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Cain JL, Norris JK, Swan MP, Nielsen MK. A diverse microbial community and common core microbiota associated with the gonad of female Parascaris spp. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:56. [PMID: 38105374 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08086-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
The microbiome plays an important role in health, where changes in microbiota composition can have significant downstream effects within the host, and host-microbiota relationships can be exploited to affect health outcomes. Parasitic helminths affect animals globally, but an exploration of their microbiota has been limited, despite the development of anti-Wolbachia drugs to help control infections with some filarial nematodes. The equine ascarids, Parascaris spp., are considered the most pathogenic nematodes affecting juvenile horses and are also the only ascarid parasite to have developed widespread anthelmintic resistance. The aim of this study was to characterize the microbiota of this helminth, focusing on the female gonad, determine a core microbiota for this organ, identify bacterial species, and show bacterial localization to the female gonad via in situ hybridization (ISH). A total of 22 gonads were isolated from female Parascaris spp. collected from three foals, and 9 female parasites were formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded for ISH. Next-generation sequencing was performed using V3-V4 primers as well as the Swift Amplicon™ 16S+ ITS Panel. Overall, ten genera were identified as members of the Parascaris spp. female gonad and twelve bacterial species were identified. The most prevalent genus was Mycoplasma, followed by Reyranella, and there were no differences in alpha diversity between parasites from different horses. Specific eubacteria staining was identified in both the intestine and within the gonad using ISH. Overall, this study provided in-depth information regarding the female Parascaris spp. microbiota and was the first to identify the core microbiota within a specific parasite organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Cain
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY, 40503, USA.
| | - Jamie K Norris
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY, 40503, USA
| | - Melissa P Swan
- University of Kentucky Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 1490 Bull Lea Road, Lexington, KY, 40511, USA
| | - Martin K Nielsen
- Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, 1400 Nicholasville Road, Lexington, KY, 40503, USA
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2
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Paul LJ, Ericsson AC, Andrews FM, McAdams Z, Keowen ML, St Blanc MP, Banse HE. Field study examining the mucosal microbiome in equine glandular gastric disease. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295697. [PMID: 38060520 PMCID: PMC10703338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Equine glandular gastric disease (EGGD) is a common disease among athletic horses that can negatively impact health and performance. The pathophysiology of this EGGD remains poorly understood. Previous studies using controlled populations of horses identified differences in the gastric glandular mucosal microbiome associated with disease. The objective of this study was to compare the gastric microbiome in horses with EGGD and those without across multiple barns and differing management practices. We hypothesized that alterations in the microbiome of the gastric glandular mucosa are associated with EGGD. A secondary objective was to perform a risk factor analysis for EGGD using the diet and management data collected. Microbial populations of biopsies from normal pyloric mucosa of horses without EGGD (control biopsies), normal pyloric mucosa of horses with EGGD (normal biopsies) and areas of glandular mucosal disruption in horses with EGGD (lesion biopsies) were compared. Lesion biopsies had a different microbial community structure than control biopsies. Control biopsies had a higher read count for the phylum Actinomycetota compared to lesion biopsies. Control biopsies also had an enrichment of the genera Staphylococcus and Lawsonella and the species Streptococcus salivarius. Lesion biopsies had an enrichment of the genera Lactobacillus and Actinobacillus and the species Lactobacillus equigenerosi. These results demonstrate differences in the gastric glandular microbiome between sites of disrupted mucosa in horses with EGGD compared to pyloric mucosa of horses without EGGD. Risk factor analysis indicated that exercise duration per week was a risk factor for EGGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda J. Paul
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Equine Health and Sports Performance, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - Aaron C. Ericsson
- Metagenomics Center, Equine Gut Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States of America
| | - Frank M. Andrews
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Equine Health and Sports Performance, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - Zachary McAdams
- Metagenomics Center, Equine Gut Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States of America
| | - Michael L. Keowen
