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Půža V, Machado RAR. Systematics and phylogeny of the entomopathogenic nematobacterial complexes Steinernema-Xenorhabdus and Heterorhabditis-Photorhabdus. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2024; 10:13. [PMID: 39020388 PMCID: PMC11256433 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-024-00235-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes of the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis, along with their bacterial symbionts from the genera Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus, respectively, are important biological control agents against agricultural pests. Rapid progress in the development of genomic tools has catalyzed a transformation of the systematics of these organisms, reshaping our understanding of their phylogenetic and cophlylogenetic relationships. In this review, we discuss the major historical events in the taxonomy and systematics of this group of organisms, highlighting the latest advancements in these fields. Additionally, we synthesize information on nematode-bacteria associations and assess the existing evidence regarding their cophylogenetic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimír Půža
- Institute of Entomology, Biology centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Branišovská 31, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia, Studentská 1668, České Budějovice, 37005, Czech Republic.
| | - Ricardo A R Machado
- Experimental Biology Research Group, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, 2000, Switzerland.
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Machado RAR, Bhat AH, Castaneda-Alvarez C, Askary TH, Půža V, Pagès S, Abolafia J. Xenorhabdus aichiensis sp. nov., Xenorhabdus anantnagensis sp. nov., and Xenorhabdus yunnanensis sp. nov., Isolated from Steinernema Entomopathogenic Nematodes. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:300. [PMID: 37493817 PMCID: PMC10371910 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03373-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Three bacterial strains, XENO-2T, XENO-7T, and XENO-10T, isolated from Steinernema entomopathogenic nematodes, were found to represent novel Xenorhabdus species. In this study, we describe these new species by whole-genome and whole-proteome phylogenomic reconstructions, by calculating sequence identity scores using core genome sequences, and by phenotypic characterization. Phylogenomic reconstructions using ribosomal and house-keeping genes, and whole-genome and whole-proteome sequences show that XENO-2T and XENO-10T are closely related to Xenorhabdus japonica DSM 16522T and that XENO-7T is closely related to Xenorhabdus bovienii subsp. africana XENO-1T and to X. bovienii subsp. bovienii T228T. The dDDH values between XENO-2T and XENO-10T and between XENO-2T and X. japonica DSM 16522T are 56.4 and 51.8%, respectively. The dDDH value between XENO-10T and X. japonica DSM 16522T is 53.4%. The dDDH values between XENO-7T and X. bovienii subsp. africana XENO-1T and between XENO-7T and X. bovienii subsp. bovienii T228T are 63.6 and 69.4%, respectively. These dDDH values are below the 70% divergence threshold for prokaryotic species delineation. The newly described species are highly pathogenic to G. mellonella larvae, grow at pH between 5 and 9 (optimum 5-7), at salt concentrations of 1-3% (optimum 1-2%), and temperatures between 20 and 37 °C (optimum 28-30 °C). Biochemical tests such as lysine decarboxylase, ornithine decarboxylase, urease, gelatinase, citrate utilization, indole and acetoin production, and cytochrome oxidase tests allow to differentiate the novel species from their more closely related species. Considering these genetic and phenotypic divergencies, we propose the following new species: Xenorhabdus aichiensis sp. nov. with XENO-7T (= CCM 9233T = CCOS 2024T) as the type strain, Xenorhabdus anantnagensis sp. nov., with XENO-2T (= CCM 9237T = CCOS 2023T) as the type strain, and Xenorhabdus yunnanensis sp. nov., with XENO-10T (= CCM 9322T = CCOS 2071T) as the type strain. Our study contributes to a better understanding of the biodiversity and phylogenetic relationships of entomopathogenic bacteria associated with insect parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo A R Machado
- Experimental Biology Research Group, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
| | - Aashaq Hussain Bhat
- Experimental Biology Research Group, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Department of Biosciences, University Center for Research and Development, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Carlos Castaneda-Alvarez
- Experimental Biology Research Group, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tarique Hassan Askary
- Division of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Wadura Campus, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Vladimir Půža
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Entomology, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Sylvie Pagès
- INRAe, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Joaquín Abolafia
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Biología Vegetal y Ecología, Universidad de Jaén, Campus 'Las Lagunillas', Jaén, Spain
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Awori RM, Waturu CN, Pidot SJ, Amugune NO, Bode HB. Draft genomes, phylogenomic reconstruction and comparative genome analysis of three Xenorhabdus strains isolated from soil-dwelling nematodes in Kenya. Access Microbiol 2023; 5:acmi000531.v4. [PMID: 37323942 PMCID: PMC10267655 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000531.v4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
