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Wang T, Xiang D. Gastric bezoars secondary to mixed infection with Sarcina ventriculi and G + bacilli: a case report. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:694. [PMID: 38997621 PMCID: PMC11241907 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09560-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Sarcina ventriculi is a bacterium with a specific histological morphology and infection can present with symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting and occasionally fatal complications. Delayed gastric emptying is regarded as the most significant risk factor for infection. Its pathogenicity is currently unknown and treatment options are inconsistent. Here we report a case of gastric bezoars secondary to a mixed infection of Sarcina ventriculi and G + bacilli, which is diagnosed by a pathological biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Department of Pathology, Ya'an People's Hospital, Ya'an, Sichuan, China
| | - Dan Xiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ya'an People's Hospital, Ya'an, Sichuan, China.
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2
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Kirmaier A, Kubiak J, Mahler L, Qian X, Wu L, Ono Y, Riedel S, Medline A, Yang X, Elamin S, Afdhal N, Arnaout R. Case report and mini-review: Sarcina ventriculi in the stomach of an 80-year-old female. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 108:116137. [PMID: 38134822 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2023.116137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Sarcina ventriculi, also known as Zymosarcina ventriculi and, incorrectly, as Clostridium ventriculi, is rarely encountered in clinical settings. A patient with a complicated gastrointestinal (GI) history, who was acutely presenting with small-bowel obstruction, was found to be colonized by S. ventriculi. The distinctive morphology of this species, with large Gram-variable cocci (up to 3 µm) arranged in two-by-two cuboid clusters reaching up to 20 µm, was key in identifying this bacterium in a stomach biopsy specimen. Sarcina ventriculi appears to be ubiquitously found in nature, and related bacterial species can cause GI-related disease in various animals. Clinical manifestations in humans are broad and often related to other underlying comorbidities. Isolation of S. ventriculi in the laboratory requires anaerobic culture on select media but its absence from standard MALDI-TOF databases complicates identification. Susceptibility data do not exist, so empiric treatment is the only option for this rare pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kirmaier
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Kubiak
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lily Mahler
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xia Qian
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leo Wu
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuho Ono
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefan Riedel
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra Medline
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiao Yang
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sami Elamin
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Beth, Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nezam Afdhal
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, Beth, Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ramy Arnaout
- Department of Pathology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Clinical Informatics, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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3
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Owens LA, Colitti B, Hirji I, Pizarro A, Jaffe JE, Moittié S, Bishop-Lilly KA, Estrella LA, Voegtly LJ, Kuhn JH, Suen G, Deblois CL, Dunn CD, Juan-Sallés C, Goldberg TL. A Sarcina bacterium linked to lethal disease in sanctuary chimpanzees in Sierra Leone. Nat Commun 2021; 12:763. [PMID: 33536429 PMCID: PMC7859188 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human and animal infections with bacteria of the genus Sarcina (family Clostridiaceae) are associated with gastric dilation and emphysematous gastritis. However, the potential roles of sarcinae as commensals or pathogens remain unclear. Here, we investigate a lethal disease of unknown etiology that affects sanctuary chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) in Sierra Leone. The disease, which we have named "epizootic neurologic and gastroenteric syndrome" (ENGS), is characterized by neurologic and gastrointestinal signs and results in death of the animals, even after medical treatment. Using a case-control study design, we show that ENGS is strongly associated with Sarcina infection. The microorganism is distinct from Sarcina ventriculi and other known members of its genus, based on bacterial morphology and growth characteristics. Whole-genome sequencing confirms this distinction and reveals the presence of genetic features that may account for the unusual virulence of the bacterium. Therefore, we propose that this organism be considered the representative of a new species, named "Candidatus Sarcina troglodytae". Our results suggest that a heretofore unrecognized complex of related sarcinae likely exists, some of which may be highly virulent. However, the potential role of "Ca. S. troglodytae" in the etiology of ENGS, alone or in combination with other factors, remains a topic for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah A Owens