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Equine Health and Sports Performance, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - Michael P. St Blanc
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Equine Health and Sports Performance, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - Heidi E. Banse
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Equine Health and Sports Performance, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
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3
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Manlapig JJD, Ban-Tokuda T, Matsui H. Nutritional quality and organic acid profile of rice bran fermented with lactic acid bacteria isolated from horse feces. Anim Sci J 2023; 94:e13860. [PMID: 37528610 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to determine the effect of Limosilactobacillus equigenerosi and Ligilactobacillus equi as inoculants for solid-state fermentation (SSF) in the proximate composition of nutrients and organic acid profile of rice bran (RB). The RB was treated with distilled water (DW) without inoculant (control), L. equigenerosi (T1 ), L. equi (T2 ), and L. equigenerosi and L. equi 1:1 (v:v) (T3 ). For the treatments, 90 mL of culture was pelleted and suspended with DW. Each treatment was replicated three times and incubated for 4, 7, and 10 days at 37°C. The crude protein, ether extract, crude ash, crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber were increased (P < 0.05) in fermented RB. The lactate and total organic acid produced were increased by the addition of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (P < 0.01), and the highest concentrations were recorded in treatments containing L. equi (T2 and T3 ). Acetate production in T1 was highest than in control, T2 , and T3 (P < 0.01). The results showed that LAB isolated from horse feces in combination with SSF can improve the quality of RB as an ingredient for animal feed based on the higher concentrations of protein, carbohydrates, minerals, and organic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal James D Manlapig
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | | | - Hiroki Matsui
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
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4
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Li XB, Huang XX, Li Q, Li XY, Li JH, Li C, He LJ, Jing HX, Yang KL. Effects of different grains on bacterial diversity and enzyme activity associated with digestion of starch in the foal stomach. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:407. [PMCID: PMC9670411 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03510-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Compared with the stomach of ruminant cattle, the stomach of horse is small and mainly for chemical digestion, but the microorganisms in the stomach play an important role in maintaining the homeostasis of the internal environment. Due to the complexity of the microbes in the stomach, little is known about the diversity and structure of bacteria in the equine stomach. Grains are the main energy source for plant-eating livestock and energy is derived through enzymatic hydrolysis of grains into glucose or their microbial fermentation into Volatile fatty acids (VFA). However, the mechanism through which these ingested grains are chemically digested as well as the effect of these grains on the stomach remains elusive. This study explored the effects of feeding different grains (corn, oats, and barley) on bacterial diversity, structure, and composition in the foal’s stomach content. Furthermore, the effects of different grains on the vitality of starch digestion-related stomach enzymes were investigated.
Results
No significant differences were observed (P > 0.05) in the bacterial rarefaction curves of Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) and diversity of the stomach microbiota in all foals. This study also revealed the statistical differences for Firmicutes, Cyanobacteria, Actinobacteria, Fibrobacteres, Lactobacillaceae, Streptococcaceae, Unidentified_Clostridiales, Prevotellaceae, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus, Unidentified_Cyanobacteria, Unidentified_Clostridiales, Lactococcus, Sphingomonas, Lactobacillus_hayakitensis, Lactobacillus_equigenerosi, and Clostridium_perfringens. The linear discriminant analysis effect size analysis revealed 9 bacteria at each classification level. The functional analysis of species information by using FAPROTAX software was able to predict 35 functions, and the top 5 functions were chemoheterotrophy, fermentation, animal_parasites_or_symbionts, nitrate_reduction, and aerobic_chemoheterotrophy. The study also revealed statistical differences for pH, glucose concentration, β-amylase, maltase, and amylase.
Conclusions
The different grains had no significant effect on the microbial diversity of the stomach content of the foal. However, the relative bacterial abundances differed significantly in response to different diets. Particularly, oats fed to the foals significantly increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes, Lactobacillaceae, Lactobacillus, and Lactobacillus_hayakitensis. The grain had no significant effect on the pH of the stomach content, glucose concentration, and enzyme viability in the foal.