As a proven source of potent and selective antimicrobials, Xenorhabdus bacteria are important to an age plagued with difficult-to-treat microbial infections. Yet, only 27 species have been described to date. In this study, a novel Xenorhabdus species was discovered through genomic studies on three isolates from Kenyan soils. Soils in Western Kenya were surveyed for steinernematids and Steinernema isolates VH1 and BG5 were recovered from red volcanic loam soils from cultivated land in Vihiga and clay soils from riverine land in Bungoma respectively. From the two nematode isolates, Xenorhabdus sp. BG5 and Xenorhabdus sp. VH1 were isolated. The genomes of these two, plus that of X. griffiniae XN45 - this was previously isolated from Steinernema sp. scarpo that also originated from Kenyan soils - were sequenced and assembled. Nascent genome assemblies of the three isolates were of good quality with over 70 % of their proteome having known functions. These three isolates formed the X. griffiniae clade in a phylogenomic reconstruction of the genus. Their species were delineated using three overall genome relatedness indices: an unnamed species of the genus, Xenorhabdus sp. BG5, X. griffiniae VH1 and X. griffiniae XN45. A pangenome analysis of this clade revealed that over 70 % of species-specific genes encoded unknown functions. Transposases were linked to genomic islands in Xenorhabdus sp. BG5. Thus, overall genome-related indices sufficiently delineated species of two new Xenorhabdus isolates from Kenya, both of which were closely related to X. griffiniae . The functions encoded by most species-specific genes in the X. griffiniae clade remain unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Musumba Awori
- Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Elakistos Biosciences, PO Box 19301-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Charles N. Waturu
- Horticulture Research Institute, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organisation, PO Box 220 Thika
| | - Sacha J. Pidot
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nelson O. Amugune
- Department of Biology, University of Nairobi, PO Box 30197-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Helge B. Bode
- Molecular Biotechnology, Department of Biosciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Natural Products in Organismic Interactions, Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Phillips University Marburg, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Awori RM. Nematophilic bacteria associated with entomopathogenic nematodes and drug development of their biomolecules. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:993688. [PMID: 36187939 PMCID: PMC9520725 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.993688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus symbionts to their respective Steinernema and Heterorhabditis nematode hosts is that they not only contribute to their entomopathogenicity but also to their fecundity through the production of small molecules. Thus, this mini-review gives a brief introductory overview of these nematophilic bacteria. Specifically, their type species, nematode hosts, and geographic region of isolations are tabulated. The use of nucleotide sequence-based techniques for their species delineation and how pangenomes can improve this are highlighted. Using the Steinernema–Xenorhabdus association as an example, the bacterium-nematode lifecycle is visualized with an emphasis on the role of bacterial biomolecules. Those currently in drug development are discussed, and two potential antimalarial lead compounds are highlighted. Thus, this mini-review tabulates forty-eight significant nematophilic bacteria and visualizes the ecological importance of their biomolecules. It further discusses three of these biomolecules that are currently in drug development. Through it, one is introduced to Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus bacteria, their natural production of biomolecules in the nematode-bacterium lifecycle, and how these molecules are useful in developing novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Musumba Awori
- Department of Biology, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
- Elakistos Biosciences, Nairobi, Kenya
- *Correspondence: Ryan Musumba Awori,
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Castaneda-Alvarez C, Prodan S, Zamorano A, San-Blas E, Aballay E. Xenorhabdus lircayensis sp. nov., the symbiotic bacterium associated with the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema unicornum. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2021; 71. [PMID: 34898417 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.005151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenorhabdus is a symbiotic group of bacteria associated with entomopathogenic nematodes of the family Steinernematidae. Although the described Steirnernema species list is extensive, not all their symbiotic bacteria have been identified. One single motile, Gram-negative and non-spore-forming rod-shaped symbiotic bacterium, strain VLST, was isolated from the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema unicornum. Analyses of the 16S rRNA gene determined that the VLST isolate belongs to the genus Xenorhabdus, and its closest related species is Xenorhabdus szentirmaii DSM 16338T (98.2 %). Deeper analyses using the whole genome for phylogenetic reconstruction