Nonomuraea thermotolerans sp. nov., a thermotolerant actinomycete isolated from mushroom compost

Streptomyces changanensis sp. nov. Isolated from Soil in China

An aerobic, Gram-positive, and non-motile actinomycete, designated HL-66 T, was isolated from a soil sample collected in the Meridian Valley, Shaanxi Province, China. Morphological, chemotaxonomic, and phylogenetic characteristics showed a high similarity to the genus Streptomyces. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the closest phylogenetic neighbour of HL-66 T were Streptomyces lavendofoliae NBRC 12882 T (99.17%), Streptomyces gobitricini NBRC 15419 T (99.03%) and Streptomyces roseolilacinus NBRC 12815 T (98.96%). Genome relatedness indexes revealed that the average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between HL-66 T and its closest phylogenomic relative (S. roseolilacinus JCM 4335 T) were 88.61% and 32.10%, respectively. The cell-wall peptidoglycan contains LL-diaminopimelic acid. Predominant menaquinones are MK-9 (H6), MK-9(H4) and MK-9(H8). The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C16:0, anteiso-C15:0, iso-C16:1 H, and C16:1 ω7c. The polar lipid pattern consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannosides, and an unknown phospholipid. Based on phylogenetic analyses, genome-genome distance calculation, and average nucleotide identity, strain HL-66 T represents a novel species of the genus Streptomyces. Therefore, a new species Streptomyces changanensis sp. nov. is proposed with strain HL-66 T (= CGMCC 22674 = JCM 35800) as the type strain.

Nonomuraea aurantiaca sp. nov., a novel cellulase-producing actinobacterium isolated from soil

A novel cellulase-producing actinobacterium, designated strain NEAU-L178T, was isolated from soil sample collected from Qiqihaer, Heilongjiang Province, PR China. A polyphasic study was carried out to determine the taxonomic status of the strain. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain NEAU-L178T should be classified into the genus Nonomuraea and is closely related to Nonomuraea cavernae SYSU K10005T (99.31 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Nonomuraea glycinis NEAU-BB2C19T (98.75 %), Nonomuraea guangzhouensis NEAU-ZJ3T (98.75 %) and ‘Nonomuraea rhizosphaerae’ NEAU-mq18T (98.34 %). The digital DNA–DNA hybridization values between them are 27.1, 26.1, 42.0 and 30.9 %, and the whole-genome average nucleotide identity values between them are 83.1, 82.3, 90.3 and 85.8 %, respectively. The whole-cell hydrolysates contained glucose, ribose, arabinose and madurose. The menaquinones were identified as MK-9(H0), MK-9(H4) and MK-9(H2). The major fatty acids were C16 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 and C17 : 0 10-methyl. The detected polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, hydroxy-phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and three unidentified phospholipids. The genomic DNA G+C content was 69.7 mol%. In addition, whole-genome analysis indicated that strain NEAU-L178T had the potential to degrade cellulose. Based on the phenotypic, genotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain NEAU-L178T can be differentiated from its close phylogenetic relatives and represents a novel species of the genus Nonomuraea , for which the name Nonomuraea aurantiaca sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-L178T (=JCM 34799T=CGMCC 4.7741T).

Streptomyces sennicomposti sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from compost of Senna siamea (Lam.)

A member of the genus Streptomyces , designated RCPT1-4T, was isolated from compost of Senna siamea (Lam.), collected from an agricultural area in Rayong province, Thailand. The spore morphology and the presence of ll-diaminopimelic acid in the peptidoglycan indicate that RCPT1-4T shows the typical properties of members of the genus Streptomyces . On the basis of the results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the strain should be classified as representing a member of the genus Streptomyces and was most closely related to Streptomyces fumigatiscleroticus NBRC 12999T with the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 99.2 %, followed by Streptomyces spiralis NBRC 14215T (99.0 %). In addition, RCPT1-4T shared the highest average nucleotide identity by blast (ANIb) (86.0 %), and digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) (32.1 %) values with S. spiralis NBRC 14215T. Furthermore, several physiological and biochemical differences were observed between RCPT1-4T and the closely related type strains of species with validly published names. These taxonomic data indicated that RCPT1-4T could be considered to represent a novel species of the genus Streptomyces and the name Streptomyces sennicomposti sp. nov. is proposed for this strain. The type strain is RCPT1-4T (=TBRC 11260T=NBRC 114303T).

Investigation of the influence of biofertilizer synthesized using microbial inoculums on the growth performance of two agricultural crops

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Biofertilizer was produced by aerobic composting method.

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Actinomycetes isolated was found to be good agents for biofertilizer synthesis.

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Organic matter and Carbon content of the composts was found to be decreasing.

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Nitrogen contents increased significantly with time.

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Leaf area index revealed 10th week as the optimum growth period for Maize and Okra.