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5
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Gilroy R, Leng J, Ravi A, Adriaenssens EM, Oren A, Baker D, La Ragione RM, Proudman C, Pallen MJ. Metagenomic investigation of the equine faecal microbiome reveals extensive taxonomic diversity. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13084. [PMID: 35345588 PMCID: PMC8957277 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The horse plays crucial roles across the globe, including in horseracing, as a working and companion animal and as a food animal. The horse hindgut microbiome makes a key contribution in turning a high fibre diet into body mass and horsepower. However, despite its importance, the horse hindgut microbiome remains largely undefined. Here, we applied culture-independent shotgun metagenomics to thoroughbred equine faecal samples to deliver novel insights into this complex microbial community. Results We performed metagenomic sequencing on five equine faecal samples to construct 123 high- or medium-quality metagenome-assembled genomes from Bacteria and Archaea. In addition, we recovered nearly 200 bacteriophage genomes. We document surprising taxonomic diversity, encompassing dozens of novel or unnamed bacterial genera and species, to which we have assigned new Candidatus names. Many of these genera are conserved across a range of mammalian gut microbiomes. Conclusions Our metagenomic analyses provide new insights into the bacterial, archaeal and bacteriophage components of the horse gut microbiome. The resulting datasets provide a key resource for future high-resolution taxonomic and functional studies on the equine gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Gilroy
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Joy Leng
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Anuradha Ravi
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | - Aharon Oren
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dave Baker
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Mark J. Pallen
- Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich, United Kingdom
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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6
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Oren A. Prokaryotic names: the bold and the beautiful. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 367:5854537. [PMID: 32510563 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnaa096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, names of ∼170 new genera and ∼1020 new species were added annually to the list of prokaryotic names with standing in the nomenclature. These names were formed in accordance with the Rules of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes. Most of these names are not very interesting as specific epithets and word elements from existing names are repeatedly recycled. The rules of the Code provide many opportunities to create names in far more original ways. A survey of the lists of names of genera and species of prokaryotes shows that there is no lack of interesting names. The annotated selection presented here proves that at least some authors have exploited the possibilities allowed by the rules of the Code to name novel organisms in ways that are more attractive. I here call upon all colleagues who describe new taxa to devote more thought to the naming of new genera and species. It takes some effort, and it requires proper use of the lexicon of Classical Greek and Latin as well as an understanding of the Code and the guidelines of its orthography appendix. Creation of attractive names will boost the general interest in prokaryotic nomenclature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aharon Oren
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Edmond J. Safra Campus, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
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7
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Suzuki S, Fujita K, Maeno S, Shiwa Y, Endo A, Yokota K, Igimi S, Kajikawa A. PCR-based screening, isolation, and partial characterization of motile lactobacilli from various animal feces. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:142. [PMID: 32493209 PMCID: PMC7268542 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01830-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most lactobacilli found in animal intestines are generally non-motile, but there are few exceptions. Our previous work showed that Lactobacillus agilis BKN88, which is a highly motile strain originating from a chicken, takes advantage of motility in gut colonization in murine models, and thus motile lactobacilli likely have unique ecological characteristics conferred by motility. However, the ecology and habitat of gut-derived motile lactobacilli are still rarely understood. In addition, the limited availability of motile Lactobacillus isolates is one of the major obstacles for further studies. To gain insight into the ecology and habitat of the motile lactobacilli, we established a routinely applicable detection method for motile lactobacilli using PCR and subsequent selective isolation in semi-solid MRS medium for the collection of additional motile lactobacilli from animal feces. RESULTS We applied the PCR detection using motile lactobacilli-specific primers, based on the motor switch protein gene (fliG) of flagella, to 120 animal feces, followed by selective isolation performed using 45 animal feces. As a result, motile lactobacilli were detected in 44 animal feces. In the selective isolation, 29 isolates of L. agilis and 2 isolates of L. ruminis were obtained from 8 animal species. CONCLUSIONS These results indicated that motile lactobacilli are distributed in different animal species. Moreover, phylogenetic analysis of the L. agilis isolates suggests co-evolution with the host, and adaptation to a particular environmental niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunya Suzuki