indicate that VLST exhibits a unique clade in the genus. Genomic comparisons considering digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values confirms this result, showing that the VLST values are distant enough from the 70 % threshold suggested for new species, sharing 30.7, 30.5 and 30.3 % dDDH with Xenorhabdus khoisanae MCB, Xenorhabdus koppenhoeferi DSM 18168T and Xenorhabdus miraniensis DSM 18168T, respectively, as the closest species. Detailed physiological, biochemical and chemotaxonomic tests of the VLST isolate reveal consistent differences from previously described Xenorhabdus species. Phylogenetic, physiological, biochemical and chemotaxonomic approaches show that VLST represents a new species of the genus Xenorhabdus, for which the name Xenorhabdus lircayensis sp. nov. (type strain VLST=CCCT 20.04T=DSM 111583T) is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Castaneda-Alvarez
- Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Chile.,Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Silvoagropecuarias y Veterinarias, Campus Sur Universidad de Chile, Santa Rosa 11315, La Pintana, Santiago, CP: 8820808, Chile
| | - Simona Prodan
- Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Alan Zamorano
- Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Chile
| | - Ernesto San-Blas
- Instituto de Ciencias Agroalimentarias, Animales y Ambientales (ICA3), Universidad de O'Higgins, O'Higgins, Chile
| | - Erwin Aballay
- Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Universidad de Chile, Chile
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A survey of entomopathogenic nematodes and their symbiotic bacteria in agricultural areas of northern Thailand. J Helminthol 2020; 94:e192. [PMID: 32924906 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x20000735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) Steinernema and Heterorhabditis and their symbiotic bacteria, Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus, have been successfully used for the control of insect pests. The objectives of this study were to survey the EPNs and symbiotic bacteria in the agricultural areas of the Phitsanulok province, Thailand, and to study the association between the soil parameters and presence of EPNs. We collected 200 soil samples from 40 soil sites in agricultural areas (field crops, horticulture crops and forest). The prevalence of EPNs was 8.0% (16/200). Fifteen of the EPN isolates were molecularly identified (based on 28S ribosomal DNA and internal transcribed spacer regions) as Steinernema siamkayai. Seven isolates of Xenorhabdus stockiae were identified using recombinase A sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all the Steinernema and Xenorhabdus isolates were closely related to S. siamkayai (Indian strain) and X. stockiae (Thai strain), respectively. Significantly more EPNs were recovered from loam than from clay. Although the association between soil parameters (pH, temperature and moisture) and the presence of EPNs was not statistically significant, the elevation levels of the soil sites with and without EPNs were found to be different. Moreover, statistical comparisons between the agricultural areas revealed no significant differences. Therefore, we concluded that S. siamkayai is associated with X. stockiae in agricultural areas and that there is no association between the soil parameters of agricultural areas and presence of EPNs, except for soil texture and the elevation. Steinernema siamkayai may be applied as a biocontrol agent in agricultural areas.
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Sajnaga E, Kazimierczak W. Evolution and taxonomy of nematode-associated entomopathogenic bacteria of the genera Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus: an overview. Symbiosis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-019-00660-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AbstractEntomopathogenic bacteria from the genera Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus are closely related Gram-negative bacilli from the family Enterobacteriaceae (γ-Proteobacteria). They establish obligate mutualistic associations with soil nematodes from the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis to facilitate insect pathogenesis. The research of these two bacterial genera is focused mainly on their unique interactions with two different animal hosts, i.e. nematodes and insects. So far, studies of the mutualistic bacteria of nematodes collected from around the world have contributed to an increase in the number of the described Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus species. Recently, the classification system of entomopatogenic nematode microsymbionts has undergone profound revision and now 26 species of the genus Xenorhabdus and 19 species of the genus Photorhabdus have been identified. Despite their similar life style and close phylogenetic origin, Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus bacterial species differ significantly in e.g. the nematode host range, symbiotic strategies for parasite success, and arrays of released antibiotics and insecticidal toxins. As the knowledge of the diversity of entomopathogenic nematode microsymbionts helps to enable the use thereof, assessment of the phylogenetic relationships of these astounding bacterial genera is now a major challenge for researchers. The present article summarizes the main information on the taxonomy and evolutionary history of Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus, entomopathogenic nematode symbionts.
