaviramulus ichthyoenteri, Flaviramulus basaltis and Flaviramulus aquimarinus, respectively, and of less than 96.5 % to the type strains of other recognized species. Strain OITF-51T contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 3-OH and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids detected in strain OITF-51T were phosphatidylethanolamine and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content of strain OITF-51T was 33.4 mol%, and its mean DNA-DNA relatedness value with the type strain of F. ichthyoenteri was 13 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with its phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain OITF-51T is separated from recognized species of the genus Flaviramulus. On the basis of the data presented, strain OITF-51T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Flaviramulus, for which the name Flaviramulus aestuariivivens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is OITF-51T (=KCTC 52657T=NBRC 112707T).

Roseobacter ponti sp. nov., isolated from seawater

A Gram-stain-negative, coccoid to oval-shaped and non-motile bacterial strain, designated MM-7T, was isolated from seawater of the Yellow Sea, South Korea, and was subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Strain MM-7T grew optimally at pH 7.0-8.0, at 25 °C and in the presence of 2-3 % (w/v) NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain MM-7T joins the branch comprising the species of the genus Roseobacter, clustering with the type strains of Roseobacter litoralis and Roseobacter denitrificans, with which it exhibited 97.9 and 96.8 % sequence similarity values, respectively. The DNA G+C content of strain MM-7T was determined to be 60.8 mol%, and its mean DNA-DNA relatedness values with Rsb. litoralis JCM 21268T was 10.3±0.4 %. Strain MM-7T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c) as the major fatty acid. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified aminolipid and an unidentified lipid. Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic distinctiveness, demonstrated that strain MM-7T is distinguishable from other species of the genus Roseobacter. On the basis of the data presented, strain MM-7T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Roseobacter, for which the name Roseobacter ponti sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MM-7T (=KCTC 52469T=NBRC 112431T).

Polaribacter litorisediminis sp. nov., isolated from a tidal flat

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated OITF-11T, was isolated from a tidal flat in Oido, an island of South Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Strain OITF-11T grew optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. The phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain OITF-11T belonged to the genus Polaribacter. Strain OITF-11T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 97.4-98.1 % to Polaribacter haliotis RA4-7T, Polaribacter atrinae KACC 17473T, Polaribacter dokdonensis DSW-5T and Polaribacter marinaquae KCTC 42664T, and of 94.1-96.9 % to the type strains of the other Polaribacter species. Strain OITF-11T contained menaquinone MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C15 : 0 3-OH, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and C15 : 1ω6c as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids detected in strain OITF-11T were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content of strain OITF-11T was 32.2 mol% and its DNA-DNA relatedness values with the type strains of P. haliotis, P. atrinae, P. dokdonensis and P. marinaquae were 14-33 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with its phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain OITF-11T is separated from recognized species of the genus Polaribacter. On the basis of the data presented, strain OITF-11T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Polaribacter, for which the name Polaribacter litorisediminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is OITF-11T (=KCTC 52500T=NBRC 112457T).

Pseudorhodobacter ponti sp. nov., isolated from seawater

A Gram-stain-negative, short-rod-shaped, non-motile bacterial strain, designated HWR-46T, was isolated from seawater of the Yellow Sea, South Korea, and was subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Strain HWR-46T grew optimally at pH 7.0-8.0, at 20-25 °C and in the presence of 2-3 % (w/v) NaCl. The neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain HWR-46T fell within the clade comprising Pseudorhodobacter species, clustering with the type strain of Pseudorhodobacter aquimaris, with which it exhibited 98.4 % sequence similarity. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain HWR-46T and the type strains of other Pseudorhodobacter species was 95.1-96.3 %. The DNA G+C content of strain HWR-46T was 63.1 mol% and its mean DNA-DNA relatedness value with P. aquimaris HDW-19T was 24.6±1.5 %. Strain HWR-46T contained only Q-10 as the ubiquinone and summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c) as the major fatty acid. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified aminolipid and an unidentified aminophospholipid. Differential phenotypic properties, together with phylogenetic distinctiveness, demonstrated that strain HWR-46T is distinguishable from other Pseudorhodobacter species. On the basis of the data presented, strain HWR-46T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Pseudorhodobacter, for which the name Pseudorhodobacter ponti sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HWR-46T (=KCTC 52470T=NBRC 112426T).