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8502 Japan
| | - Koki Fujita
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8502 Japan
| | - Shintaro Maeno
- Department of Food, Aroma and Cosmetic Chemistry, Graduate School of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri, Hokkaido 099-2493 Japan
| | - Yuh Shiwa
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8502 Japan
| | - Akihito Endo
- Department of Food, Aroma and Cosmetic Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri, Hokkaido 099-2493 Japan
| | - Kenji Yokota
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8502 Japan
| | - Shizunobu Igimi
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8502 Japan
| | - Akinobu Kajikawa
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya, Tokyo, 156-8502 Japan
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8
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Zheng J, Wittouck S, Salvetti E, Franz CMAP, Harris HMB, Mattarelli P, O'Toole PW, Pot B, Vandamme P, Walter J, Watanabe K, Wuyts S, Felis GE, Gänzle MG, Lebeer S. A taxonomic note on the genus Lactobacillus: Description of 23 novel genera, emended description of the genus Lactobacillus Beijerinck 1901, and union of Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020; 70:2782-2858. [PMID: 32293557 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.004107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1565] [Impact Index Per Article: 391.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Lactobacillus comprises 261 species (at March 2020) that are extremely diverse at phenotypic, ecological and genotypic levels. This study evaluated the taxonomy of Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae on the basis of whole genome sequences. Parameters that were evaluated included core genome phylogeny, (conserved) pairwise average amino acid identity, clade-specific signature genes, physiological criteria and the ecology of the organisms. Based on this polyphasic approach, we propose reclassification of the genus Lactobacillus into 25 genera including the emended genus Lactobacillus, which includes host-adapted organisms that have been referred to as the Lactobacillus delbrueckii group, Paralactobacillus and 23 novel genera for which the names Holzapfelia, Amylolactobacillus, Bombilactobacillus, Companilactobacillus, Lapidilactobacillus, Agrilactobacillus, Schleiferilactobacillus, Loigolactobacilus, Lacticaseibacillus, Latilactobacillus, Dellaglioa, Liquorilactobacillus, Ligilactobacillus, Lactiplantibacillus, Furfurilactobacillus, Paucilactobacillus, Limosilactobacillus, Fructilactobacillus, Acetilactobacillus, Apilactobacillus, Levilactobacillus, Secundilactobacillus and Lentilactobacillus are proposed. We also propose to emend the description of the family Lactobacillaceae to include all genera that were previously included in families Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae. The generic term 'lactobacilli' will remain useful to designate all organisms that were classified as Lactobacillaceae until 2020. This reclassification reflects the phylogenetic position of the micro-organisms, and groups lactobacilli into robust clades with shared ecological and metabolic properties, as exemplified for the emended genus Lactobacillus encompassing species adapted to vertebrates (such as Lactobacillus delbrueckii, Lactobacillus iners, Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus jensensii, Lactobacillus johnsonii and Lactobacillus acidophilus) or invertebrates (such as Lactobacillus apis and Lactobacillus bombicola).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshui Zheng
- Huazhong Agricultural University, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | - Stijn Wittouck
- Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Elisa Salvetti
- Dept. of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Charles M A P Franz
- Max Rubner-Institut, Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hugh M B Harris
- School of Microbiology & APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Paola Mattarelli
- University of Bologna, Dept. of Agricultural and Food Sciences, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paul W O'Toole
- School of Microbiology & APC Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Bruno Pot
- Research Group of Industrial Microbiology and Food Biotechnology (IMDO), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandamme
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jens Walter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Koichi Watanabe
- Food Industry Research and Development Institute, Bioresource Collection and Research Center, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC.,National Taiwan University, Dept. of Animal Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sander Wuyts
- Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Michael G Gänzle
- Hubei University of Technology, College of Bioengineering and Food Science, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China.,Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Sarah Lebeer
- Research Group Environmental Ecology and Applied Microbiology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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10
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Draft Genome Sequence of Coccoid Lactobacillus equigenerosi NRIC 0697T Isolated from the Gastrointestinal Tracts of Healthy Thoroughbreds. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/1/e01679-15. [PMID: 26847890 PMCID: PMC4742687 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01679-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus equigenerosi NRIC 0697T was isolated from the gastrointestinal tracts of healthy thoroughbreds. This strain produced unique spherical or oval cells, which is rare in the genus Lactobacillus. Here, we report the draft genome sequence of this strain.