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Sajnaga E, Kazimierczak W, Skowronek M, Lis M, Skrzypek T, Waśko A. Steinernema poinari (Nematoda: Steinernematidae): a new symbiotic host of entomopathogenic bacteria Xenorhabdus bovienii. Arch Microbiol 2018; 200:1307-1316. [PMID: 29946739 PMCID: PMC6182613 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-018-1544-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Three strains of symbiotic bacteria were isolated from an entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema poinari retrieved from soil in eastern Poland. Using 16S rDNA, recA, gltX, gyrB, and dnaN gene sequences for phylogenetic analysis, these strains were shown to belong to the species Xenorhabdus bovienii. The nucleotide identity between the studied S. poinari microsymbionts and other X. bovienii strains calculated for 16S rDNA and concatenated sequences of four protein-coding genes was 98.7-100% and 97.9-99.5%, respectively. The phenotypic properties of the isolates also supported their close phylogenetic relationship with X. bovienii. All three tested X. bovienii strains of different Steinernema clade origin supported the recovery of infective juveniles and subsequent development of the nematode population. However, the colonization degree of new infective juvenile generations was significantly affected by the bacterial host donor/recipient. The colonization degree of infective juveniles reared on bacterial symbionts deriving from a non-cognate clade of nematodes was extremely low, but proved the possible host-switching between non-related Steinernema species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Sajnaga
- Laboratory of Biocontrol, Application and Production of EPN, Faculty of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów 1J, 20-708, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Waldemar Kazimierczak
- Laboratory of Biocontrol, Application and Production of EPN, Faculty of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów 1J, 20-708, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcin Skowronek
- Laboratory of Biocontrol, Application and Production of EPN, Faculty of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów 1J, 20-708, Lublin, Poland
| | - Magdalena Lis
- Laboratory of Biocontrol, Application and Production of EPN, Faculty of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów 1J, 20-708, Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Skrzypek
- Laboratory of Confocal and Electron Microscopy, Faculty of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Konstantynów 1J, 20-708, Lublin, Poland
| | - Adam Waśko
- Department of Biotechnology, Microbiology and Human Nutrition, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Skromna 8, 20-704, Lublin, Poland
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Godjo A, Afouda L, Baimey H, Decraemer W, Willems A. Molecular diversity of Photorhabdus and Xenorhabdus bacteria, symbionts of Heterorhabditis and Steinernema nematodes retrieved from soil in Benin. Arch Microbiol 2017; 200:589-601. [DOI: 10.1007/s00203-017-1470-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Kämpfer P, Tobias NJ, Ke LP, Bode HB, Glaeser SP. Xenorhabdus thuongxuanensis sp. nov. and Xenorhabdus eapokensis sp. nov., isolated from Steinernema species. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017; 67:1107-1114. [PMID: 28056225 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.001770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two slightly yellowish-pigmented, oxidase-negative, rod-shaped and Gram-stain-negative bacterial strains (30TX1T and DL20T), isolated from Steinernema sangi and Steinernema eapokense, respectively, during soil sampling in Vietnam were studied using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Strain 30TX1T showed highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to the type strain of Xenorhabdus ehlersii (98.9 %) and strain DL20T to that of Xenorhabdus ishibashii (98.7 %). Sequence similarities to all other Xenorhabdus species were lower (<98.4 %). The two strains shared 98 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA) based on concatenated partial recA, dnaN, gltX, gyrB and infB gene sequences showed a clear distinction of strains 30TX1T and DL20T among each other and to the closest related type strains. DNA-DNA hybridizations between strain DL20T and the type strain of X. ishibashii resulted in a relatedness value of 53 %. Genome-to-genome-based comparisons gave average nucleotide identities of 93.6 % (reciprocal 93.5 %) for strain 30TX1T and X. ehlersii DSM 16337T, of 92.8 % (reciprocal 93 %) for strain DL20T and X. ishibashiiDSM 22670Tand of 93.0 % (reciprocal 93.2 %) for the two novel strains. The fatty acid profile of the strains consisted of the major fatty acids C14 : 0, C16 : 0, C17 : 0 cyclo, C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH, and C18 : 1ω7c. Genome-to-genome comparison and MLSA results together with the differential biochemical and chemotaxonomic properties showed that strains 30TX1T and DL20T represent novel Xenorhabdus species, for which the names Xenorhabdus thuongxuanensis sp. nov. (type strain 30TX1T=CCM 8727T=LMG 29916T) and Xenorhabdus eapokensis sp. nov. (type strain DL20T=CCM 8728T=LMG 29917T) are proposed, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kämpfer
- Institut für Angewandte Mikrobiologie, Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Nicholas J Tobias
- Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Long Phan Ke