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Barbara Colitti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Ismail Hirji
- Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | | | - Jenny E Jaffe
- Tai Chimpanzee Project, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany
- Epidemiology of Highly Pathogenic Microorganisms, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sophie Moittié
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Sciences, University of Nottingham Sutton Bonington Campus, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, UK
- Twycross Zoo, Atherstone, UK
| | - Kimberly A Bishop-Lilly
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Department, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Luis A Estrella
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Department, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Logan J Voegtly
- Genomics and Bioinformatics Department, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
- Leidos, Reston, VI, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, MD, USA
| | - Garret Suen
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Courtney L Deblois
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Christopher D Dunn
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Tony L Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Cruz-Morales P, Orellana CA, Moutafis G, Moonen G, Rincon G, Nielsen LK, Marcellin E. Revisiting the Evolution and Taxonomy of Clostridia, a Phylogenomic Update. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 11:2035-2044. [PMID: 31076745 PMCID: PMC6656338 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium is a large genus of obligate anaerobes belonging to the Firmicutes phylum of bacteria, most of which have a Gram-positive cell wall structure. The genus includes significant human and animal pathogens, causative of potentially deadly diseases such as tetanus and botulism. Despite their relevance and many studies suggesting that they are not a monophyletic group, the taxonomy of the group has largely been neglected. Currently, species belonging to the genus are placed in the unnatural order defined as Clostridiales, which includes the class Clostridia. Here, we used genomic data from 779 strains to study the taxonomy and evolution of the group. This analysis allowed us to 1) confirm that the group is composed of more than one genus, 2) detect major differences between pathogens classified as a single species within the group of authentic Clostridium spp. (sensu stricto), 3) identify inconsistencies between taxonomy and toxin evolution that reflect on the pervasive misclassification of strains, and 4) identify differential traits within central metabolism of members of what has been defined earlier and confirmed by us as cluster I. Our analysis shows that the current taxonomic classification of Clostridium species hinders the prediction of functions and traits, suggests a new classification for this fascinating class of bacteria, and highlights the importance of phylogenomics for taxonomic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Cruz-Morales
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.,Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, CA
| | - Camila A Orellana
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Lars K Nielsen
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
| | - Esteban Marcellin
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
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Abstract
In recent decades, the taxonomy of Bacteria and Archaea, and therefore genus designation, has been largely based on the use of a single ribosomal gene, the 16S rRNA gene, as a taxonomic marker. We propose an approach to delineate genera that excludes the direct use of the 16S rRNA gene and focuses on a standard genome relatedness index, the average nucleotide identity. Our findings are of importance to the microbiology community because the emergent properties of Bacteria and Archaea that are identified in this study will help assign genera with higher taxonomic resolution. Genus assignment is fundamental in the characterization of microbes, yet there is currently no unambiguous way to demarcate genera solely using standard genomic relatedness indices. Here, we propose an approach to demarcate genera that relies on the combined use of the average nucleotide identity, genome alignment fraction, and the distinction between type- and non-type species. More than 3,500 genomes representing type strains of species from >850 genera of either bacterial or archaeal lineages were tested. Over 140 genera were analyzed in detail within the taxonomic context of order/family. Significant genomic differences between members of a genus and type species of other genera in the same order/family were conserved in 94% of the cases. Nearly 90% (92% if polyphyletic genera are excluded) of the type strains were classified in agreement with current taxonomy. The 448 type strains that need reclassification directly impact 33% of the genera analyzed in detail. The results provide a first line of evidence that the combination of genomic indices provides added resolution to effectively demarcate genera within the taxonomic framework that is currently based on the 16S rRNA gene. We also identify the emergence of natural breakpoints at the genome level that can further help in the circumscription of taxa, increasing the proportion of directly impacted genera to at least 43% and pointing at inaccuracies on the use of the 16S rRNA gene as a taxonomic marker, despite its precision. Altogether, these results suggest that genomic coherence is an emergent property of genera in Bacteria and Archaea.