Jindonia aestuariivivens gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a tidal flat on the south-western sea in Republic of Korea

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated, and coccoid, ovoid or rod-shaped bacterium, designated JDTF-65^T, was isolated from a tidal flat on the south-western sea in Republic of Korea. Strain JDTF-65^T grew optimally at 25°C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 2.0% (w/v) NaCl. Strain JDTF-65^T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 97.1-97.6% to the type strains of 'Aliisedimentitalea scapharcae', Phaeobacter gallaeciensis, Phaeobacter inhibens, Leisingera aquimarina, Tropicibacter litoreus, Sulfitobacter pseudonitzschiae, and Pseudoseohaeicola caenipelagi. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain JDTF-65^T forms an independent lineage within the radiation enclosed by the family Rhodobacteraceae. Strain JDTF-65^T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C_18:1 ω7c as the major fatty acid. The major polar lipids of strain JDTF-65^T were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified aminolipid, and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content of strain JDTF-65^T was 56.8 mol% and its DNA-DNA relatedness values with the type strains of the phylogenetically related species were 13-27%. Differential phenotypic properties revealed that strain JDTF-65^T is separated from representatives of some phylogenetically related taxa. On the basis of the data presented, strain JDTF-65^T represents a new genus and species within the family Rhodobacteraceae, for which the name Jindonia aestuariivivens gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Jindonia aestuariivivens is JDTF-65^T (=KCTC 52564^T =NBRC 112534^T).

Colwellia mytili sp. nov., isolated from mussel Mytilus edulis

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated RA2-7T, was isolated from a mussel (Mytilus edulis) collected from the South Sea, South Korea, and subjected to a taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach. Strain RA2-7T grew optimally at 20 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 2.0-3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. The phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain RA2-7T belonged to the genus Colwellia. Strain RA2-7T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 98.3, 98.0 and 97.5 % to the type strains of Colwellia sediminilitoris, Colwellia aestuarii and Colwellia polaris, respectively, and of 94.5-96.5 % to the type strains of the other species of the genus Colwellia. Strain RA2-7T contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 0 as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids detected in strain RA2-7T were phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The DNA G+C content of strain RA2-7T was 39.0±0.04 mol% and its DNA-DNA relatedness values with the type strains of C. sediminilitoris, C. aestuarii and C. polaris were 14-19 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with its phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain RA2-7T is separated from recognized species of the genus Colwellia. On the basis of the data presented, strain RA2-7T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Colwellia, for which the name Colwellia mytili sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RA2-7T (=KCTC 52417T=NBRC 112381T).

Lutibacter litorisediminis sp. nov., isolated from a tidal flat

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, aerobic and rod-shaped bacterium, designated OITF-20T, was isolated from the tidal flat in Oido, an island of South Korea. The novel strain grew optimally at 25 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 1.0-2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. In the neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain OITF-20T fell within the clade comprising the type strains of species of the genus Lutibacter. Strain OITF-20T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 97.8, 97.6 and 97.6 % to the type strains of Lutibactercrassostreae, Lutibacterflavus and Lutibacterlitoralis, respectively, of 94.9-96.8 % to the type strains of the other species of the genus Lutibacter and of less than 93.4 % to the type strains of the other recognized species. Strain OITF-20T contained MK-6 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15 : 0 3-OH, C15 : 1ω6c and iso-C15 : 0 as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain OITF-20T were phosphatidylethanolamine and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content of strain OITF-20T was 31.1 mol% and its mean DNA-DNA relatedness values with the type strains of L. crassostreae, L. flavus and L. litoralis were 17-27 %. The differential phenotypic properties, together with phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain OITF-20T is separated from other recognized species of the genus Lutibacter. On the basis of the data presented, strain OITF-20T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Lutibacter, for which the name Lutibacter litorisediminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is OITF-20T (=KCTC 52501T=NBRC 112458T).