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Helge B Bode
- Fachbereich Biowissenschaften, Merck Stiftungsprofessur für Molekulare Biotechnologie, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe-Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefanie P Glaeser
- Institut für Angewandte Mikrobiologie, Universität Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Kazimierczak W, Skrzypek H, Sajnaga E, Skowronek M, Waśko A, Kreft A. Strains of Photorhabdus spp. associated with polish Heterorhabditis isolates: their molecular and phenotypic characterization and symbiont exchange. Arch Microbiol 2017; 199:979-989. [PMID: 28382473 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-017-1368-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The relationships between six bacterial symbionts of the entomopathogenic nematodes Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Heterorhabditis megidis from Poland to species and subspecies of the genus Photorhabdus were evaluated. This study was based on phylogenetic analysis of sequence data of five genes: 16S rRNA, gyrB, recA, gltX, and dnaN. The bacteria were also characterized phenotypically by biochemical and physiological tests. Our results have revealed that the Photorhabdus strains isolated from H. megidis belong to P. temperata, subsp. temperata and subsp. cinerea. Isolates from H. bacteriophora represent P. luminescens subs. kayaii and P. temperata subs. cinerea. This study for the first time provides evidence for H. bacteriophora and P. temperata subsp. cinerea symbiotic association. In addition, we tested whether the microsymbionts of the Polish H. bacteriophora and H. megidis isolates support the development of non-native nematode host population and colonization of their infective juveniles. It has been shown that the studied Photorhabdus strains can readily swap their nematode host, both at intra- and interspecies level. It supports the hypothesis of different symbiotic associations in the Heterorhabditis-Photorhabdus lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Kazimierczak
- Laboratory of Biocontrol, Application and Production of EPN, Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, ul. Konstantynów 1J, 20-708, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Henryk Skrzypek
- Laboratory of Ultrastructure and Electron Microscopy, Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, ul. Konstantynów 1F, 20-708, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Sajnaga
- Laboratory of Biocontrol, Application and Production of EPN, Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, ul. Konstantynów 1J, 20-708, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marcin Skowronek
- Laboratory of Biocontrol, Application and Production of EPN, Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, ul. Konstantynów 1J, 20-708, Lublin, Poland
| | - Adam Waśko
- Department of Biotechnology, Human Nutrition and Science of Food Commodities, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, ul. Skromna 8, 20-704, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Kreft
- Laboratory of Biocontrol, Application and Production of EPN, Department of Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, ul. Konstantynów 1J, 20-708, Lublin, Poland
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Morphological and molecular characterisation of an isolate of Steinernema diaprepesi Nguyen & Duncan, 2002 (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) from Argentina and identification of its bacterial symbiont. Syst Parasitol 2017; 94:111-122. [PMID: 28062985 DOI: 10.1007/s11230-016-9683-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic nematodes of the families Heterorhabditidae Poinar, 1976 and Steinernematidae Chitwood & Chitwood, 1937 are used for biological control of insect pests. An isolate of Steinernema diaprepesi Nguyen & Duncan, 2002 was recovered from a carrot field in the locality of Santa Rosa de Calchines (Santa Fe Province, Argentina). These nematodes were characterised based on morphological, morphometric and molecular studies. Their symbiotic bacterium was identified as Xenorhabdus doucetiae Tailliez, Pagès, Ginibre & Boemare, 2006 by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. The isolate of S. diaprepesi studied exhibits some morphometric differences with the original description, especially in the first generation adults. This is the first description of the species in Argentina.
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Molecular and phenotypic characterization of Xenorhabdus bovienii symbiotically associated with Steinernema silvaticum. Arch Microbiol 2016; 198:995-1003. [PMID: 27342112 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-016-1261-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Steinernema silvaticum is a common entomopathogenic nematode in soil of Europe; however, little is known about the bacteria living in symbiosis with this animal. In this study, we have isolated four bacterial strains from S. silvaticum and identified them as members of the species Xenorhabdus bovienii. This study was based on 16S rRNA and concatenated recA, dnaN, gltX, and gyrB gene sequence analysis. In addition, phenotypic traits have been considered, indicating that the tested strains are the most similar to those of X. bovienii. The phylogenetic relationships between the isolated strains and other strains of X. bovienii derived from various nematode hosts were analyzed and discussed. This is the first report confirming the symbiotic association of X. bovienii with S. silvaticum.