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Tindall BJ. The names Hungateiclostridium Zhang et al. 2018, Hungateiclostridium thermocellum (Viljoen et al. 1926) Zhang et al. 2018, Hungateiclostridium cellulolyticum (Patel et al. 1980) Zhang et al. 2018, Hungateiclostridium aldrichii (Yang et al. 1990) Zhang et al. 2018, Hungateiclostridium alkalicellulosi (Zhilina et al. 2006) Zhang et al. 2018, Hungateiclostridium clariflavum (Shiratori et al. 2009) Zhang et al. 2018, Hungateiclostridium straminisolvens (Kato et al. 2004) Zhang et al. 2018 and Hungateiclostridium saccincola (Koeck et al. 2016) Zhang et al. 2018 contravene Rule 51b of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes and require replacement names in the genus Acetivibrio Patel et al. 1980. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2019; 69:3927-3932. [PMID: 31526446 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent publication has created the genus name HungateiclostridiumZhang et al. 2018 and the new combinations Hungateiclostridium cellulolyticum (Patel et al. 1980) Zhang et al. 2018, Hungateiclostridium aldrichii (Yang et al. 1990.) Zhang et al. 2018, Hungateiclostridium alkalicellulosi (Zhilina et al. 2006) Zhang et al. 2018, Hungateiclostridium clariflavum (Shiratori et al. 2009) Zhang et al. 2018, Hungateiclostridium straminisolvens (Kato et al. 2004) Zhang et al. 2018 and Hungateiclostridium saccincola (Koeck et al. 2016) Zhang et al. 2018 for names at the rank of species that were previously either included in the genus ClostridiumPrazmowski 1880, Acetivibrio Patel et al. 1980 or HerbivoraxKoeck et al. 2016. Rules 23a, 38, 39b, 41a, 42 and 44 have not been followed and an illegitimate name at the rank of genus or illegitimate combinations at the rank of species as defined in Rule 51b(1) and (2) have been created. Another aspect is recognising the fact that an instance of heterotypic synonym has been created between Acetivibrio Patel et al. 1980, HerbivoraxKoeck et al. 2016 and HungateiclostridiumZhang et al. 2018, where the earliest validly published genus name is Acetivibrio Patel et al. 1980, of which the nomenclatural type is Acetivibrio cellulolyticus Patel et al. 1980. It follows from Rules 23a, 38, 39a, 39b, 41a, 42 and 44 that the genus name to be used is Acetivibrio Patel et al. 1980, with new combinations in that genus replacing those published in the genus HungateiclostridiumZhang et al. 2018, which together with the genus name are illegitimate according to Rule 51b of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes. Additional issues are also addressed with regards to the names Pseudoclostridium thermosuccinogenes (Drent et al. 1995) Zhang et al. 2018, PseudoclostridiumZhang et al. 2018 OscillospiraceaePeshkoff 1940 (Approved Lists 1980), RuminococcaceaeRainey 2010, Eubacteriales Buchanan 1917 (Approved Lists 1980) and ClostridialesPrévot 1953 (Approved Lists 1980).
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Tindall
- Leibniz-Institut DSMZ-Deutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen GmbH, Inhoffenstraße 7B 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
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Bernard K, Burdz T, Wiebe D, Alfa M, Bernier AM. Clostridium neonatale sp. nov. linked to necrotizing enterocolitis in neonates and a clarification of species assignable to the genus Clostridium (Prazmowski 1880) emend. Lawson and Rainey 2016. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2018; 68:2416-2423. [PMID: 29889020 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A description of an outbreak of necrotizing enterocolitis among neonates, linked to the putative novel species Clostridium neonatale and assignable to the genus Clostridium, was previously reported in brief but that name had never been validly published (Alfa et al. Clin Inf Dis 2002;35:S101-S105). Features of this taxon group and its phylogenetic position with respect to contemporary species in the genus Clostridium were recently reviewed and still found to be unique. Therefore, we provide here a description based on biochemical, chemotaxonomic and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST), matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) MS, 16S rRNA gene sequencing as well as information obtained by whole genome sequencing (WGS) for strains 99A005T and 99A006. Those two C. neonatale strains were essentially identical to each other, with genome sizes of 4 658 596-4 705 520 bp and G+C content of 28.4-28.5 mol% (WGS). AST inferred susceptibility to 14 antibiotics. MALDI-TOF spectra were unique and could potentially be used for identification. The type strain is (NML) LCDC 99A005T [=ATCC BAA-265T=CCUG 46077T=St. Boniface Hospital 30686T]. While performing this review, we found that the names of 24 validly published species assignable to the genus Clostridium had been omitted from the emended description of the genus (Lawson and Rainey Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2016;66 :1009-1016). Those species are listed in brief here. Lastly, based on this review, we also propose that Eubacterium budayi, Eubacterium nitritogenes and Eubacterium combesii be transferred to the emended genus Clostridium, as Clostridium budayi comb. nov., Clostridium nitritogenes comb. nov. and Clostridium combesii comb. nov., respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Bernard
- 2Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,1Special Bacteriology, National Microbiology Laboratory-CSCHAH site, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Tamara Burdz
- 1Special Bacteriology, National Microbiology Laboratory-CSCHAH site, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Deborah Wiebe
- 1Special Bacteriology, National Microbiology Laboratory-CSCHAH site, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Michelle Alfa
- 2Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,3Alfa Med Consulting Ltd, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,4St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Bernier
- 5Department of Biology, Université de Saint-Boniface, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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