Arcobacter acticola sp. nov., isolated from seawater on the East Sea in South Korea

A Gram-stain-negative, facultative aerobic, non-flagellated, and rod-shaped bacterium, designated AR-13(T), was isolated from a seawater on the East Sea in South Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Strain AR-13(T) grew optimally at 30°C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 0-0.5% (w/v) NaCl. The phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain AR-13(T) fell within the clade comprising the type strains of Arcobacter species, clustering coherently with the type strain of Arcobacter venerupis. Strain AR-13(T) exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 98.1% to the type strain of A. venerupis and of 93.2-96.9% to the type strains of the other Arcobacter species. Strain AR-13(T) contained MK-6 as the only menaquinone and summed feature 3 (C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c), C16:0, C18:1 ω7c, and summed feature 2 (iso-C16:1 I and/or C14:0 3-OH) as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids detected in strain AR-13(T) were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and one unidentified aminophospholipid. The DNA G+C content was 28.3 mol% and its mean DNA-DNA relatedness value with the type strain of A. venerupis was 21%. Differential phenotypic properties, together with its phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain AR-13(T) is separated from recognized Arcobacter species. On the basis of the data presented, strain AR-13(T) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Arcobacter, for which the name Arcobacter acticola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is AR-13(T) (=KCTC 52212(T) =NBRC 112272(T)).

Octadecabacterponticola sp. nov., isolated from seawater

A Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming, non-flagellated and coccoid, ovoid or rod-shaped bacterial strain, HDSW-34T, was isolated from seawater of Hwang-do on the Yellow Sea, South Korea, and subjected to a taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach. Strain HDSW-34T grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 1.0-2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Neighbour-joining, maximum-likelihood and maximum-parsimony phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain HDSW-34Tclustered with the type strains of four species of the genus Octadecabacter, showing 96.7-97.6 % sequence similarity. Strain HDSW-34T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1ω7c as the major fatty acid. The major polar lipids detected in strain HDSW-34T were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified aminolipid and one unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content of strain HDSW-34T was 62.0 mol% and its DNA-DNA relatedness values with Octadecabacterantarcticus CIP 106731T and Octadecabacterarcticus DSM 13978T were 11-18 %. The differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain HDSW-34T is separated from other recognized species of the genus Octadecabacter. On the basis of the data presented, strain HDSW-34T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Octadecabacter, for which the name Octadecabacterponticola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HDSW-34T (= KCTC 52250T=NBRC 112296T).

Devosia confluentis sp. nov., isolated from the junction between the ocean and a freshwater lake, and reclassification of two Vasilyevaea species as Devosia enhydra comb. nov. and Devosia mishustinii comb. nov

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated and pleomorphic bacterium, designated HJR-2T, was isolated from a junction between the ocean and a freshwater lake on the East Sea, South Korea. It grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 0-1.5 % (w/v) NaCl. In the neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain HJR-2T clustered with the type strains of Vasilyevaea enhydra and Vasilyevaea mishustinii and this cluster fell within the clade comprising the type strains of Devosia species. Strain HJR-2T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 97.2 and 97.0 % to the type strains of V. enhydra and V. mishustinii, respectively, and 93.9-96.2 % to the type strains of Devosia species. Strain HJR-2T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1ω7c, 11-methyl C18 : 1ω7c and C16 : 0 as major fatty acids. Major polar lipids of strain HJR-2T were phosphatidylglycerol and two unidentified glycolipids. The DNA G+C content was 66.0 mol% and its mean DNA-DNA relatedness values with the type strains of V. enhydra and V. mishustinii were 11-17 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with its phylo genetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain HJR-2T is separated from V. enhydra, V. mishustinii and Devosia species. On the basis of the data presented, strain HJR-2T (=KCTC 52211T=NBRC 112271T) is considered to be the type strain of a novel species of the genus Devosia, for which the name Devosiaconfluentis sp. nov. is proposed. In this study, it is also proposed that V. enhydra and V. mishustinii be reclassified as members of the genus Devosia.