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14
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Elucidation of the Photorhabdus temperata Genome and Generation of a Transposon Mutant Library To Identify Motility Mutants Altered in Pathogenesis. J Bacteriol 2015; 197:2201-2216. [PMID: 25917908 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00197-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora forms a specific mutualistic association with its bacterial partner Photorhabdus temperata. The microbial symbiont is required for nematode growth and development, and symbiont recognition is strain specific. The aim of this study was to sequence the genome of P. temperata and identify genes that plays a role in the pathogenesis of the Photorhabdus-Heterorhabditis symbiosis. A draft genome sequence of P. temperata strain NC19 was generated. The 5.2-Mb genome was organized into 17 scaffolds and contained 4,808 coding sequences (CDS). A genetic approach was also pursued to identify mutants with altered motility. A bank of 10,000 P. temperata transposon mutants was generated and screened for altered motility patterns. Five classes of motility mutants were identified: (i) nonmotile mutants, (ii) mutants with defective or aberrant swimming motility, (iii) mutant swimmers that do not require NaCl or KCl, (iv) hyperswimmer mutants that swim at an accelerated rate, and (v) hyperswarmer mutants that are able to swarm on the surface of 1.25% agar. The transposon insertion sites for these mutants were identified and used to investigate other physiological properties, including insect pathogenesis. The motility-defective mutant P13-7 had an insertion in the RNase II gene and showed reduced virulence and production of extracellular factors. Genetic complementation of this mutant restored wild-type activity. These results demonstrate a role for RNA turnover in insect pathogenesis and other physiological functions. IMPORTANCE The relationship between Photorhabdus and entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis represents a well-known mutualistic system that has potential as a biological control agent. The elucidation of the genome of the bacterial partner and role that RNase II plays in its life cycle has provided a greater understanding of Photorhabdus as both an insect pathogen and a nematode symbiont.
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15
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First report of the symbiotic bacterium Xenorhabdus indica associated with the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema yirgalemense. J Helminthol 2014; 90:108-12. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x14000583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema yirgalemense is considered a promising agent in the biocontrol of insects. However, little is known about the bacteria living in symbiosis with the nematode. In this study, we have identified the only available bacterial strain (157-C) isolated from S. yirgalemense, as a member of the species Xenorhabdus indica. Identification was based on 16S rDNA, recA, dnaN, gltX, gyrB and infB gene sequence analyses. The relatedness of strain 157-C to the type strain of X. indica (DSM 17 382) was confirmed with DNA–DNA hybridization. The phenotypic characteristics of strain 157-C are similar to those described for the type strain of X. indica. This is the first report associating X. indica with S. yirgalemense.
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16
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Ogier JC, Pagès S, Bisch G, Chiapello H, Médigue C, Rouy Z, Teyssier C, Vincent S, Tailliez P, Givaudan A, Gaudriault S. Attenuated virulence and genomic reductive evolution in the entomopathogenic bacterial symbiont species, Xenorhabdus poinarii. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 6:1495-513. [PMID: 24904010 PMCID: PMC4079199 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria of the genus Xenorhabdus are symbionts of soil entomopathogenic nematodes of the genus Steinernema. This symbiotic association constitutes an insecticidal complex active against a wide range of insect pests. Unlike other Xenorhabdus species, Xenorhabdus poinarii is avirulent when injected into insects in the absence of its nematode host. We sequenced the genome of the X. poinarii strain G6 and the closely related but virulent X. doucetiae strain FRM16. G6 had a smaller genome (500–700 kb smaller) than virulent Xenorhabdus strains and lacked genes encoding potential virulence factors (hemolysins, type 5 secretion systems, enzymes involved in the synthesis of secondary metabolites, and toxin–antitoxin systems). The genomes of all the X. poinarii strains analyzed here had a similar small size. We did not observe the accumulation of pseudogenes, insertion sequences or decrease in coding density usually seen as a sign of genomic erosion driven by genetic drift in host-adapted bacteria. Instead, genome reduction of X. poinarii seems to have been mediated by the excision of genomic blocks from the flexible genome, as reported for the genomes of attenuated free pathogenic bacteria and some facultative mutualistic bacteria growing exclusively within hosts. This evolutionary pathway probably reflects the adaptation of X. poinarii to specific host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Ogier
- INRA, UMR Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), Montpellier, FranceUniversité Montpellier 2, UMR Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), France
| | - Sylvie Pagès
- INRA, UMR Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), Montpellier, FranceUniversité Montpellier 2, UMR Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), France
| | - Gaëlle Bisch
- INRA, UMR Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), Montpellier, FranceUniversité Montpellier 2, UMR Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), France
| | - Hélène Chiapello
