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Rajkumari J, Katiyar P, Dheeman S, Pandey P, Maheshwari DK. The changing paradigm of rhizobial taxonomy and its systematic growth upto postgenomic technologies. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 38:206. [PMID: 36008736 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03370-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rhizobia are a diazotrophic group of bacteria that are usually isolated form the nodules in roots, stem of leguminous plants and are able to form nodules in the host plant owing to the presence of symbiotic genes. The rhizobial community is highly diverse, and therefore, the taxonomy and genera-wise classification of rhizobia has been constantly changing since the last three decades. This is mainly due to technical advancements, and shifts in definitions, resulting in a changing paradigm of rhizobia taxonomy. Initially, the taxonomic definitions at the species and sub species level were based on phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA sequence, followed by polyphasic approach to have phenotypic, biochemical, and genetic analysis including multilocus sequence analysis. Rhizobia mainly belonging to α- and β-proteobacteria, and recently new additions from γ-proteobacteria had been classified. Nowadays rhizobial taxonomy has been replaced by genome-based taxonomy that allows gaining more insights of genomic characteristics. These omics-technologies provide genome specific information that considers nodulation and symbiotic genes, along with molecular markers as taxonomic traits. Taxonomy based on complete genome sequence (genotaxonomy), average nucleotide identity, is now being considered as primary approach, resulting in an ongoing paradigm shift in rhizobial taxonomy. Also, pairwise whole-genome comparisons, phylogenomic analyses offer correlations between DNA and DNA re-association values that have delineated biologically important species. This review elaborates the present classification and taxonomy of rhizobia, vis-a-vis development of technical advancements, parameters and controversies associated with it, and describe the updated information on evolutionary lineages of rhizobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jina Rajkumari
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, 788011, India
| | - Prashant Katiyar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, 249-404, India
| | - Shrivardhan Dheeman
- Department of Microbiology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Dehra Dun, Uttarakhand, 248161, India
| | - Piyush Pandey
- Department of Microbiology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, 788011, India.
| | - Dinesh Kumar Maheshwari
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukula Kangri Vishwavidyalaya, Haridwar, 249-404, India.
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Flores-Félix JD, Menéndez E, Peix A, García-Fraile P, Velázquez E. History and current taxonomic status of genus Agrobacterium. Syst Appl Microbiol 2020; 43:126046. [DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2019.126046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Shamseldin A, Abdelkhalek A, Sadowsky MJ. Recent changes to the classification of symbiotic, nitrogen-fixing, legume-associating bacteria: a review. Symbiosis 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-016-0462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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4
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Behrendt U, Kämpfer P, Glaeser SP, Augustin J, Ulrich A. Characterization of the N2O-producing soil bacterium Rhizobium azooxidifex sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2016; 66:2354-2361. [PMID: 27030972 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of studying the bacterial community involved in nitrogen transformation processes in arable soils exposed to different extents of erosion and sedimentation in a long-term experiment (CarboZALF), a strain was isolated that reduced nitrate to nitrous oxide without formation of molecular nitrogen. The presence of the functional gene nirK, encoding the respiratory copper-containing nitrite reductase, and the absence of the nitrous oxide reductase gene nosZ indicated a truncated denitrification pathway and that this bacterium may contribute significantly to the formation of the important greenhouse gas N2O. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence and the housekeeping genes recA and atpD demonstrated that the investigated soil isolate belongs to the genus Rhizobium. The closest phylogenetic neighbours were the type strains of Rhizobium. subbaraonis and Rhizobium. halophytocola. The close relationship with R. subbaraonis was reflected by similarity analysis of the recA and atpD genes and their amino acid positions. DNA-DNA hybridization studies revealed genetic differences at the species level, which were substantiated by analysis of the whole-cell fatty acid profile and several distinct physiological characteristics. Based on these results, it was concluded that the soil isolate represents a novel species of the genus Rhizobium, for which the name Rhizobium azooxidifex sp. nov. (type strain Po 20/26T=DSM 100211T=LMG 28788T) is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Undine Behrendt
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, Eberswalder Str. 84, D-15374 Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Peter Kämpfer