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12
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Endo A, Irisawa T, Futagawa-Endo Y, Salminen S, Ohkuma M, Dicks L. Lactobacillus faecis sp. nov., isolated from animal faeces. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2013; 63:4502-4507. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.052985-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Three lactic acid bacteria were isolated from faeces of a jackal (Canis mesomelas) and raccoons (Procyron lotor). The isolates formed a subcluster in the
Lactobacillus salivarius
phylogenetic group, closely related to
Lactobacillus animalis
,
Lactobacillus apodemi
and
Lactobacillus murinus
, by phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA and recA gene sequences. Levels of DNA–DNA relatedness revealed that the isolates belonged to the same taxon and were genetically separated from their phylogenetic relatives. The three strains were non-motile, obligately homofermentative and produced l-lactic acid as the main end-product from d-glucose. The strains metabolized raffinose. The major cellular fatty acids in the three strains were C16 : 0, C18 : 1ω9c and C19 : 1 cyclo 9,10. Based on the data provided, it is concluded that the three strains represent a novel species of the genus
Lactobacillus
, for which the name Lactobacillus faecis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is AFL13-2T ( = JCM 17300T = DSM 23956T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Endo
- Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, 7600 Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Tomohiro Irisawa
- Microbe Division/Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Centre, 305-0074 Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuka Futagawa-Endo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, 7600 Stellenbosch, South Africa
- Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Seppo Salminen
- Functional Foods Forum, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - Moriya Ohkuma
- Microbe Division/Japan Collection of Microorganisms, RIKEN BioResource Centre, 305-0074 Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Leon Dicks
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, 7600 Stellenbosch, South Africa
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13
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Genome Sequence of Lactobacillus gastricus PS3, a Strain Isolated from Human Milk. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2013; 1:1/4/e00489-13. [PMID: 23846278 PMCID: PMC3709155 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00489-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Lactobacillus gastricus is a mostly unknown lactobacilli species associated with mucosal surfaces. We present the draft annotated genome sequence of L. gastricus strain PS3, isolated from a human milk sample, to provide new insights into its biology and to characterize those genes related to advantageous technological and beneficial properties.
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14
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Analysis of stomach bacterial communities in Australian feral horses. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 40:369-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-2070-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Lactobacillus equigenerosi strain Le1 invades equine epithelial cells. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:4248-55. [PMID: 22504808 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00552-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus equigenerosi strain Le1, a natural inhabitant of the equine gastrointestinal tract, survived pH 3.0 and incubation in the presence of 1.5% (wt/vol) bile salts for at least 2 h. Strain Le1 showed 8% cell surface hydrophobicity, 60% auto-aggregation, and 47% coaggregation with Clostridium difficile C6. Only 1% of the cells adhered to viable buccal epithelial cells and invaded the cells within 20 min after contact. Preincubation of strain Le1 in a buffer containing pronase prevented adhesion to viable epithelial cells. Preincubation in a pepsin buffer delayed invasion from 20 min to 1 h. Strain Le1 did not adhere to nonviable epithelial cells. Administration of L. equigenerosi Le1 (1 × 10(9) CFU per 50 kg body weight) to healthy horses did not increase white blood cell numbers. Differential white blood cell counts and aspartate aminotransferase levels remained constant. Glucose, lactate, cholesterol, and urea levels remained constant during administration with L. equigenerosi Le1 but decreased during the week after administration.
