Hymenobacter canadensis sp. nov., isolated from freshwater of the pond in Cambridge Bay, Canada

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, reddish-coloured, rod-shaped and non-motile strain PAMC 29467^T, was isolated from freshwater of the pond in Cambridge Bay, Canada. Strain PAMC 29467^T was closely related to Hymenobacter yonginensis (98.1 % 16S rRNA gene similarity). Genomic relatedness analyses showed that strain PAMC 29467^T is distinguishable from H. yonginensis based on average nucleotide identity (91.3 %) and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values (39.3 %). The major fatty acids (>10 %) of strain PAMC 29467^T were summed feature 3 (C_16 : 1  ω7c and/or C_16 : 1  ω6c), C_15 : 0 iso, C_16 : 1  ω5c and summed feature 4 (C_17 : 1 iso l and/or anteiso B). The major respiratory quinone was menaquinone-7. The genomic DNA G+C content was 61.5 mol%. Strain PAMC 29467^T was separated from the type species in the genus Hymenobacter by its distinct phylogenetic position and some physiological characteristics. As a result, a novel species is proposed, with the name Hymenobacter canadensis sp. nov. (type strain, PAMC 29467^T=KCTC 92787^T=JCM 35843^T).

Hymenobacter busanensis sp. nov., radiation-resistant species isolated from soil in South Korea

Two bacterial strains designated as MA3^T and BT182 were isolated from a soil sample in South Korea. Cells of the two strains were Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped and formed red colonies on R2A agar at 25 °C. The 16S rRNA genes of the two strains shared a sequence similarity of 99.8%. Both strains shared the highest 16S rRNA gene similarity of 96.8% with Hymenobacter edaphi NL^T, followed by Hymenobacter paludis KBP-30^T (96.3%), Hymenobacter coalescens WW84^T (96.3%) and Hymenobacter gummosus ANT-18^T (96.3%). Growth was observed at 15-37 °C (optimum 30 °C), pH 6-8 (optimum pH 7) and in the presence up to 1% NaCl. The genome size of strains MA3^T and BT182 is 4.9 Mb and 4.8 Mb, respectively. The genomic G + C content of both strains is 62.0 mol%. The main polar lipid of the strains was phosphatidylethanolamine, the only respiratory quinone detected was menaquinone-7 and the major fatty acids were anteiso-C_15:0, iso-C_15:0, summed feature 4 (iso-C_17:1 I/anteiso-C_17:1 B) and summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω6c/C_16:1 ω7c), supporting the affiliation of these strains with the genus Hymenobacter. Based on the phylogenetic, genotypic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data, strains MA3^T and BT182 represent a novel species of the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name Hymenobacter busanensis is proposed. The type strain is MA3^T (= KCTC 72631^T = NBRC 114193^T).

Comparison of microbial and physicochemical behavior of expanded granular sludge bed system during methylparaben and triclosan removal

Methylparaben and triclosan are antimicrobial agents widely used as preservatives in a variety of personal care and pharmaceutical products. Wastewater is considered the main source of these compounds in the environment. Expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactors are a high rate technology for wastewater treatment based on biological processes and have been shown to be efficient in removing different types of compounds; however, little is known about the effect of contaminants such as methylparaben and triclosan on their behavior and effectiveness. In this study, we evaluate and compare the microbial and physicochemical behavior of EGSB systems during methylparaben and triclosan removal. The presence of different concentrations of pollutants had an influence on the cluster organization of microbial communities, especially bacteria. However, this did not affect the stability and performance of the EGSB systems. The banding patterns of the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of archaea demonstrated the constant presence and abundance of Methanosaeta concilii throughout all stages of operation, showing that this microorganism played a fundamental role in the stability of the reactors for the production of methane. The type of compound and its concentration influenced the expression of the mcrA and ACAs genes; however, these changes did not alter the stability and performance of the EGSB systems.