In this work, biofertilizer was synthesized by mixing sawdust and other nitrogenous agricultural wastes into composites in the following ways: S1 (sawdust + chicken litter + vegetable waste), S2 (sawdust + sewage sludge + vegetable waste) and S3 (sawdust only as the control) respectively using actinomycetes as the microbial inoculums. In-vessel method of composting was employed with 120 L capacity polyethylene (PET) container as the bioreactor for the pilot scale study. Microorganisms were isolated from landfill extracts. Aeration was accomplished through turning of the compost twice weekly. Nitrogen, Carbon, Organic Matter and pH were determined at 5days intervals till the end of composting exercise. Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (FAAS), was used for determination of the mineral composition of the raw materials and end products. American Society for Testing and Materials was used in the Analysis of Nitrogen, Carbon, and Organic Matter contents. Biofertilizer was analyzed more for activeness as organic fertilizer in the field studies using two crops (Maize and Okra). Biochemical test revealed that six genera of Actinomycetes were isolated. Inorganic salt starch agar medium was noticed to be effective isolation media for Actinomycetes. Actinomycetes were found to be good agents for biofertilizer synthesis due to their ability to mineralize nitrogen during composting. Preliminary investigation revealed that Rothia spp gave the highest percentage degradation of cellulose (21.6 %) as well as highest percentage mineralization of nitrogen (6.87 %) after 21days of incubation. Dosage ratio of 2:1:1 w: w, moisture content of 50–60 % and 25 days was found to be the optimum condition for nitrogen mineralization. Organic matter content of composts S1 and S2 decreased significantly with time while total kjeldahl nitrogen (TkN) content of the composts increased except compost S3 which on the contrary, reduced. The maximum temperature achieved at the end of 25 days compositing of substrate S2 was 64.6 ℃. Analysis of the leaf area index (LAI) revealed 10th week after transplant to be the period of optimum growth for both crops. In addition to, all the analysis conducted pointed to the fact that influence of biofertilizer on Okra and Maize growth performance is equivalent to the growth performance of chemical fertilizer on the same crops, affirming that organic fertilizer can comfortably replace chemical fertilizer in future.

Nonomuraea typhae sp. nov., an endophytic actinomycete isolated from the root of cattail pollen (Typha angustifolia L.)

A novel endophytic actinomycete, designated strain p1410^T, was isolated from the root of cattail pollen (Typha angustifolia L.) and characterized using a polyphasic approach. The strain had morphological characteristics and chemotaxonomic properties identical to those of members of the genus Nonomuraea. It produced spiral chains of spores on aerial mycelium as well as forming a pseudosporangium. Whole-cell hydrolysates contained meso-diaminopimelic acid, glucose, ribose and madurose. The menaquinones detected were MK-9(H₂), MK-9(H₄) and MK-9(H₀). The major fatty acids were 10-methyl C_17 : 0, iso-C_16 : 0 and C_17 : 0. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylethanolamine, hydroxyphosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol mannoside and an unknown glycolipid. The DNA G+C content of the draft genome sequence, consisting of 11.4 Mbp, was 70.9 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain p1410^T belongs to the genus Nonomuraea with the highest sequence similarity to Nonomuraea candida HMC10^T (98.6 %), but phylogenetically clustered with Nonomuraea endophytica YIM 65601^T (98.4 %) and Nonomuraea longicatena NRRL 15532^T (98.3 %). Based on its phenotypic characteristics, DNA-DNA relatedness and average nucleotide identity, the strain is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Nonomuraea, for which the name Nonomuraea typhae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is p1410^T (=CCTCC AA 2019044^T=JCM 33461^T).

Polyphasic classification of Nonomuraea strains isolated from the Karakum Desert and description of Nonomuraea deserti sp. nov., Nonomuraea diastatica sp. nov., Nonomuraea longispora sp. nov. and Nonomuraea mesophila sp. nov

Five actinobacteria isolates, KC201^T, KC401, KC310^T, KC712^T and 6K102^T, were recovered from the Karakum Desert during an investigation of novel actinobacteria with biotechnological potential. A polyphasic approach confirmed the affiliation of the strains to the genus Nonomuraea. The strains showed chemotaxonomic and morphological properties consistent with their classification in the genus Nonomuraea. Furthermore, these strains clearly distinguished and formed well supperted clades in phylogenetic and phylogenomic trees. Low ANI and dDDH values and distinguishing phenotypic properties between isolates KC201^T, KC310^T, KC712^T and 6K102^T showed that these strains belonged to novel Nonomuraea species, the names proposed for these taxa are Nonomuraea deserti sp. nov., Nonomuraea diastatica sp. nov., Nonomuraea longispora sp. nov. and Nonomuraea mesophila sp. nov., with the type strains KC310^T (=CGMCC 4.7331^T =DSM 102919^T =KCTC 39774^T), KC712^T (=CGMCC 4.7334^T =DSM 102925^T =KCTC 39776), KC201^T (=CGMCC 4.7339^T =DSM 102917^T =KCTC 39781^T) and 6K102^T (=CGMCC 4.7541^T =JCM 32916), respectively.