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, IFZ-Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefanie P Glaeser
- Department of Applied Microbiology, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, IFZ-Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Augustin
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, Eberswalder Str. 84, D-15374 Müncheberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Ulrich
- Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Institute for Landscape Biogeochemistry, Eberswalder Str. 84, D-15374 Müncheberg, Germany
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Rhizobium nepotum sp. nov. isolated from tumors on different plant species. Syst Appl Microbiol 2012; 35:215-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Rhizobium skierniewicense sp. nov., isolated from tumours on chrysanthemum and cherry plum. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2012; 62:895-899. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.032532-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Three isolates of Gram-negative, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacteria were recovered from galls on chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum L.; Ch11T, Ch12) and cherry plum (Prunus cerasifera var. divaricata; AL9.3). All three isolates were able to cause crown galls on various plant species. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the three isolates were probably identical (100% sequence similarity) and closely related to
Rhizobium rubi
(99.6 %),
Rhizobium radiobacter
(98.7 %) and
Rhizobium larrymoorei
(98.1 %). Similar analysis based on the housekeeping genes glnA, gyrB and rpoB also indicated that the novel isolates were identical and closely related to
R. rubi
. The major cellular fatty acids of strain Ch11T were C18 : 1ω7c (62.1 %), summed feature 2 (comprising C12 : 0 aldehyde, iso-C16 : 1 I and/or C14 : 0 3-OH; 10.8 %), summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH; 7.7 %) and C10 : 0 3-OH (7.5 %). However, the DNA–DNA relatedness between Ch11T and
R. rubi
LMG 156T was only 48 % and, unlike phylogenetically related established
Rhizobium
species, the novel isolates were able to utilize β-hydroxybutyric acid but not l-fucose. Based on the phylogenetic and phenotypic evidence, the isolates are considered to represent a single novel species of the genus
Rhizobium
, for which the name Rhizobium skierniewicense sp. nov. is proposed; the type strain is Ch11T ( = LMG 26191T = CFBP 7420T).
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Ferreira L, Sánchez-Juanes F, García-Fraile P, Rivas R, Mateos PF, Martínez-Molina E, González-Buitrago JM, Velázquez E. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry is a fast and reliable platform for identification and ecological studies of species from family Rhizobiaceae. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20223. [PMID: 21655291 PMCID: PMC3105015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Family Rhizobiaceae includes fast growing bacteria currently arranged into three genera, Rhizobium, Ensifer and Shinella, that contain pathogenic, symbiotic and saprophytic species. The identification of these species is not possible on the basis of physiological or biochemical traits and should be based on sequencing of several genes. Therefore alternative methods are necessary for rapid and reliable identification of members from family Rhizobiaceae. In this work we evaluated the suitability of Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) for this purpose. Firstly, we evaluated the capability of this methodology to differentiate among species of family Rhizobiaceae including those closely related and then we extended the database of MALDI Biotyper 2.0 including the type strains of 56 species from genera Rhizobium, Ensifer and Shinella. Secondly, we evaluated the identification potential of this methodology by using several strains isolated from different sources previously identified on the basis of their rrs, recA and atpD gene sequences. The 100% of these strains were correctly identified showing that MALDI-TOF MS is an excellent tool for identification of fast growing rhizobia applicable to large populations of isolates in ecological and taxonomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ferreira
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - Paula García-Fraile
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Raúl Rivas
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Pedro F. Mateos
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | | | - José Manuel González-Buitrago
- Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Encarna Velázquez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Mano H, Tanaka F, Watanabe A, Kaga H, Okunishi S, Morisaki H. Culturable Surface and Endophytic Bacterial Flora of the Maturing Seeds of Rice Plants (Oryza sativa) Cultivated in a Paddy Field. Microbes Environ 2006. [DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.21.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Mano
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Fumiko Tanaka
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Asuka Watanabe
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Hiroko Kaga
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Suguru Okunishi
- Center for Promotion of The COE Program, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Hisao Morisaki
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University
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