Hymenobacter oligotrophus sp. nov., isolated from a contaminated agar plate

A taxonomic study of a Gram-stain negative, rod-shaped, motile, asporogenous, catalase- and oxidase-positive bacterium, sh-6^T, forming pink-red colonies, isolated from a contaminated R2A plate in the laboratory was performed. Its optimum growth temperature was determined to be 28 °C in the absence of NaCl on R2A plates. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain sh-6^T belongs to the genus Hymenobacter and is closely related to Hymenobacter deserti ZLB-3^T (95.05%), Hymenobacter paludis KBP-30^T (94.96%), Hymenobacter coalescens WW84^T (94.04%), Hymenobacter gummosus ANT-18^T (93.38%), Hymenobacter ocellatus Myx2105^T (93.70%), Hymenobacter jeollabukensis 1-3-3-8^T (93.48%) and Hymenobacter koreensis GYR3077^T (93.21%). Comparison of the genome of strain sh-6^T and that of H. gummosus ANT-18^T gave digital DNA-DNA hybridization and Average Nucleotide Identity values of 20.6% and 78.4%, respectively. The respiratory isoprenoid quinone and polyamine component were identified as MK-7 and sym-homospermidine, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids identified as iso-C_15:0, summed feature 4 (iso-C_17:1 I/anteiso B), iso-C_16:0, iso-C_17:0 3-OH and iso-C_17:0. The major polar lipid of strain sh-6^T determined to be phosphatidylethanolamine. The DNA G+C content was determined to be 60.5 mol%. On the basis of the evidence presented in this study, a novel species of the genus Hymenobacter, Hymenobacter oligotrophus sp. nov., is proposed, with the type strain sh-6^T (= CCTCC AB 2016064^T = KCTC 62345^T).

Hymenobacter gummosus sp. nov., isolated from a spring

Strain ANT-18^T, isolated from a water sample taken from the Longtoushan Spring in Taiwan, was characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Cells of strain ANT-18^T were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile by gliding rods that were surrounded by a thick capsule and it formed pink colonies. Growth occurred at 20-37 °C (optimum, 25 °C), at pH 6-8 (optimum, pH 7) and with 0-1 % NaCl (w/; optimum, 0 %). Phylogenetic analyses, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, showed that strain ANT-18^T belongs to the genus Hymenobacter and showed the highest levels of sequence similarity to Hymenobacter ocellatus Myx 2105^T (97.8 %) and Hymenobacter paludis KBP-30^T (97.7 %). Strain ANT-18^T contained iso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C15 : 0, C18 : 0 and summed feature 4 (iso-C17 : 1 I and/or anteiso-C17 : 1 B) as the predominant fatty acids. The major isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, one uncharacterized aminolipid, two uncharacterized aminophospholipids, two uncharacterized glycolipids and seven uncharacterized lipids. The major polyamine was homospermidine. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain ANT-18^T was 63.6 mol%. The DNA-DNA relatedness values of strain ANT-18^T with respect to H. ocellatus Myx 2105^T and H. paludis KBP-30^T were less than 35 %. On the basis of the phylogenetic inference and phenotypic data, strain ANT-18^T is recognized to be a representative of a novel species within the genus Hymenobacter. The name Hymenobacter gummosus sp. nov. is proposed, with strain ANT-18^T (=BCRC 80966^T=LMG 29477^T=KCTC 52166^T) as the type strain.

Hymenobacter tenuis sp. nov., isolated from wastewater of an acidic water neutralization facility

A non-motile, red-pink-coloured, rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain POB6T, was isolated from a wastewater treatment facility, Republic of Korea. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. The major fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, C16 : 1ω5c, summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) and summed feature 4 (iso-C17 : 1 I and/or anteiso-C17 : 1 B). The strain contained menaquinone MK-7 as the only isoprenoid quinone, phosphatidylethanolamine as the major polar lipid and sym-homospermidine as the major polyamine. The DNA G+C content was 61 mol%. A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain POB6T forms a distinct evolutionary lineage within the radiation enclosing the members of the genus Hymenobacter, sharing the highest similarity with Hymenobacterrigui WPCP131T (97.5 %) followed by Hymenobacter xinjiangensis X2-1gT (97.2 %), Hymenobacter perfusus A1-12T (97.2 %) and Hymenobacter gelipurpurascens Txg-1T (97.1 %). A number of phenotypic characteristics distinguished strain POB6T from related members of the genus Hymenobacter. On the basis of the evidence presented in this study, a novel species, Hymenobacter tenuis sp. nov., is proposed, with POB6T (=KCTC 52271T=JCM 31659T) as the type strain.