- INRA Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Unité MIA-T, Chemin de Borde Rouge, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Claudine Médigue
- CEA, Genoscope & CNRS, UMR 8030, Laboratoire d'Analyse Bioinformatique en Génomique et Métabolisme, Evry, France
| | - Zoé Rouy
- CEA, Genoscope & CNRS, UMR 8030, Laboratoire d'Analyse Bioinformatique en Génomique et Métabolisme, Evry, France
| | - Corinne Teyssier
- Université Montpellier 1, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques/UMR95 Qualisud, CIRAD-Persyst, France
| | - Stéphanie Vincent
- CEA, Genoscope & CNRS, UMR 8030, Laboratoire d'Analyse Bioinformatique en Génomique et Métabolisme, Evry, France
| | - Patrick Tailliez
- INRA, UMR Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), Montpellier, FranceUniversité Montpellier 2, UMR Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), France
| | - Alain Givaudan
- INRA, UMR Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), Montpellier, FranceUniversité Montpellier 2, UMR Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), France
| | - Sophie Gaudriault
- INRA, UMR Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), Montpellier, FranceUniversité Montpellier 2, UMR Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), France
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17
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Ferreira T, van Reenen C, Pagès S, Tailliez P, Malan AP, Dicks LMT. Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. noenieputensis subsp. nov., a symbiotic bacterium associated with a novel Heterorhabditis species related to Heterorhabditis indica. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2013; 63:1853-1858. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.044388-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial symbiont AM7T, isolated from a novel entomopathogenic nematode species of the genus Heterorhabditis, displays the main phenotypic traits of the genus
Photorhabdus
and is highly pathogenic to Galleria mellonella. Phylogenetic analysis based on a multigene approach (16S rRNA, recA, gyrB, dnaN, gltX and infB) confirmed the classification of isolate AM7T within the species
Photorhabdus luminescens
and revealed its close relatedness to
Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. caribbeanensis
,
P. luminescens subsp. akhurstii
and
P. luminescens subsp. hainanensis
. The five concatenated protein-encoding sequences (4197 nt) of strain AM7T revealed 95.8, 95.4 and 94.9 % nucleotide identity to sequences of
P. luminescens subsp. caribbeanensis
HG29T,
P. luminescens subsp. akhurstii
FRG04T and
P. luminescens subsp. hainanensis
C8404T, respectively. These identity values are less than the threshold of 97 % proposed for classification within one of the existing subspecies of
P. luminescens
. Unlike other strains described for
P. luminescens
, strain AM7T produces acid from adonitol, sorbitol and xylitol, assimilates xylitol and has no lipase activity on medium containing Tween 20 or 60. Strain AM7T is differentiated from
P. luminescens subsp. caribbeanensis
by the assimilation of N-acetylglucosamine and the absence of haemolytic activity. Unlike
P. luminescens subsp. akhurstii
, strain AM7T does not assimilate mannitol, and it is distinguished from
P. luminescens subsp. hainanensis
by the assimilation of trehalose and citrate, the inability to produce indole from tryptophan and the presence of acetoin production and urease activity. Strain AM7T ( = ATCC BAA-2407T = DSM 25462T) belongs to a novel subspecies, and is proposed as the type strain of Photorhabdus luminescens subsp. noenieputensis sp. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiarin Ferreira
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa
| | - Carol van Reenen
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Sylvie Pagès
- Université Montpellier 2, UMR1333 Diversité, Génomes & Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), F-34000 Montpellier, France
- INRA, UMR1333 Diversité, Génomes & Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), F-34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Tailliez
- Université Montpellier 2, UMR1333 Diversité, Génomes & Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), F-34000 Montpellier, France
- INRA, UMR1333 Diversité, Génomes & Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes (DGIMI), F-34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Antoinette P. Malan
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa
| | - Leon M. T. Dicks
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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18
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Kuwata R, Qiu LH, Wang W, Harada Y, Yoshida M, Kondo E, Yoshiga T. Xenorhabdus ishibashii sp. nov., isolated from the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema aciari. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2013; 63:1690-1695. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.041145-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative bacteria of the genus
Xenorhabdus
exhibit a mutualistic association with steinernematid entomopathogenic nematodes and a pathogenic relationship with insects. Here we describe two isolates of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema aciari collected from China and Japan. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and phylogenetic analysis indicated that the isolates obtained from S. aciari belonged to the genus
Xenorhabdus
. Multilocus sequence analysis based on five universal protein-coding gene sequences revealed that the isolates were closely related to
Xenorhabdus ehlersii
DSM 16337T and
Xenorhabdus griffiniae
ID10T but that they exhibited <97 % sequence similarity with these reference strains, which indicated that the isolates were distinct from previously described species. Based on these genetic differences and several differential phenotypic traits, we propose that the isolates represent a novel species of the genus
Xenorhabdus