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Abstract
Little is known about the gastric mucosal microbiota in healthy horses, and its role in gastric disease has not been critically examined. The present study used a combination of 16S rRNA bacterial tag-encoded pyrosequencing (bTEFAP) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to characterize the composition and spatial distribution of selected gastric mucosal microbiota of healthy horses. Biopsy specimens of the squamous, glandular, antral, and any ulcerated mucosa were obtained from 6 healthy horses by gastroscopy and from 3 horses immediately postmortem. Pyrosequencing was performed on biopsy specimens from 6 of the horses and yielded 53,920 reads in total, with 631 to 4,345 reads in each region per horse. The microbiome segregated into two distinct clusters comprised of horses that were stabled, fed hay, and sampled at postmortem (cluster 1) and horses that were pastured on grass, fed hay, and biopsied gastroscopically after a 12-h fast (cluster 2). The types of bacteria obtained from different anatomic regions clustered by horse rather than region. The dominant bacteria in cluster 1 were Firmicutes (>83% reads/sample), mainly Streptococcus spp., Lactobacillus spp. and, Sarcina spp. Cluster 2 was more diverse, with predominantly Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes, consisting of Actinobacillus spp. Moraxella spp., Prevotella spp., and Porphyromonas spp. Helicobacter sp. sequences were not identified in any of 53,920 reads. FISH (n = 9) revealed bacteria throughout the stomach in close apposition to the mucosa, with significantly more Streptococcus spp. present in the glandular region of the stomach. The equine stomach harbors an abundant and diverse mucosal microbiota that varies by individual.
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Endo A, Futagawa-Endo Y, Dicks LMT. Diversity of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium in feces of herbivores, omnivores and carnivores. Anaerobe 2010; 16:590-6. [PMID: 21034840 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 10/08/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium population in the feces of 26 animals (16 species) were studied by culture-dependent and culture-independent techniques. Lactobacilli were detected from a few herbivores, all carnivores and some omnivores. Lactobacillus johnsonii, Lactobacillus reuteri, Lactobacillus salivarius, Lactobacillus vaginalis and Lactobacillus ingluviei were the most dominant lactobacilli in carnivores. These species were, however, not predominant in herbivores and omnivores. Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus parabuchneri, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus sakei, Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides, usually present in raw plant material, were present in omnivores but not in carnivores. Bifidobacteria were detected in only four herbivores and two omnivores. Bifidobacterium pseudolongum was the only Bifidobacterium species detected in herbivores. Bifidobacteria detected in the two omnivores are phylogenetically not closely related to known species and are possible novel species in the genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Endo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa.
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Morita H, Nakano A, Shimazu M, Toh H, Nakajima F, Nagayama M, Hisamatsu S, Kato Y, Takagi M, Takami H, Akita H, Matsumoto M, Masaoka T, Murakami M. Lactobacillus hayakitensis, L. equigenerosi and L. equi, predominant lactobacilli in the intestinal flora of healthy thoroughbreds. Anim Sci J 2010; 80:339-46. [PMID: 20163646 DOI: 10.1111/j.1740-0929.2009.00633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To detect the predominant lactobacilli in the intestinal flora of healthy thoroughbreds, we isolated lactobacilli from the feces of nine thoroughbreds (five males and four females; 0-15-year-old). The isolated lactobacilli comprise 17 species (37 strains), and they were classified into five groups: Lactobacillus salivarius (6 species), L. reuteri (6 species), Lactobacillus delbrueckii (3 species), L. buchneri (1 species) and L. vitulinus (1 species). On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequences, we identified 3 other phylogenetic relatives belonging to the genus Lactobacillus. These results suggest that the intestinal flora of thoroughbreds may comprise many species of the genus Lactobacillus. Polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) analyses of the 340-bp fragments of the 16S rRNA genes from the same nine fecal samples showed that L. hayakitensis, L. equigenerosi and L. equi are contained in all the samples, suggesting that these species are predominant lactobacilli in the intestinal flora of thoroughbreds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Morita
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, Sagamihara, Japan.