Hymenobacter aquaticus sp. nov., a radiation-resistant bacterium isolated from a river

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterial strain, designated 16F3PT, was isolated from the Han River, South Korea, and characterized taxonomically using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed 16F3PT to be within the genus Hymenobacter, and most closely related to Hymenobacterchitinivorans Txc1T (98.62 %) and Hymenobacterelongatus VUG-A112T (98.46 %). The phylogenetic distance from other species of the genus Hymenobacter with validly published names was greater than 4 % (i.e. sequence similarity was less than 96.0 %). Chemotaxonomic data also supported the classification of strain 16F3PT within the genus Hymenobacter. C16 : 0 (19.8 %), summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c; 15.4 %) and iso-C15 : 0 (13.0 %) were the major fatty acids, MK-7 was the predominant respiratory quinone, and phosphatidylethanolamine was the major polar lipid. The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain 16F3PT was 61.9 mol%. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments showed that the values for DNA-DNA relatedness between strain 16F3PT and the phylogenetically closest neighbours were below 19 %. On the basis of its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain 16F3PT represents a novel species of the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name Hymenobacter aquaticus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 16F3PT (=KCTC 52194T=JCM 31653T).

Hymenobacter knuensis sp. nov., Isolated From River Water

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterial strain, designated 16F7C-2^T, was isolated from the Han River, South Korea, and was characterized taxonomically using a polyphasic approach. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain 16F7C-2^T belonged to the family Cytophagaceae in the phylum Bacteroidetes and was most closely related to Hymenobacter algoricola VUG-A23a^T (98.3%) and Hymenobacter fastidiosus VUG-A124^T (97.7%). The G + C content of the genomic DNA of strain 16F7C-2^T was 63.4 mol%. The detection of menaquinone MK-7 as the predominant respiratory quinone; a fatty acid profile with summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c/C_16:1 ω6c; 19.5%), summed feature 4 (C_17:1 iso I/C_17:1 anteiso B; 15.9%), C_15:0 iso (12.6%), C_16:1 ω5c (10.5%), and C_15:0 anteiso (10.4%) as the major components; and a polar lipid profile with phosphatidylethanolamine as the major component also supported the affiliation of strain 16F7C-2^T to the genus Hymenobacter. The DNA-DNA relatedness between strain 16F7C-2^T and H. algoricola JCM 17214^T and H. fastidiosus JCM17224^T were 45.2 ± 5.8 and 40.3 ± 2.9%, respectively, clearly showing that the isolate constitutes a new genospecies. Strain 16F7C-2^T could be clearly differentiated from its closest neighbors on the basis of its phenotypic, genotypic, and chemotaxonomic features. Therefore, strain 16F7C-2^T represents a novel species of the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name Hymenobacter knuensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 16F7C-2^T (=KCTC 52538^T = JCM 31814^T).

Hymenobacter daeguensis sp. nov. isolated from river water

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, aerobic bacterial strain, designated 16F3Y-2^T, was isolated from the Han River, South Korea, and was characterized taxonomically using a polyphasic approach. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain 16F3Y-2^T belonged to the family Cytophagaceae in the phylum Bacteroidetes and was most closely related to 'Hymenobacter terrae' DG7A (98.01%), H. soli PB17^T (97.26%), H. glaciei VUG-A130^T (96.78%), H. antarcticus VUG-A42aa^T (96.72%), H. ruber PB156^T (96.61%), and H. saemangeumensis GSR0100^T (95.77%). The G+C content of the genomic DNA of strain 16F3Y-2^T was 62.9 mol%. The isolate contained MK-7 as the predominant respiratory quinone, and summed feature 3 (C_16:1 ω7c/C_16:1 ω6c; 35.5%), C_15:0 iso (16.9%), C_16:1 ω5c (10.9%), and C_15:0 anteiso (9.9%) as major fatty acids. The major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. Phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data supported the affiliation of strain 16F3Y-2^T with the genus Hymenobacter. However, strain 16F3Y-2^T exhibited relatively low levels of DNA-DNA relatedness with 'H. terrae' KCTC 32554 (44.1%) and H. soli KCTC 12607^T (24.3%), clearly indicating that the isolate constitutes a new genospecies. Strain 16F3Y-2^T could be differentiated from its phylogenetic neighbors on the basis of several phenotypic, genotypic, and chemotaxonomic features. Therefore, strain 16F3Y-2^T represents a novel species in the genus Hymenobacter, for which the name Hymenobacter daeguensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 16F3Y-2^T (=KCTC 52537^T =JCM 31654^T).