Colwellia sediminilitoris sp. nov., isolated from a tidal flat

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile and rod-shaped or ovoid bacterial strain, designated YSM-23T, was isolated from a tidal flat on the South Sea in South Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Strain YSM-23T grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 1.0-2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. The phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain YSM-23T represented a member of the genus Colwellia. Strain YSM-23T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 98.0, 97.4 and 97.3 % to the type strains of Colwellia aestuarii, Colwellia polaris and Colwellia chukchiensis, respectively, and of 94.5-96.8 % to the type strains of the other species of the genus Colwellia. Strain YSM-23T contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) as the major fatty acid. The major polar lipids detected in strain YSM-23T were phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The DNA G+C content of strain YSM-23T was 43.8±0.08 mol% and its DNA-DNA relatedness values with the type strain of C. aestuarii, C. polaris and C. chukchiensis were 10±3.5-22±4.9 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with its phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain YSM-23T is separated from species of the genus Colwelliawith validly published names. On the basis of the data presented, strain YSM-23T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Colwellia, for which the name Colwellia sediminilitoris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YSM-23T (=KCTC 52213T=NBRC 111994T).

Paracoccus aestuariivivens sp. nov., isolated from a tidal flat

A Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming, non-motile and coccoid, ovoid or short-rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated GHD-30T, was isolated from a tidal flat on the Yellow Sea in South Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Strain GHD-30T grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 6.5-7.5 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. The phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain GHD-30Trepresented a member of the genus Paracoccus. Strain GHD-30T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 97.10-97.33 % to the type strains of Paracoccus lutimaris, Paracoccus limosus and Paracoccus halophilus and of 94.35-96.97 % to the type strains of the other species of the genus Paracoccus. Strain GHD-30T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18 : 1ω7c as the major fatty acid. The major polar lipids detected in strain GHD-30T were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified glycolipid and one unidentified aminolipid. The DNA G+C content of strain GHD-30T was 62.0 mol% and its mean DNA-DNA relatedness values with the type strains of P. lutimaris, P. limosus, and P. halophilus were 11-19 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with its phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain GHD-30T is separated from recognized species of the genus Paracoccus. On the basis of the data presented, strain GHD-30T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Paracoccus, for which the name Paracoccus aestuariivivens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GHD-30T (=KCTC 52214T =NBRC 111993T).

Roseivirga maritima sp. nov., isolated from seawater

A Gram-stain-negative, non-flagellated, non-gliding and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated GM-5^T, was isolated from seawater from near the Korean peninsula. Strain GM-5^T was found to grow optimally at pH 7.0-8.0, at 25 °C and in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain GM-5^T falls within the clade comprising the genus Roseivirga, with which it exhibits 94.8-96.8 % sequence similarity. Strain GM-5^T was found to contain MK-7 as the predominant menaquinone and iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C15 : 0, and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids were identified as phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified phospholipid and two unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content of strain GM-5^T was determined to be 42.3 mol%. Differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain GM-5^T is distinguishable from species of the genus Roseivirga with validly published names. On the basis of the data presented, strain GM-5^T is proposed to represent a novel species of the genus Roseivirga, for which the name Roseivirga maritima sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GM-5^T (=KCTC 42718^T =NBRC 111589^T).

Loktanella marina sp. nov., isolated from seawater

A Gram-stain-negative, coccoid- or short-rod-shaped and non-motile bacterial strain, designated MDM-7^T, was isolated from seawater of the Yellow Sea, South Korea, and was subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Strain MDM-7^T grew optimally at pH 7.0-8.0, at 30 °C and in the presence of 2-3 % (w/v) NaCl. The neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain MDM-7^T fell within the clade comprising species of the genus Loktanella, clustering with the type strains of Loktanella vestfoldensisand Loktanella agnita, with which it exhibited 96.1 and 95.6 % similarity, respectively. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values between strain MDM-7^T and the type strains of other Loktanella species were 93.1-95.0 %. The DNA G+C content of strain MDM-7^T was 62.6 mol%. Strain MDM-7^T contained Q-10 as the predominant ubiquinone and summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/ or C18 : 1ω6c) as the major fatty acid. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified aminolipid. Differential phenotypic properties, together with phylogenetic distinctiveness, demonstrated that strain MDM-7^T is distinguishable from recognized Loktanella species. On the basis of the data presented, strain MDM-7^T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Loktanella, for which the name Loktanella marina sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MDM-7^T (=KCTC 42722^T=CECT 8899^T).