Nonomuraea lactucae sp. nov., a novel actinomycete isolated from rhizosphere soil of lettuce (Lactuca sativa)

A novel actinobacterium, designated strain NEAU-YG30T, was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of lettuce collected in Heilongjiang province, north-east China. The taxonomic position of the strain was investigated using a polyphasic approach. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain NEAU-YG30T belongs to the genus Nonomuraea, and shared highest sequence similarity to Nonomuraea muscovyensis KCTC 29233T (97.9 %) and Nonomuraea indica CCTCC AA 209050T (97.6 %). The major menaquinone was identified as MK-9(H4). The major fatty acids were 10-methyl C17 : 0, C17 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 2-OH, iso-C16 : 0 and C16 : 0. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, hydroxyl-phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, an unidentified phospholipid and three unidentified lipids. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain NEAU-YG30T was 70.5 mol%. DNA-DNA hybridization values between them were less than 70 %. On the basis of phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic data, strain NEAU-YG30T can be characterized to represent a novel species of the genus Nonomuraea, for which the name Nonomuraealactucae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-YG30T (=JCM 32549T=CGMCC 4.7506T).

Nonomuraea rhizosphaerae sp. nov., an actinomycete isolated from the rhizosphere soil of a rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg)

A novel actinomycete, designated strain NEAU-mq18^T, was isolated from the rhizosphere soil of a rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis Muell. Arg) collected from Xianglu Mountain in Heilongjiang Province, northeast China, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that the isolate belongs to the genus Nonomuraea with high sequence similarity to Nonomuraea guangzhouensis NEAU-ZJ3^T (98.5%). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the strain clusters phylogenetically with N. guangzhouensis NEAU-ZJ3^T and Nonomuraea glycinis NEAU-BB2C19^T. Moreover, key chemotaxonomic properties including the major menaquinones, fatty acid composition and phospholipid profile also confirmed the affiliation of the strain to the genus Nonomuraea. However, some physiological, morphological and biochemical properties, and low DNA-DNA relatedness values, enabled the strain to be differentiated from closely related species of the genus Nonomuraea. Thus, strain NEAU-mq18^T is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Nonomuraea, for which the name Nonomuraea rhizosphaerae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-mq18^T (=CGMCC 4.7431^T=DSM 105761^T).

Nonomuraea lycopersici sp. nov., isolated from the root of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

Two novel bacterial strains were isolated from the roots of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.) from Dengfeng, Henan Province, China. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the isolates NEAU-DE8(1)^T and NEAU-HE1(2) are closely related to one another (99.6% similarity) and are closely relate to Nonomuraea zeae NEAU-ND5^T (98.3, 98.3%) and Nonomuraea gerenzanensis DSM 100948^T (98.3, 98.0%). Phylogenetic trees constructed based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that both strains grouped with N. zeae NEAU-ND5^T within the clade comprising the members of the genus Nonomuraea. Moreover, key chemotaxonomic properties including major menaquinones, fatty acid composition and phospholipid profiles also confirmed the affiliation of the two strains to the genus Nonomuraea. However, DNA-DNA hybridization data, together with physiological and morphological properties, showed that two isolates could be readily distinguished from their close phylogenetic relatives. Thus, on the basis of these phenotypic and genotypic data, strains NEAU-DE8(1)^T and NEAU-HE1(2) are concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Nonomuraea, for which the name Nonomuraea lycopersici sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-DE8(1)^T (= CGMCC 4.7412^T = DSM 104642^T).

Nonomuraea glycinis sp. nov., a novel actinomycete isolated from the root of black soya bean [Glycine max (L.) Merr]

A novel actinomycete, designated strain NEAU-BB2C19T, was isolated from the root of black soya bean [Glycine max (L.) Merr] collected from Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China, and characterized using a polyphasic approach. The strain was an aerobic, Gram-stain-positive actinomycete that formed extensively branched substrate mycelium and aerial hyphae. The predominant menaquinones were MK-9(H2) and MK-9(H0). The major cellular fatty acid profile consisted of iso-C16 : 0, 10-methyl C17 : 0 and 10-methyl C18 : 0. The polar lipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, hydroxy-phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylinositol mannoside, phosphatidylglycerol and glycolipid. The DNA G+C content was 68.2±0.4 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain NEAU-BB2C19T should be assigned to the genus Nonomuraea and formed a distinct branch with its closest neighbour Nonomuraea guangzhouensis NEAU-ZJ3T (98.75 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). The morphological and chemotaxonomic properties of the strain were also consistent with those of members of the genus Nonomuraea. A combination of DNA-DNA hybridization results and some phenotypic characteristics indicated that strain NEAU-BB2C19T could be clearly differentiated from its closest phylogenetic relative. Thus, the strain is concluded to represent a novel species of the genus Nonomuraea, for which the name Nonomuraea glycinis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NEAU-BB2C19T (=CGMCC 4.7430T=DSM 104838T).