, for which we propose the name Xenorhabdus ishibashii sp. nov. The type strain is GDh7T ( = DSM 22670T = CGMCC 1.9166T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusei Kuwata
- Laboratory of Nematology, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Li-hong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Yuki Harada
- Laboratory of Nematology, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Mutsuhiro Yoshida
- Agro-Environment Research Division, Kyushu Okinawa Agricultural Research Center, 2421 Suya, Koshi, Kumamoto 861-1192, Japan
| | - Eizo Kondo
- Laboratory of Nematology, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Toyoshi Yoshiga
- Laboratory of Nematology, Faculty of Agriculture, Saga University, 1 Honjo, Saga, Saga 840-8502, Japan
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19
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Ferreira T, van Reenen CA, Endo A, Spröer C, Malan AP, Dicks LMT. Description of Xenorhabdus khoisanae sp. nov., the symbiont of the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema khoisanae. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2013; 63:3220-3224. [PMID: 23456807 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.049049-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial strain SF87(T), and additional strains SF80, SF362 and 106-C, isolated from the nematode Steinernema khoisanae, are non-bioluminescent Gram-reaction-negative bacteria that share many of the carbohydrate fermentation reactions recorded for the type strains of recognized Xenorhabdus species. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence data, strain SF87(T) is shown to be closely related (98% similarity) to Xenorhabdus hominickii DSM 17903(T). Nucleotide sequences of strain SF87 obtained from the recA, dnaN, gltX, gyrB and infB genes showed 96-97% similarity with Xenorhabdus miraniensis DSM 17902(T). However, strain SF87 shares only 52.7% DNA-DNA relatedness with the type strain of X. miraniensis, confirming that it belongs to a different species. Strains SF87(T), SF80, SF362 and 106-C are phenotypically similar to X. miraniensis and X. beddingii, except that they do not produce acid from aesculin. These strains are thus considered to represent a novel species of the genus Xenorhabdus, for which the name Xenorhabdus khoisanae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SF87(T) ( =DSM 25463(T) =ATCC BAA-2406(T)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiarin Ferreira
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa
| | - Carol A van Reenen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa
| | - Akihito Endo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa
| | - Cathrin Spröer
- DSMZ - Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen, Inhoffenstrasse 7B, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Antoinette P Malan
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa
| | - Leon M T Dicks
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Private Bag X1, 7602 Matieland, South Africa
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20
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Murfin KE, Dillman AR, Foster JM, Bulgheresi S, Slatko BE, Sternberg PW, Goodrich-Blair H. Nematode-bacterium symbioses--cooperation and conflict revealed in the "omics" age. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2012; 223:85-102. [PMID: 22983035 PMCID: PMC3508788 DOI: 10.1086/bblv223n1p85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Nematodes are ubiquitous organisms that have a significant global impact on ecosystems, economies, agriculture, and human health. The applied importance of nematodes and the experimental tractability of many species have promoted their use as models in various research areas, including developmental biology, evolutionary biology, ecology, and animal-bacterium interactions. Nematodes are particularly well suited for the investigation of host associations with bacteria because all nematodes have interacted with bacteria during their evolutionary history and engage in a variety of association types. Interactions between nematodes and bacteria can be positive (mutualistic) or negative (pathogenic/parasitic) and may be transient or stably maintained (symbiotic). Furthermore, since many mechanistic aspects of nematode-bacterium interactions are conserved, their study can provide broader insights into other types of associations, including those relevant to human diseases. Recently, genome-scale studies have been applied to diverse nematode-bacterial interactions and have helped reveal mechanisms of communication and exchange between the associated partners. In addition to providing specific information about the system under investigation, these studies also have helped inform our understanding of genome evolution, mutualism, and innate immunity. In this review we discuss the importance and diversity of nematodes, "omics"' studies in nematode-bacterial systems, and the wider implications of the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen E. Murfin
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
| | - Adler R. Dillman
- HHMI and Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, 156-29, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Jeremy M. Foster
- Parasitology Division, New England Biolabs, Inc., 240 County Rd, Ipswich, MA 01938, USA
| | - Silvia Bulgheresi
- Department of Genetics in Ecology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barton E. Slatko
- Parasitology Division, New England Biolabs, Inc., 240 County Rd, Ipswich, MA 01938, USA
| | - Paul W. Sternberg
- HHMI and Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, 156-29, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Heidi Goodrich-Blair
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706
- Corresponding author Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Dr., Madison, WI 53706, , phone: 608-265-4537, fax: 608-262-9865
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