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Endo A, Futagawa-Endo Y, Dicks LMT. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium diversity in horse feces, revealed by PCR-DGGE. Curr Microbiol 2010; 59:651-5. [PMID: 19730939 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-009-9498-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Lactobacillus equi, Lactobacillus hayakitensis, Lactobacillus johnsonii, and Weissella confusa/cibaria were the dominant species in 12 South African horses. The Bifidobacterium-group was detected in the feces of only one of the 12 horses. Sequencing of the nested-PCR amplicon identified the Bifidobacterium-group as Parascardovia denticolens. Cell numbers of L. equi, L. hayakitensis, and W. confusa/cibaria were consistent in all samples. P. denticolens, Bifidodobacterium pseudolongum, and a phylogenetic relative of Alloscardovia omnicolens were rarely detected. L. equigenerosi, a dominant species in Japanese horses, was detected in the fecal samples of only one horse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Endo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa.
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Morita H, Shimazu M, Shiono H, Toh H, Nakajima F, Akita H, Takagi M, Takami H, Murakami M, Masaoka T, Tanabe S, Hattori M. Lactobacillus equicursoris sp. nov., isolated from the faeces of a thoroughbred racehorse. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2010; 60:109-112. [DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.009290-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously isolated five strains of putative lactobacilli from the faeces of a thoroughbred horse (a 4-year-old male). Of the five strains, four were identified as members of existing Lactobacillus species; however, sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that the fifth isolate, DI70T, showed approximately 97 % identity (1325/1366 bp) with the type strain of Lactobacillus delbrueckii. Therefore, we considered the possibility that DI70T represents a novel species of the genus Lactobacillus. Cells of strain DI70T were Gram-stain-positive, catalase-negative, non-spore-forming, non-motile rods. In phylogenetic trees constructed on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequences, strain DI70T formed a subcluster in the L. delbrueckii phylogenetic group and was closely related to L. delbrueckii, Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus jensenii. However, analysis of DNA–DNA relatedness showed that DI70T was genetically distinct from its phylogenetic relatives. The isolate also exhibited distinct biochemical and physiological characteristics when compared with its phylogenetic relatives. It required anaerobic conditions for growth on agar medium. The results indicate that isolate DI70T indeed represents a novel species of the genus Lactobacillus, for which we propose the name Lactobacillus equicursoris sp. nov. The type strain is DI70T (=JCM 14600T =DSM 19284T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Morita
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229-8501, Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Shimazu
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Shiono
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229-8501, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Toh
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Nakajima
- Northern Farm, 275 Hayakita-genbu, Abira-cho, Yufutsu-gun, Hokkaido 059-1432, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Akita
- Northern Farm, 275 Hayakita-genbu, Abira-cho, Yufutsu-gun, Hokkaido 059-1432, Japan
| | - Misako Takagi
- Crossfield-Bio Inc., 1-1-20 Higashi-nihonbashi, Chuo, Tokyo 103-0004, Japan
| | - Hideto Takami
- Microbial Genome Research Group, Japan Agency of Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2-15 Natsushima, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
| | - Masaru Murakami
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229-8501, Japan
| | - Toshio Masaoka
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 229-8501, Japan
| | - Soichi Tanabe
- Graduate School of Biosphere Science, Hiroshima University, 1-4-4 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8528, Japan
| | - Masahira Hattori
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan
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